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[[File:Speckle Milho.gif|thumb|148px|right|'''Figure 1''' A dynamic speckle from a maize seed that seems to “boil” faster in the areas where the scatterers are more active, in this case in the embryo and in a river-like in the crack.]]
Scoring before folding your card makes the fold look extra skilled. For scoring, you should use a stylus, the again of a craft knife or a specially designed paper folder. An affordable scrapbooking idea and resolution that may work simply as properly is an empty ball point pen. Utilizing a ruler you slide the scorer alongside the paper where you need [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/best-multi-tool-survival-pocket-tool-review/ best Rated Multi tool] to fold it, and voila a perfect line to fold on. Most people choose to score on the within fold. Be sure that your first fold is accurate and neat, or each subsequent fold will likely be fallacious and your completed venture will look uneven.<br><br><br><br>No particular person shall be or seem in any road, alley, sidewalk, parkway or any public place or place open to public view while carrying upon his individual, or having in his instant possession, any harmful or lethal weapon. This part shall not be construed to duplicate prohibitions of California state statute, or to ban the possession of weapons expressly authorized [http://www.victorinox.com/ch flick knives] by California state statute. Bernie Goetz didn't do this. He was livid at the four tried muggers, he made that anger plain in an [http://Sss.Chaoslab.ru/tracker/mim_plugs/newticket?reporter=anonymous&summary=AttributeError%3A+%27Environment%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27get_db_cnx%27&description=I+think+the+first+bike+%27multi-tool%27+that+I+recall+was+some+kind+of+bizarre+multi-wrench%2C+looked+like+a+mini-dumbell%2C+made+out+of+one+thing+like+a+zinc+alloy.+I+do+bear+in+mind+that+the+first+time+I+in+fact+attempted+to+use+it+it+just+bent+out+of+shape.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+mechanism+that+provides+these+tools+their+oscillating+action+is+fairly+straightforward.+A+bearing+%E2%80%94+slightly+off-center+with+respect+to+the+motor+shaft+%E2%80%94+fits+between+a+pair+of+arms+that+are+connected+to+the+blade-mounting+spindle.+With+each+and+every+turn+of+the+motor%2C+the+bearing+pushes+the+arms+a+single+way+and+then+the+other.++In+case+you+liked+this+article+and+also+you+would+want+to+obtain+more+info+with+regards+to+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestpocketknifereviews.com%2Fbest-multi-tool-survival-pocket-tool-review%2F+multi+tool+review%5D+generously+pay+a+visit+to+our+site.+It%27s+a+miniscule+movement%2C+but+the+higher+quantity+of+oscillations+per+minute+%28opm%29+allows+the+tool+to+perform+effectively.+The+opm+matches+the+rpm+of+the+motor%2C+so+at+top+rated+speed+the+teeth+on+a+cutting+blade+%28which+reduce+in+each+directions%29+could+be+taking+40%2C000+bites+per+minute.%0D%0A%0D%0AOn+the+topic+of+blades%2C+oddly%2C+the+simple+Spirit+model+does+not+have+a+knife+blade+on+board.+That+is+why+we+opted+for+the+Spirit+X%2C+a+equivalent+tool+that%27s+slightly+shorter%2C+weighs+the+exact+same+and+has+several+of+the+similar+functions+and+manufacturing+top+quality+as+the+standard+Spirit.+There+are+a+few+other+configurations+that+Swisstool+delivers+in+the+Spirit+line%2C+but+the+Spirit+and+Spirit+X+were+the+only+ones+that+have+been+consistently+advisable+to+us+during+our+research.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+scissors+are+thick+and+tough+for+cutting+heavy+material+below+stress+and+the+tools+are+enclosed+inside+the+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fsearch.html%3Fsel%3Dsite%26searchPhrase%3Dfolding%2Bblade+folding+blade%5D+for+maximum+security+for+the+duration+of+operations.+The+SOG+is+also+equipped+with+little+vents+enable+moisture+to+escape+while+enhancing+grip.+Other+capabilities+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2FImageshack.us%2Fphotos%2Finclude+include%5D+things+like+a+standard+can+opener%2C+bottle+opener%2C+awl%2C+Phillips+screw+driver+flathead+screw+driver+with+mount+for+bits+and+a+nylon+carrying+case.+There+are+times+when+you+have+to+have+exactly+the+correct+tools+for+the+job+-+say%2C+an+axe+for+felling+a+tree+or+a+set+of+socket+wrenches+for+tuning+up+your+vehicle+-+and+instances+when+you+just+have+to+have+a+tool+to+get+the+job+completed.+Victorinox+Multitool+20+Piece+Emergency+Kit%2C+Red+Study+Critiques+on+The+Leatherman+830846+Skeletool+Multitool+on+Amazon+Read+the+complete+critique+beneath+%3E%0D%0A%0D%0AGear+Scout%27s+own+Rob+Curtis+has+owned+a+MUT+from+Leatherman%27s+initial+2010+production+run+that+hasn%27t+offered+him+any+problems.+He+reviewed+the+MUT%2C+which+was+Leatherman%27s+first+firearms-centric+tool%2C+by+pitting+it+against+Multitasker%27s+Series+two+multitool+The+Multitasker+Series+two+was+good+for+the+%E2%80%9Cgun+guy%2C%E2%80%9D+but+the+Leatherman+MUT+struck+a+good+balance+amongst+getting+beneficial+for+stripping+and+cleaning+your+service+rifle+while+still+proving+exceedingly+valuable+around+the+campfire.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+Leatherman+Style+CS+match+that+bill+perfectly+at+1.4+oz.+And+it+Looks+like+an+ultralight+piece+of+gear.+It+really+is+got+further+weight+drilled+out+and+characteristics+a+truly+nice+carabiner+clip+that+doubles+as+an+opener+for+above+typical+bottler+beer.+With+that+clip+I%27ve+never+lost+one+particular.+It+basically+doesn%27t+get+any+improved+than+the+CS.+For+me+anyway.+Some+could+say+that+a+knife+can+double+as+a+scissor.+I+disagree.+The+scissors+make+certain+operations+like+nail+trimming%2C+paper%2Fhair%2Fbeard+cutting+a+breeze.+A+must+have.+A+knife+is+important+for+creating+other+tools+in+the+woods.%0D%0A%0D%0AImperial+Blades+gives+best+top+quality+replacement+blades+for+oscillating+multi-tools+like+Fein%2C+Craftsman%2C+Dremel+and+many+additional.+With+a+wide+variety+of+blade+and+cutting+options%2C+Imperial+Blades+delivers+a+superior+top+quality+solution+for+much+less+funds.+Imperial+Oscillating+Blades+are+created+from+higher+good+quality+components+such+as+Higher+Speed+Steel+%28HSS%29%2C+Alloy+Tool+Steel+%28HCS%29%2C+Tungsten+Carbide+and+Diamond.+Their+specialist+grade+excellent+guarantee%27s+efficiency+and+the+longest+service+life.&create=Create extended] dialogue down at the station, and he ended up getting charged with murder and tried homicide when it was absolutely clear-lower self defense.<br><br>The deal with scales are constructed out of textured black G-10, and there is a sunburst pattern machined into every handle side. The texture of the G-10 is nice; not too slick and never too rough. Even naked handed in the rain it's textured sufficient to get a strong grip on the knife. And with gloves on this knife is well manipulated with none problem. works nice. It's quad-mount; meaning this knife is accustom to left or proper carry and tip up or tip down carry. Regardless that this is not a deep carry clip like you'd see on the Kershaw Cryo<br><br>If there's any chance at all that the guy is gonna search you, politely declare that you're carrying a "pocketknife legal beneath state legislation". Obtained that? Inform him the place it's on you, let him take control of it. DON'T SCARE THE DUDE WITH THE BADGE AND GUN. Don't reach for [http://Sss.chaoslab.ru/tracker/mim_plugs/newticket?reporter=anonymous&summary=AttributeError%3A+%27Environment%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27get_db_cnx%27&description=%5B%5Biframe+%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FXDYRB8Pvj48+height%3D%22360%22+width%3D%22640%22%5D%5DI+have+four-five+other+multi-tools%2C+but+could+not+resist+buying+the+Skeletool+as+it+appears+so+cool.+And%2C+I+have+not+been+disappointed+as+it+is+the+favored+of+my+collection.+1+nice+feature+of+it+is+that+you+can+speedily+and+quickly+open+the+knife%2C+which+is+the+most+frequent+tool+that+I+use.%0D%0A%0D%0AIf+you+adored+this+information+and+you+would+certainly+such+as+to+receive+even+more+facts+concerning+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestpocketknifereviews.com%2Fbest-multi-tool-survival-pocket-tool-review%2F+Http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestpocketknifereviews.Com%5D+kindly+check+out+the+internet+site.+The+Milwaukee+2626-22+comes+in+a+kit+with+a+soft+contractor+style+bag%2C+charger+and+two+extended+run+four.+Ah+batteries.+The+kit+also+incorporates+a+blade+adapter%2C+one+particular+wood+cutting+blade%2C+sanding+pad%2C+and+5+sanding+sheets.+DEWALT+and+Porter-Cable+have+a+definitely+quick+to+use+method+that+does+not+need+a+pin+or+loose+portion+as+effectively.+In+truth%2C+their+program+is+even+easier+to+use+than+the+Bosch%27s%2C+but+you+have+to+use+a+DEWALT+blade+in+order+to+use+this+tool-free+of+charge+design.+Whilst+you+can+nevertheless+use+other+brand+blades%2C+other+blades+have+to+be+installed+using+an+adapter+and+bolt.+So+which+multi-tool+would+get+extra+use+in+the+field+and+which+is+most+dependable%3F+Well%2C+both+the+Swiss+Army+knife+and+the+Plier+Multi-tool+have+pros+and+cons.+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fimageshack.us%2Fphotos%2FCharge%2B%25C2%25AE+Charge+%C2%AE%5D+AL+has+17+tools+and+eight+bits.%0D%0A%0D%0ASo+it+was+with+some+skepticism+that+I+approached+the+TaskLab+TaskOne+multitool+iPhone+case+%2C+which+I+wrote+about+in+my+recent+roundup+of+iPhone+situations+that+do+far+more+than+defend+your+telephone+A+few+daysI+got+the+chance+to+in+fact+test-drive+a+single.+Have+you+ever+been+in+a+scenario+where+you+need+to+have+to+unscrew+something+or+have+discovered+oneself+working+with+a+key+though+attempting+to+get+issues+opened%3F+The+probably+hood+of+you+obtaining+access+to+a+screwdriver+on+the+spot+are+possibly+slim+in+most+circumstances.+In+that+instant+you+likely+wished+you+carried+a+multi+tool.+in+this+case+a+single+star.+I+have+kept+the+second+tool+-+no+sense+punishing+Knife+Depot+The+tool+provides+a+two-1%2Ffour%22+knife+blade+which+opens+from+the+prime+side%2C+but+it+does+not+have+a+locking+blade.+Schrade+Difficult+Tool%0D%0A%0D%0AWHEN+WE+installed+the+new+kitchen+floor+%2C+we+lowered+it+to+adjust+for+level+and+the+old+door+casings+no+longer+reached+the+tile.+We+reduce+the+casing+utilizing+the+multi-tool+about+1%2F4+inch+above+the+base+mold+in+the+room+and+installed+plinth+blocks+at+the+base+of+every+casing.+The+job+finished+out+with+a+superior+appear+than+it+had+prior+to+with+the+bigger+and+additional+substantial+trim+installed+but+with+out+the+multi-tool+we+would+have+had+to+get+rid+of+all+the+casing.+What+a+good+tool.+%E2%80%93+Rob%0D%0A%0D%0ASo+in+conclusion+both+the+pros+and+cons+of+both+tools+have+been+brought+to+light.+Now+that+you+recognize+that+both+of+these+tools+have+their+high+and+low+points+it+ought+to+be+significantly+less+complicated+to+make+a+choice.+If+you+take+place+to+want+a+plier+multi-tool+produced+by+Victorinox+you+are+in+luck%21+The+very+same+business+that+makes+the+Swiss+Army+knife+now+makes+plier+multi-tools+as+well%21+Apart+from+the+official+tools%2C+the+side+of+the+file+can+be+applied+as+a+thick+and+rudimentary+metal+saw.+Not+excellent+but+during+an+emergency+it+will+cut+via+a+window+bar+if+you+are+kept+in+a+dungeon+in+Bolivia+and+guards+forgot+to+take+away+your+trusty+Leatherman+Wave%21+The+can%2Fbottle+opener+can+be+utilised+as+a+poking+tool+and+I%27ve+applied+it+some+instances+to+open+up+jammed+knots.+Leatherman+Juice+S2%0D%0A%0D%0AFunctionality%C2%A0Most+multi-tools+these+days+come+equipped+with+the+typical+pliers%2C+knife%2C+file%2C+and+so+forth.+However%2C+every+multi-tool+will+be+slightly+various+in+that+added+tool+they+present+which+could+be+of+value+to+you.+For+instance+the+Gerber+DET+comes+equipped+with+a+blasting+cap+crimper.+These+in+the+military%2Ftactical+field+might+worth+this+far+more+so+than+the+electricians+who+values+a+multi-strand+wire+stripper+that+the+Leatherman+850122+provides.+Needless+to+say%2C+those+special+tools+for+exclusive+users+is+what+sets+many+of+these+multi-tools+apart+from+every+other.+Critiques+of+the+Top+rated+five+Multi-Tools%0D%0A%0D%0AI+Lately+employed+my+multi-tool+to+restore+an+antique+mantle+for+my+daughter%27s+new+home.+The+photo+is+of+my+Mastercraft+multi-tool+cutting+off+old+nails+with+a+wood+and+metal+cutting+blade.+I+also+utilised+the+tool+to+reduce+out+broken+sections+of+the+wood+to+replace+it+with+new+wood+around+the+bottom.+Multi-tools+make+jobs+like+this+much+a+lot+easier+and+more+quickly%21+%E2%80%93+Rob+Think+IT+or+not%2C+I+made+use+of+mine+to+clean+up+a+chain+hyperlink+fence+that+we+painted.+A+significant+grape+vine%2C+the+base+was+about+five+inch+in+diameter%2C+had+grown+into+the+chain+link+encasing+the+wires.+This+tool+made+it+probable+to+surgically+reduce+it+off+without+the+need+of+damaging+the+fence.+%E2%80%93+Vince+Victorinox+Camper+Gerber+Paraframe+Mini+Tanto+Knife+L.L.+Bean+Micro-Tool+with+LED+Leatherman+Sidekick+One+particular-hand+opening+blades&create=Create nuthin'] The law states that it is unlawful for any particular person to "draw or exhibit any lethal weapon in a impolite, angry, or threatening manner, or to unlawfully use a deadly weapon." The most effective this to do is to examine native ordinances before deciding to hold a knife or any other weapon in<br><br>They are three essential issues to concentrate in the survival knife. They're fastened blade, top notch steel and thick blade. The fixed blades are designed with the recent applied sciences. The very best [http://sss.chaoslab.ru/tracker/mim_plugs/newticket?reporter=anonymous&summary=AttributeError%3A+%27Environment%27+object+has+no+attribute+%27get_db_cnx%27&description=The+patented+Trucker%27s+Buddy+is+an+all+objective+tool%2C+built+hard+and+particularly+made+to+meet+the+requirements+of+expert+truck+drivers.+In+any+circumstance+that+demands+hacking%2C+prying%2C+pulling+or+pounding%2C+you+are+going+to+really+feel+genuine+peace+of+thoughts+with+this+severe+tool+on+board.+Made+in+the+USA+and+backed+by+a+%E2%80%98no+hassle%27+Lifetime+Replacement+Assure.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+Crunch+multitool+is+a+small+various+from+the+rest.+It+really+is+constructed+around+locking+pliers+%28vise-grips%29+which+are+massive+enough+to+grab+a+1-inch+pipe.+The+Crunch+has+been+around+for+more+than+ten+years+now+and+still+going+robust+due+to+its+unique+feature+set.+It+really+is+roughly+about+the+exact+same+size+as+the+well+known+models+like+the+Wave+%E2%80%93+with+a+closed+length+of+four+inches.+It+weighs+in+quite+light+at+only+6.9+ounces+and+functions+15+different+tools+which+includes+a+420HC+serrated+knife%2C+wire+cutters+and+stripper%2C+hex+bit+driver%2C+bottle+opener+and+a+range+of+screwdrivers.+The+tools+are+also+well+designed+so+you+will+not+miss+the+full+sized+counterparts+when+utilizing+them+%28unless+you+require+a+hammer%29.+The+Leatherman+MUT+is+goal-built+to+service+guns+in+the+field.%0D%0A%0D%0ASince+then+multitools+have+evolved+into+numerous+shapes+and+sizes.++If+you+enjoyed+this+information+and+you+would+such+as+to+obtain+additional+info+concerning+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestpocketknifereviews.com%2Fbest-multi-tool-survival-pocket-tool-review%2F+www.thebestpocketknifereviews.Com%5D+kindly+visit+the+web-page.+There+are+tiny+tools+for+carrying+on+your+keychain%2C+sleek+options+to+the+Swiss+Army+knife+and+burly+beasts+that+are+a+single+step+away+from+military-problem.+There+are+dozens+more+out+there+worthy+of+the+name%2C+so+this+is+just+a+starting+point.+Multitools+can+be+very+specialized+-+there+are+ones+for+rifle+maintenance%2C+ordinance+disposal+and+electrical+operate%2C+to+name+a+couple+of+examples+-+so+the+crucial+is+to+assume+of+what+tools+you+essentially+want+and+go+from+there.+Made+by+Liong+Mah+for+the+I.D.+Merchandise+division+of+Columbia+River+Knife+and+Tool%2C+the+Eat%27N+Tool+gives+hikers+and+sportsmen+a+uncomplicated+pocket+multi-tool+and+mess+kit+in+a+stout+1.five-ounce+package.+Swiss+Army+Knife+Locking+Knife+16310%0D%0A%0D%0AAnother+time+I+was+taking+care+of+a+co-workers+property+while+he+was+on+trip+and+had+to+feed+his+pigs+and+horses.+I+was+on+the+way+to+function+early+in+the+morning+and+it+was+nonetheless+pretty+dark+out.+I+went+to+get+some+hay+and+needed+a+new+bale.+I+slid+one+down+off+the+stack+and+grabbed+my+Leatherman+to+reduce+the+twine.+I+employed+the+frequent+blade+and+couldn%27t+get+it+to+reduce.+I+figured+it+was+just+dull+and+switched+to+the+serrated+blade.+It+nevertheless+would+not+cut.+As+soon+as+again+I+contacted+the+firm+and+they+stated+to+send+them+the+tool.%0D%0A%0D%0AThis+is+the+multi+tool+I+use+as+my+fishing+tool+that+I+carry+in+a+tactical+vest+that+I+converted+to+a+survival-fishing+vest.+The+wire+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fgpiportal1.Gpi.Uni-karlsruhe.de8000%2FFD_INVERS%2Fticket%2F135338+cutters%5D+can+essentially+cut+a+fishhook%2C+which+I+have+had+to+do+on+many+occasions+in+the+field.+The+scissors+are+sturdy+and+good+for+cutting+fish+line%2C+cloth%2C+canvas+and+even+leather.+The+thoughts-blowing+capabilities+consist+of+spring-action+jaws%2C+one+particular-hand+opening+blade+and+outdoors-accessible.+This+strong%2C+lightweight+most+effective+survival+multi+tool+can+easily+fit+in+your+pocket.+You%27ll+get+access+to+26+high-good+quality+tools+at+your+fingerprint.+It+is+a+versatile+and+ideal+multi+tool+that+you+must+personal.+Really+feel+totally+free+to+verify-out+the+Topeak+Hexus+II+Multi-Tool+directly+on+Amazon+as-nicely.+IN1+for+iPhone+five%2F5S+Black+IN1+for+iPhone+5%2F5S+White+BLADES%0D%0A%0D%0AMake+no+mistake%2C+the+Surge+is+a+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fc2687710.myzen.co.uk%2Fmembers%2Fhzsemory%2Factivity%2F13923%2F+heavy+duty%5D+beast+and+for+those+tougher+tasks+is+the+only+multitool+that+will+get+the+job+done.+I+do+like+it+a+lot+but+it%27s+commonly+kept+in+my+bag+and+loses+points+for+not+truly+being+an+%E2%80%9CEDC%E2%80%9D+tool.+There+is+a+time+and+a+spot+for+the+Surge+for+positive%2C+but+it+certainly+lacks+the+versatility+and+portability+of+its+lesser+sized+cousins.+six.+Leatherman+Squirt+PS4+%28approx.+%2425%29+I+truly+like+the+Crunch+mostly+because+of+the+locking+pliers+and+its+smaller+size.+Hardly+ever+do+you+uncover+a+toolset+like+this+like+vise-grips+in+such+a+little+package.+Top+quality+engineering+and+the+typical+Leatherman+match+and+really+feel+we%27ve+come+to+count+on.+8.+Leatherman+Super+Tool+300+%28approx.+%2465%29+Black+Oxide+16+4.six+25+Years+%24%24%24%24+Overview+Leatherman+Crunch%0D%0A%0D%0AIf+you+are+entirely+new+to+multi+tools%2C+get+started+with+the+article+Multi+Tools+and+Swiss+Army+Knives+If+you+already+personal+a+number+of+multi+tools+but+are+usually+on+the+lookout+for+the+1+excellent+tool+that+will+replace+them+all%2C+commence+with+the+Comparison+Chart+Now%2C+let+us+reduce+into+the+meat+of+factors%2C+let+us+assessment+the+top+rated+5+multi+tools+as+per+the+choice+of+consumers+on+Amazon+and+yours+really%2C+the+author+of+this+web+page.+Assessment+of+the+Major+5+Multi+tools+in+no+unique+order+I+wrote+this+Multi+Tool+Evaluation+post+simply+because+this+could+be+1+of+the+most+handy+and+helpful+tools+you+carry+in+you+bug+out+pack+While+it+does+not+take+the+place+of+a+larger+knife+or+even+a+folding+knife+a+good+quality+multi+tool+serves+as+a+excellent+backup+and+is+incredibly+hassle-free.+10.50+Dremel+Multi+Max+Functions&create=Create survival] knife comes with the complete tang that extends down into the handle of the knife. You can able to see the best [http://www.thebestpocketknifereviews.com/best-multi-tool-survival-pocket-tool-review/ Who Makes The Best Oscillating Multi Tool] knife opinions from OneHornedRhino.com Top notch steel either made from the carbon metal or chrome steel. The mixes of those two types of steel are also able to produce the best blade for the survival knife. Thicker blades are used for the aim of hack, slash, pores and skin, chop and assist to save lots of your life.<br><br>The Schrade Outdated Timer knife is a basic knife that may be a perfect mix of outdated history and charm and [http://Sito-Web.org/best-multi-tool-2012 fashionable know-how]. If you're in search of a great starter knife that will easily meet your entire needs, this one is worth a look [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife knife set]. The designer of the Cash Clip Folding Knife, Chris Reeve, is effectively-recognized for his innovative designs and high quality craftsmanship. 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In [[physics]], '''dynamic speckle''' is a result of the temporal evolution of a [[speckle pattern]] where variations in the [[scattering]] elements responsible for the formation of the [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern in the static situation produce the changes that are seen in the [[speckle pattern]], where its grains change their intensity (grey level) as well as their shape along time.
 
== Information present in the dynamic speckle pattern ==
 
{{double image|left|THSP HIGH.jpg|200|THSP LOW.jpg|200|Temporal history of speckle patterns of biscuits with high (left) and low (right) molecular activity.||History of speckle pattern of a biscuit with high molecular activity|History of speckle pattern of a biscuit with low molecular activity}}
 
The dynamic pattern shows then the changes that, if they are analyzed along time, represent the activity of the illuminated material. The visual effect is that of a boiling liquid or the image in a TV set far from tuning.
 
It can be analyzed by means of several mathematical and statistical tools and provide numeric or visual information on its magnitude, the not well defined idea of activity. Because the number of [[scattering]] centers is very high the collective phenomenon is hard to interpret and their individual contributions to the final result can not be inferred. The measurements that are obtained by means of the analysis tools present the activity level as a sum of the contributions of phenomena due to [[Doppler effect]] of the scattered light as well as other phenomena eventually present (time variations of the refractive index of the sample, etc.) Light scattered with small [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] shifts in its frequency beats on the detector (eventually the eye) giving rise to the slow intensity variations that constitute the dynamic of the speckle pattern.
 
A biological sample, for example, that is a material that contains a huge number of mobile scattering centers, presents refractive index variations in the materials that compose it with power changes as well as many other effects increasing the complexity in the identification and isolation of these phenomena. Then, the complete interpretation of the activity of a sample, by means of dynamic speckle, presents itself big challenges.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Rabal |first=HJ
|last2=Braga |first2=RA
|year=2008
|title=Dynamic Laser Speckle and Applications
|publisher=[[CRC Press]]
|isbn=978-1-4200-6015-7
}}</ref>
 
Figure 1 shows a sequence of [[Speckle pattern|speckle]] patterns in a corn seed in the start of its germination process where the dynamic effect is higher in the areas where the [[scattering]] centers are  expected to be more active as is the case of the embryo and in a break in the endosperm region of the seed. The embryo is in the lower left side and the break is a river-like region in the center. In the crack, the activity is due to intensive inner water evaporation while in the embryo activity is higher due to metabolism of the alive tissue together with the activity caused by water evaporation. In the endosperm, the high right region of the image represents that the relatively low activity is due only to water evaporation.
 
== Applications ==
 
Biological tissue is one of the most complex that can be found in nature. Besides it is worsened by the intrinsic variability present between one sample and another. These facts make even more difficult the comparison of results between different samples even in presence of the same stimulus. In this context, speckle patterns have been applied to study bacteria,<ref>Murialdo, S; ''et al''. "Analysis of bacterial chemotactic response using dynamic laser speckle". J. Biomed. Opt. 14(6) (2009) 064015.</ref><ref>Ramírez-Miquet, EE; ''et al''. "Escherichia coli activity characterization using a laser dynamic speckle technique". Rev. Cub. Fis. 28(1E) (2011) pp. 1E13-1E17.</ref> parasites, seeds and plants.
In biologic materials between others.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Zhao |first1=Y
|year=1997
|title=Point-wise and whole-field laser speckle intensity fluctuation measurements applied to botanical specimens
|journal=[[Optics and Lasers in Engineering]]
|volume=28 |pages=443
|doi=10.1016/S0143-8166(97)00056-0
|issue=6
|bibcode = 1997OptLE..28..443Z }}</ref>
 
Applications of dynamic speckle in non biologic materials are also several, between them the following and analysis of paint drying,<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Faccia |first=PA
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=2009
|title=Differentiation of the drying time of paints by dynamic speckle interferometry
|journal=[[Progress in Organic Coatings]]
|volume=64 |pages=350
|doi=10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.07.016
|issue=4
}}</ref> control in gels,<ref>Cabelo, CI; ''et al''. Hydrophilic character study of silica-gel by a laser dynamic speckle method. Rev. Cub. Fis. 25(2A) (2008) pp. 67-69</ref> foams, corrosion, efflorescence, etc.
 
== Dynamic Speckle analysis ==
[[File:Maiz coloreado.png|thumb|148px|right|Generalized differences of a corn seed with pseudo-colors representing the level of activities, with high activity represented by red, and low activity represented by blue.]]
 
Several mathematical and statistical tools have been proposed for the characterization of the activity of a dynamic speckle pattern.
Some of them are:
 
;Inertia Moment of the Co-Occurrence matrix(MOC)<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Arizaga |first1=R
|year=1999
|title=Speckle time evolution characterization by the co-occurrence matrix analysis
|journal=[[Optics & Laser Technology]]
|volume=31 |pages=163
|doi=10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00033-X
|issue=2
|bibcode = 1999OptLT..31..163A }}</ref>
 
<center><math> MI = \sum { MOC (i,j) * (i-j)^2 }\,\!</math></center>
 
;Fujii<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Briers |first1=J
|year=1995
|title=Quasi real-time digital version of single-exposure speckle photography for full-field monitoring of velocity or flow fields
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|volume=116 |pages=36
|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(95)00042-7
|bibcode = 1995OptCo.116...36B }}</ref>
 
<center><math> Fujii(x,y) = \sum_{k=1}^{N} \frac{ I_k (x,y) - I_{k+1} (x,y) }{ I_k (x,y) + I_{k+1} (x,y) }\,\!</math></center>
 
;Generalized differences<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Arizaga |first1=R. et al.
|year=2002
|title=Display of local activity using dynamical speckle patterns
|journal=[[Optical Engineering]]
|volume=41 |pages=287
|doi=10.1117/1.1428739|bibcode = 2002OptEn..41..287A }}</ref>
 
<center><math> DG(x,y) = \sum_{k=1}^{N} \sum_{l=1}^{N}{ I_k (x,y) - I_{k+l} (x,y) }\,\!</math></center>
 
;Temporal difference<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Martí-López  |first1=L. et al.
|year=2010
|title=Temporal difference method for processing dynamic speckle patterns
|journal=[[Optics Communications]]
|volume=283 |pages=4972
|doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2010.07.073|bibcode = 2010OptCo.283.4972M }}</ref>
 
<center><math> D(k) = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \sum_{n=1}^{N}{ E (m,n,k+1) - E (m,n,k) }\,\!</math></center>
 
==See also==
*[[Speckle pattern]]
*[[Speckle noise]]
*[[Speckle imaging]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dynamic Speckle}}
[[Category:Optics]]
[[Category:Interference]]

Latest revision as of 19:26, 21 October 2014

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