Binary expression tree: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>Green Giant
Reverted 2 edits by Pym20133012 (talk): Promoting a book selling business. (WP:TW)
→Traversal: Fixed a typo travesal->traversal
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{For|lists of nearer future events|Timeline of the future (disambiguation){{!}}Timeline of the future}}
Light on either end of the spectrum, blue light or red light, have the greatest impact on photosynthesis. But extended with advances in technology we have observed the rise of a new kid on the block - and he goes by the name of LED. Just a handful of years ago, LEDs have been laughed off as a viable develop room lighting resolution, but the leaps and bounds that technology has been making is [https://wiki.proznanie.bg/wiki/Best_Beam_Angle_For_Led_Grow_Lights starting] to raise a couple of eyebrows. So, let's appear at some of the pros and cons of LED lights compared to their older HID counterpart, ascertaining irrespective of whether they worth the investment.<br><br>Maintain in mind Doc is an professional grower and expert growers know how to keep a develop space wholesome and cost-free from bugs or illness. When overall quality was constant with plants grown below an HID light, Doc's yield for his 650 watt LED grow light had been closer to or slightly better than what you would expect from a 400 HPS light making use of a full spectrum HID bulb. Yields have been okay but we didn't get a much better yield to watt ratio than an HID grow light.  The future is bright for LED lighting.<br><br>These lights, which are surely some of the most effective LED develop lights out at the moment, could virtually lay on major of the plants with tiny worry about drying or burning the only drawback getting that, like the fluorescent lights, only about 15% of the lightbe actually utilised for input is 120v, will save over 60% on power expenses supplying a 36 month warranty and a 90 day funds back guarantee.<br><br>There are many varieties of indoor grow rooms to choose from, and you can set them up and commence growing plants appropriate away. The 1st sort of develop lamp that we are going to be talking about is the LED grow light. These lights are fantastic if you are setting up a compact indoor garden, because they draw only a quarter of the power that is needed for other varieties of develop lights. These lights also seriously very good for applying if you are attempting to get lights for that cover the whole develop spectrum.<br><br>They have a lot of benefits over older T8 and T12 types of fluorescent lights, but numerous individuals nevertheless want to make the switch to LED lights without possessing to completely replace their lighting systems.  Primarily, T5 develop lights are 5/8” in diameter and filled with gasses that generate light when electricity passes by means of them.  A lot of of the LED panels you will be working with will have up to 100 or extra person LEDs.<br><br>Right after 13 years of developing encounter, it appears that they have ultimately perfected the art of creating the very best LED grow lights. [http://Testing.Unitedsexaddicts.com/blogs/entry/Ideal-Price-tag-Led-Grow-Lights Apollo Horticulture] prides themselves on not only creating potent develop lights, but also on obtaining a enterprise that is accountable socially as effectively as environmentally.  If you beloved this posting and you would like to acquire far more information about [http://bestgrowlightsguide.com/ Http://Bestgrowlightsguide.Com/] kindly take a look at the web site. To top rated it off, they give a three year normal warranty on all of their develop lights. Dorm Develop is the exclusive distributor of G8LED lighting business.<br><br>These incorporate HID, which stands for higher-intensity discharge lamps, and these give you sodium for flowering plants and metal halide to enable with plants' growth.  Compact fluorescent lamps are sometimes utilised, as well as typical fluorescent lights.  Halogen and incandescent lamps do not function effectively in grow rooms, considering the fact that they generate also much heat. LED lights are getting employed additional frequently in indoor develop rooms nowadays, given that they don't need a lot of power, and they don't place out a lot of heat.<br><br>On flowering plants, having reduced photo period equates to an raise in the plant tension. The LED lights emit a specific sort of wavelength, and develop lights often will need to emit wavelengths precise to the harvest being grown. If you are considering making use of LED develop lights, there are numerous utilizes exactly where they can benefit you.  Indoor growing tends to make it achievable to develop where it is not at present probable.<br><br>As the months carry on, entering the fall, the days develop shorter, with longer periods of darkness. Spending too significantly time in this stage will outcome in poor flowering, producing it a a lot more hands on” time for the develop. That may well be correct, but LED lights trigger a special reaction inside of your plants. The LED lamps will be formulated in a way that targets the aspect of the plants responsible for activating photosynthesis.
{{redirect|Far future|far future predictions in fiction|Far future in science fiction and popular culture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
 
[[File:BlackHole.jpg|thumb|314px|Illustration of a [[black hole]]. Most models of the far future of the Universe suggest that eventually these will be the only remaining celestial objects.<ref name="five ages" />|alt=view the image page]]
 
While predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain,<ref>{{cite book
  | author=Rescher, Nicholas
| authorlink =Nicholas Rescher
| title = Predicting the future: An introduction to the theory of forecasting
| year = 1998
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| isbn = 0-7914-3553-9
}}</ref> present scientific understanding in various fields has allowed a projected course for the farthest future events to be sketched out, if only in the broadest strokes. These fields include [[astrophysics]], which has revealed how [[planet]]s and [[star]]s form, interact and die; [[particle physics]], which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales, and [[plate tectonics]], which shows how continents shift over millennia.
 
All predictions of the [[future of the Earth]], [[Future of the Solar System|the Solar System]] and [[future of an expanding universe|the Universe]] must account for the [[second law of thermodynamics]], which states that [[entropy]], or a loss of the energy available to do work, must increase over time.<ref name="Nave" /> [[Star]]s must eventually exhaust their supply of [[hydrogen]] fuel and burn out; close encounters will gravitationally fling planets from their star systems, and star systems from galaxies.<ref name="five ages" /> Eventually, matter itself will come under the influence of [[radioactive decay]], as even the most stable materials break apart into subatomic particles.<ref name="dying" /> However, as current data suggest that the [[Flat universe|Universe is flat]], and thus will not [[Big Crunch|collapse in on itself]] after a finite time,<ref name="Komatsu" /> the infinite future potentially allows for the occurrence of a number of massively improbable events, such as the formation of a [[Boltzmann brain]].<ref name="linde" />
 
These timelines cover events from roughly [[List of millennia#Future|eight thousand years from now]]{{efn| name = time}} to the farthest reaches of future time. A number of alternate future events are listed to account for questions still unresolved, such as whether [[Human extinction|humans survive]], whether [[proton decay|protons decay]] or whether the Earth will be destroyed by the Sun's expansion into a [[red giant]].
 
== Key ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Event is determined via
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| [[Astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| [[Geology]] and [[planetary science]]
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| [[Particle physics]]
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| [[Mathematics]]
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=Technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| [[Technology]] and [[culture]]
|}
 
== Future of the Earth, the Solar System and the Universe ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 36,000
| The small [[red dwarf]] star [[Ross 248]] passes within 3.024 light years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun.<ref name="Matthews1993" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 42,000
| [[Alpha Centauri]] becomes the nearest star system to the Sun once more as Ross 248 recedes.<ref name="Matthews1993" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50,000
| The current [[interglacial period]] ends, according to the work of Berger and Loutre,<ref name="Berger2002" /> sending the Earth back into a [[glacial period]] of the current [[ice age]], assuming limited effects of [[anthropogenic global warming]].
 
[[Niagara Falls]] will have eroded away the remaining 32&nbsp;km to [[Lake Erie]], and ceased to exist.<ref name="Niagara Parks" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50,000
| The length of the [[Julian day|day used for astronomical timekeeping]] reaches about 86,401 [[International System of Units|SI]] seconds, due to [[tidal acceleration|lunar tides braking the Earth's rotation]]. Under the present-day timekeeping system, a [[leap second]] will need to be added to the clock every day.<ref name="arxiv1106_3141" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100,000
| The [[proper motion]] of stars across the [[celestial sphere]], which is the result of their movement through the galaxy, renders many of the [[constellation]]s unrecognisable.<ref name="Tapping 2005" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100,000{{efn| name = prob}}
| The [[hypergiant]] star [[VY Canis Majoris]] will have likely exploded in a [[hypernova]].<ref name="Monnier Tuthill Lopez 1999" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100,000{{efn| name = prob}}
| Earth will likely have undergone a [[supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to erupt 400&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> of [[magma]].<ref name="toba" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 250,000
| [[Lōʻihi Seamount|Lōʻihi]], the youngest volcano in the [[Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain]], rises above the surface of the ocean and becomes a new [[volcanic island]].<ref name="havo" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 500,000{{efn| name = prob}}
| Earth will have likely been hit by a meteorite of roughly 1&nbsp;km in diameter, [[Asteroid-impact avoidance|assuming it cannot be averted]].<ref name="Bostrom 2002" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1 million{{efn| name = prob}}
| Earth will likely have undergone a [[supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to erupt 3,200&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> of magma; an event comparable to the [[Toba supereruption]] 75,000 years ago.<ref name="toba" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1 million{{efn| name = prob}}
| Highest estimated time until the [[red supergiant]] star [[Betelgeuse]] explodes in a [[supernova]]. The explosion is expected to be easily visible in daylight.<ref name="beteldeath" /><ref name="betel" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.4 million
| The star [[Gliese 710]] passes as close as 1.1&nbsp;light years to the Sun before moving away. This may gravitationally [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturb]] members of the [[Oort cloud]], a halo of icy bodies orbiting at the edge of the Solar System, thereafter increasing the likelihood of a cometary impact in the inner Solar System.<ref name="gliese" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|stronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8 million
| The moon [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] comes within 7,000&nbsp;km of Mars, the [[Roche limit]], at which point tidal forces will disintegrate the moon and turn it into a ring of orbiting debris that will continue to spiral in toward the planet.<ref name="phobos" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 10 million
| The widening [[East African Rift]] valley is flooded by the [[Red Sea]], causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of [[Africa]].<ref name="rift" /> 
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 11 million
| The ring of debris around Mars [[Phobos (moon)#Future destruction|hits the surface]] of the planet.<ref name="phobos" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50 million
| The [[California]]n coast begins to be [[subducted]] into the [[Aleutian Trench]] due to its northward movement along the [[San Andreas Fault]].<ref name="trench" />
 
Africa's collision with [[Eurasia]] closes the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and creates a mountain range similar to the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="medi" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100 million{{efn| name = prob}}
| Earth will have likely been hit by a meteorite comparable in size to the one that triggered the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|K–Pg extinction]] 65 million years ago.<ref name="kpg1" />
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| 230 million
| Beyond this time, the orbits of the planets become [[Lyapunov time|impossible to predict]].<ref name="hayes07" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 240 million
| From its present position, the [[Solar System]] completes [[Galactic year|one full orbit]] of the [[Galactic center]].<ref name="galyear" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 250 million
| All the continents on Earth may fuse into a [[supercontinent]]. Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed [[Amasia (continent)|Amasia]], [[Novopangaea]], and [[Pangaea Ultima]].<ref name="scotese" /><ref name="Williams Nield 2007" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 400–500 million
| The supercontinent (Pangaea Ultima, Novopangaea, or Amasia) will have likely rifted apart.<ref name="Williams Nield 2007" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 500–600 million{{efn| name = prob}}
| Estimated time until a [[gamma ray burst]], or massive, hyperenergetic supernova, occurs within 6,500 light-years of Earth; close enough for its rays to affect Earth's [[ozone layer]] and potentially trigger a [[mass extinction]], assuming the hypothesis is correct that a previous such explosion triggered the [[Ordovician–Silurian extinction event]]. However, the supernova would have to be precisely oriented relative to Earth to have any negative effect.<ref name="natgeo" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 600 million
|  [[Tidal acceleration]] moves the [[Moon]] far enough from Earth that [[total solar eclipse]]s are no longer possible.<ref name="600mil" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 600 million
|  The Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the [[carbonate–silicate cycle]]; higher luminosity increases [[weathering]] of surface rocks, which traps [[carbon dioxide]] in the ground as carbonate. As water evaporates from the Earth's surface, rocks harden, causing [[plate tectonics]] to slow and eventually stop. Without volcanoes to recycle carbon into the Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide levels begin to fall.<ref name=swansong>{{cite journal|title=Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes|author= O'Malley-James, Jack T.; Greaves, Jane S.; Raven; John A.;  Cockell; Charles S.|publisher=arxiv.org|year=2012|url= http://arxiv.org/pdf/1210.5721v1.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref> By this time, they will fall to the point at which [[C3 carbon fixation|C3 photosynthesis]] is no longer possible. All plants that utilize C3 photosynthesis (~99 percent of present-day species) will die.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 800 million
| Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which [[C4 carbon fixation|C4 photosynthesis]] is no longer possible.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009" /> Multicellular life dies out.<ref name="bd2_6_1665" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1 billion{{efn| name = shortscale}}
| The Sun's luminosity has increased by 10 percent, causing Earth's surface temperatures to reach an average of ~320 [[Kelvin (unit)|K]] (47 °C, 116 °F). The atmosphere will become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans.<ref name="mnras386_1" /> Pockets of water may still be present at the poles, allowing abodes for simple life.<ref name="abode" /><ref name="pressure" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1.3 billion
| [[Eukaryotic]] life dies out due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only [[prokaryotes]] remain.<ref name="bd2_6_1665" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1.5–1.6 billion
|The Sun's increasing luminosity causes its circumstellar [[habitable zone]] to move outwards; as [[carbon dioxide]] increases in [[Mars]]'s atmosphere, its surface temperature rises to levels akin to Earth during the [[ice age]].<ref name="bd2_6_1665" /><ref name="mars" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2.3 billion
| The Earth's [[outer core]] freezes, if the [[inner core]] continues to grow at its current rate of 1&nbsp;mm per year.<ref name="ng4_264" /><ref name="compo" /> Without its liquid outer core, the [[Earth's magnetic field]] shuts down,<ref name="magnet" /> and charged particles emanating from the [[Sun]] strip away the [[ozone layer]], which protects the Earth from harmful [[ultraviolet]] rays.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Solar wind hammers the ozone layer |author=Quirin Shlermeler |newspaper=nature news |date=3 March 2005 | doi=10.1038/news050228-12  |ref=harv}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2.8 billion
| Earth's surface temperature, even at the poles, reaches an average of ~420 K (147 °C, 296 °F). At this point life, now reduced to unicellular colonies in isolated, scattered microenvironments such as high-altitude lakes or subsurface caves, will completely die out.<ref name=swansong/><ref name="global1" />{{efn|name=ejection/capture}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3 billion
| [[Median]] point at which the Moon's increasing distance from the Earth lessens its stabilising effect on the Earth's [[axial tilt]]. As a consequence, Earth's [[true polar wander]] becomes chaotic and extreme.<ref name="wander" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3.3 billion
| 1 percent chance that [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'s orbit may become so elongated as to collide with [[Venus]], sending the inner Solar System into chaos and potentially leading to a planetary collision with Earth.<ref name="chaos" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 3.5 billion
| Surface conditions on Earth are comparable to those on Venus today.<ref name="venus" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3.6 billion
| [[Neptune]]'s moon [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] falls through the planet's [[Roche limit]], potentially disintegrating into a [[planetary ring]] system similar to [[Rings of Saturn|Saturn's]].<ref name="triton" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4 billion
| [[Median]] point by which the [[Andromeda Galaxy]] will have [[Andromeda–Milky Way collision|collided]] with the [[Milky Way]], which will thereafter merge to form a galaxy dubbed "[[Milkomeda]]".<ref name="cox" />  The planets of the Solar System are expected to be relatively unaffected by this collision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html |author=NASA|title=NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision |work=NASA |date=2012-05-31 |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Andromeda Is Coming!|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/opinion/dowd-andromeda-is-coming.html|accessdate=9 January 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=29 May 2012|quote=[NASA's David Morrison] explained that [the Andromeda-Milky Way collision] would just be two great big fuzzy balls of stars and mostly empty space passing through each other harmlessly over the course of millions of years.}}</ref> <ref name="milk"/>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 5.4 billion
| With the hydrogen supply exhausted at its core, the Sun leaves the [[main sequence]] and begins to evolve into a [[red giant]].<ref name="Schroder 2008" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 7.5 billion
| Earth and Mars may become [[tidally locked]] with the expanding Sun.<ref name="mars" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 7.9 billion
| The Sun reaches the tip of the red-giant branch of the [[Hertzsprung–Russell diagram]], achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present day value.<ref name="Schroder 2008" /> In the process, [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]] and possibly Earth are destroyed.<ref name="Rybicki2001" />
 
During these times, it is possible that [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.<ref name="Titan" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8 billion
| Sun becomes a carbon-oxygen [[white dwarf]] with about 54.05 percent its present mass.<ref name="Schroder 2008" /><ref name="nebula" /><ref name="apj676_1_594" />{{efn|name="dwarf"}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 20 billion
| The end of the Universe in the [[Big Rip]] scenario, assuming a model of [[dark energy]] with [[Equation of state (cosmology)|w = −1.5]].<ref name="bigrip" /> Observations of [[galaxy cluster]] speeds by the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] suggest that this will not occur.<ref name="chand" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50 billion
| Assuming both survive the Sun's expansion, by this time the Earth and the Moon become [[tidelock]]ed, with each showing only one face to the other.<ref name="tide1" /><ref name="tide2" /> Thereafter, the tidal action of the Sun will extract [[angular momentum]] from the system, causing the lunar orbit to decay and the Earth's spin to accelerate.<ref name="canup_righter" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100 billion
| The [[expansion of the universe|Universe's expansion]] causes all galaxies beyond the Milky Way's [[Local Group]] to disappear beyond the [[cosmic light horizon]], removing them from the observable universe.<ref name="galaxy" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 150 billion
| The [[cosmic microwave background]] cools from its current temperature of ~2.7&nbsp;K to 0.3&nbsp;K, rendering it essentially undetectable with current technology.<ref name="temp" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 450 billion
| [[Median]] point by which the ~47 galaxies<ref name="messier" /> of the Local Group will coalesce into a single large galaxy.<ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 800&nbsp;billion
| Expected time when the net light emission from the combined Milkomeda galaxy begins to decline as the [[red dwarf]] stars pass through their [[blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)|blue dwarf]] stage of peak luminosity.<ref name="bluedwarf" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>12</sup> (1&nbsp;trillion)
| Low estimate for the time until [[star formation]] ends in galaxies as galaxies are depleted of the gas clouds they need to form stars.<ref name="dying" />
 
The universe's expansion, assuming a constant [[dark energy]] density, multiplies the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background by 10<sup>29</sup>, exceeding the scale of the cosmic light horizon and rendering its evidence of the [[Big Bang]] undetectable. However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of [[hypervelocity stars]].<ref name="galaxy" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3×10<sup>13</sup> (30&nbsp;trillion)
| Estimated time for the black dwarf Sun to undergo a close encounter with another star in the local Solar neighborhood. Whenever two stars (or stellar remnants) pass close to each other, their planets' orbits can be disrupted, potentially ejecting them from the system entirely. On average, the closer a planet's orbit to its parent star, the longer it takes to be ejected in this manner, because stars rarely pass so closely.<ref name="strip" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>14</sup> (100&nbsp;trillion)
| High estimate for the time until normal [[star formation]] ends in galaxies.<ref name="dying" /> This marks the transition from the [[Stelliferous Era]] to the [[Degenerate Era]]; with no free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die.<ref name="five ages" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.1–1.2×10<sup>14</sup> (110–120&nbsp;trillion)
| Time by which all stars in the universe will have exhausted their fuel (the longest-lived stars, low-mass [[red dwarf]]s, have lifespans of roughly 10–20 trillion years).<ref name="dying" /> After this point, the stellar-mass objects remaining are [[compact star|stellar remnants]] ([[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s and [[stellar black hole|black hole]]s). [[Brown dwarf]]s also remain.
Collisions between brown dwarfs will create new red dwarf stars on a marginal level: on average, a few dozen at most will be present in the galaxy. Collisions between stellar remnants will create occasional supernovae.<ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>15</sup> (1&nbsp;quadrillion)
| Estimated time until stellar close encounters detach all planets in Solar Systems from their orbits.<ref name="dying" />
 
By this point, the Sun will have cooled to five degrees above [[absolute zero]].<ref name="five degs" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>19</sup> to 10<sup>20</sup>
| Estimated time until 90% - 99% of [[brown dwarf]]s and [[compact star|stellar remnants]] are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy, with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. Through repeated encounters, the lower-mass objects can gain enough energy in this manner to be ejected from their galaxy. This process eventually causes the galaxy to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.<ref name="dying" /><ref name="five ages pp85–87" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>20</sup>
| Estimated time until the [[Earth]] collides with the [[Sun]] due to the decay of its orbit via emission of [[gravitational radiation]],<ref name="dyson" /> if the Earth is neither first [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System#The Sun and planetary environments|engulfed by the red giant Sun]] a few billion years from now<ref name="sun_future_schroder" /><ref name="sun future" /> nor subsequently ejected from its orbit by a stellar encounter.<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>30</sup>
| Estimated time until those stars not ejected from galaxies (1% - 10%) fall into their galaxies' central [[supermassive black hole]]s. By this point, with [[binary stars]] having fallen into each other, and planets into their stars, via emission of gravitational radiation, only solitary objects (stellar remnants, brown dwarfs, ejected planets, black holes) will remain in the universe.<ref name=dying/> 
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 2×10<sup>36</sup>
| The estimated time for all nucleons in the observable Universe to decay, if the [[Proton decay|proton half-life]] takes its smallest possible value (8.2×10<sup>33</sup> years).<ref name="proton" /><ref name="half-life" />{{efn|name=half-life}}
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 3×10<sup>43</sup>
| Estimated time for all nucleons in the observable Universe to decay, if the [[proton decay|proton half-life]] takes the largest possible value, 10<sup>41</sup> years,<ref name="dying" /> assuming that the [[Big Bang]] was [[inflation (cosmology)|inflationary]] and that the same process that made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early Universe makes protons decay.<ref name="half-life" />{{efn|name=half-life}} By this time, if protons do decay, the [[Black Hole Era]], in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins.<ref name="five ages" /><ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>65</sup>
| Assuming that protons do not decay, estimated time for rigid objects like [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] to rearrange their atoms and molecules via [[quantum tunneling]]. On this timescale all matter is liquid.<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 5.8×10<sup>68</sup>
| Estimated time until a [[stellar mass black hole]] with a mass of 3 [[solar mass]]es decays by the [[Hawking radiation|Hawking process]].<ref name="Page 1976" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 1.9×10<sup>98</sup>
| Estimated time until [[NGC 4889]], the currently largest known supermassive black hole with a mass of 21 billion solar masses, decays by the Hawking process.<ref name="Page 1976" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 1.7×10<sup>106</sup>
| Estimated time until a supermassive black hole with a mass of 20 trillion solar masses decays by the Hawking process.<ref name="Page 1976" /> This marks the end of the Black Hole Era. Beyond this time, if protons do decay, the Universe enters the [[Dark Era]], in which all physical objects have decayed to subatomic particles, gradually winding down to their [[Heat death of the universe|final energy state]].<ref name="five ages" /><ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>200</sup>
| Estimated high time for all nucleons in the observable Universe to decay (if they don't via the above process), through any one of many different mechanisms allowed in modern Particle physics (higher-order [[Baryon number|baryon non-conservation]] processes, [[virtual black holes]], [[sphaleron]]s, etc.), on time scales of 10<sup>46</sup> to 10<sup>200</sup> years.<ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>1500</sup>
| Assuming protons do not decay, the estimated time until all [[baryonic matter]] has either fused together to form [[iron-56]] or decayed from a higher mass element into iron-56.<ref name="dyson" /> (see [[iron star]])
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| <math>10^{10^{26}}</math>{{efn|name=big number}}{{efn|name=big number2}}
| Low estimate for the time until all matter collapses into [[black hole]]s, assuming no [[proton decay]].<ref name="dyson" /> Subsequent [[Black Hole Era]] and transition to the [[Dark Era]] are, on this timescale, instantaneous.
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{50}}</math>
| Estimated time for a [[Boltzmann brain]] to appear in the vacuum via a spontaneous entropy decrease.<ref name="linde" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{56}}</math>
| Estimated time for random [[quantum fluctuation]]s to generate a new [[Big Bang]], according to [[Sean M. Carroll|Carroll]] and Chen.<ref name="chen" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| <math>10^{10^{76}}</math>
| High estimate for the time until all matter collapses into black holes, again assuming no [[proton decay]].<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi2.svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{120}}</math>
| High estimate for the time for the Universe to reach its [[Heat death of the universe|final energy state]].<ref name="linde" /> <!--This may reflect the mass within the presently visible region of our Universe, as seen below. 10^2.08≈120-->
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| <math>10^{10^{10^{76.66}}}</math>
| Scale of an estimated [[Poincaré recurrence theorem|Poincaré recurrence time]] for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing an isolated black hole of stellar mass.<ref name="page95">
{{cite book | chapter = Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings? | last = Page | first = Don N. | title = Heat Kernel Techniques and Quantum Gravity | year = 1995|editor=Fulling, S.A. | page = 461 | series = Discourses in Mathematics and its Applications | issue = 4 | publisher = Texas A&M University | arxiv = hep-th/9411193 | isbn = 978-0-9630728-3-2
}}
</ref> This time assumes a statistical model subject to Poincaré recurrence. A much simplified way of thinking about this time is that in a model in which history [[Loschmidt's paradox|repeats itself]] arbitrarily many times due to [[Ergodic hypothesis|properties of statistical mechanics]], this is the time scale when it will first be somewhat similar (for a reasonable choice of "similar") to its current state again.
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| <math>10^{10^{10^{120}}}</math>
| Scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the mass within the presently visible region of the Universe.<ref name="page95" />
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| <math>10^{10^{10^{10^{13}}}}</math>
| Scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass of the entire Universe, observable or not, assuming Linde's [[Chaotic Inflation theory|chaotic inflationary]] model with an [[inflaton]] whose mass is 10<sup>−6</sup> [[Planck mass]]es.<ref name="page95" />
|}
 
== Astronomical events ==
 
This is a list of extremely rare astronomical events after the beginning of the 11th millennium AD (Year 10,001)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8,000
| <center>—</center>
| Earth's [[axial precession]] makes [[Deneb]] the [[North star]].<ref name="deneb" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|10663 |8 | 20}}
| 20 August, 10,663 AD
| A simultaneous [[total solar eclipse]] and [[transit of Mercury]].<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|10720 |1 | 1}}
| 10,720 AD
| The planets [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]] will both [[orbital node|cross]] the [[ecliptic]] at the same time.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|11268 |8 | 25}}
| 25 August, 11,268 AD
| A simultaneous [[total solar eclipse]] and [[transit of Mercury]].<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|11575 |2 | 28}}
| 28 February, 11,575 AD
| A simultaneous [[annular solar eclipse]] and transit of Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10,000
| <center>—</center>
| The [[Gregorian calendar]] will be roughly 10 days out of sync with the Sun's position in the sky.<ref name="greg" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|13425 |9 | 17}}
| 17 September 13,425 AD
| A near-simultaneous transit of Venus and Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 12,000–13,000
| <center>—</center>
| The Earth's [[axial precession]] will make [[Vega]] the [[North Star]].<ref name="vega" /><ref name="plait" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 13,000
| <center>—</center>
| By this point, halfway through the precessional cycle, Earth's [[axial tilt]] will be reversed, causing [[summer]] and [[winter]] to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. This means that the seasons in the [[northern hemisphere]], which experiences more pronounced seasonal variation due to a higher percentage of land, will be even more extreme, as it will be facing towards the Sun at Earth's [[perihelion]] and away from the Sun at [[aphelion]].<ref name="plait" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 14,000-17,000
| <center>—</center>
| The Earth's [[axial precession]] will make [[Canopus]] the [[South Star]], but it will only be within 10° of the [[South Celestial Pole|south celestial pole]].<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/moonkmft/Articles/Precession.html
| title =Precession
|author=Kieron Taylor
|publisher=Sheffield Astronomical Society
|date=1 March 1994
|accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|15232 |4 | 5}}
| 5 April, 15,232 AD
| A simultaneous total solar eclipse and [[transit of Venus]].<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|15790 |4 | 20}}
| 20 April, 15,790 AD
| A simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|20874 |1 | 1}}
| 20,874 AD
| The [[lunar calendar|lunar]] [[Islamic calendar]] and the [[solar calendar|solar]] [[Gregorian calendar]] will share the same year number. After this, the shorter Islamic calendar will slowly overtake the Gregorian.<ref name="islam" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 27,000
| <center>–</center>
| The [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of Earth's orbit will reach a minimum, 0.00236 (it is now 0.01671).<ref name="mini2" /><ref name="laskar" />{{efn|name=J2000}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|38172 |10 | 1}}
| October, 38,172 AD
| A [[transit of Uranus from Neptune]], the rarest of all planetary transits.<ref name="solex" />{{efn|name=solex note}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|48901 |3 | 1}}
| 1 March, 48,901 AD
| The [[Julian calendar]] (365.25 days) and [[Gregorian calendar]] (365.2425 days) will be one year apart.<ref name="greg2" />{{efn|name=Greg 2 note}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|67173 |1 | 1}}
| 67,173 AD
| The planets [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]] will both [[orbital node|cross]] the [[ecliptic]] at the same time.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|69163 |7 | 26}}
| 26 July, 69,163 AD
| A simultaneous transit of Venus and Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|224508 |3 | 27}}
|  27 and 28 March, 224,508 AD
| Respectively, Venus and then Mercury will transit the Sun.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{age in years and days|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}|571741 |1 | 1}}
| 571,741 AD
| A simultaneous transit of Venus and the [[Earth]] [[Transit of Earth from Mars|as seen from Mars]]<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|}
 
== Spacecraft and space exploration ==
 
To date five spacecraft ([[Voyager program|''Voyagers 1'' and ''2'']], [[Pioneer program|''Pioneers 10'' and ''11'']] and ''[[New Horizons]]'') are on trajectories which will take them out of the Solar System and into [[interstellar medium|interstellar space]]. Barring an unlikely collision, the craft should persist indefinitely.<ref name="time" />
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10,000
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes within 3.8 [[light year]]s of [[Barnard's Star]].<ref name="time" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 25,000
| The [[Arecibo message]], a collection of radio data transmitted on 16 November 1974, reaches its destination, the [[globular cluster]] [[Messier 13]].<ref name="glob" /> This is the only [[interstellar radio message]] sent to such a distant region of the galaxy. Assuming a similar mode of communication is employed, it should take at least as long again for any reply to reach Earth.
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 32,000
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes within 3 [[light year]]s of [[Ross 248]].<ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion" /><ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion2" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 40,000
| ''[[Voyager 1]]'' passes within 1.6 [[light year]]s of [[AC+79 3888]], a star in the constellation [[Camelopardalis]].<ref name="voyager" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50,000
| The ''[[KEO]]'' space time capsule, if it is launched, will reenter Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="keo1" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 296,000
| ''[[Voyager 2]]'' passes within 4.3 [[light years]] of [[Sirius]], the brightest star in the night sky.<ref name="voyager" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 2 million
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes near the bright star [[Aldebaran]].<ref name="Pioneer Ames" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4 million
| ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' passes near one of the stars in the constellation [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]].<ref name="Pioneer Ames" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8 million
| The ''[[LAGEOS]]'' satellites' orbits will decay, and they will re-enter Earth's atmosphere, carrying with them a message to any far future descendants of humanity, and a map of the continents as they are expected to appear then.<ref name="lageos" />
|}
 
== Technology and culture ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 10,000
| Estimated lifespan of the [[Long Now Foundation]]'s several ongoing projects, including a 10,000-year clock known as the [[Clock of the Long Now]], the [[Rosetta Project]], and the [[Long Bet Project]].<ref name="longnow" />
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:PiCM200.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| 10,000
|Humanity is likely to be extinct by this date, according to one version of [[Brandon Carter]]'s controversial [[Doomsday argument]], which argues that half of the humans who will ever have lived have probably already been born.<ref name="brandon" />
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|technology and culture]]
| 100,000 – 1 million
| Fastest time by which humanity could colonize the 100,000 light-year galaxy and become capable of [[Type III civilization|harnessing all the energy of the galaxy]], assuming a speed of 0.1[[speed of light|c]] or greater.<ref name="typeiii" />
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 5 – 50 million
| Time by which the entire galaxy could be colonised by means within reach of current technology.<ref name="sublight" />
|}
 
== Graphical timelines ==
For graphical, logarithmic timelines of these events see:
 
* [[Graphical timeline of the universe]] (to 8 billion years from now)
* [[Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era]] (to 10<sup>20</sup> years from now)
* [[Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death]] (to 10<sup>1000</sup> years from now)
 
== See also ==
* [[Detailed logarithmic timeline]]
* [[Earth's location in the universe]]
* [[Space and survival]]
* [[Terasecond and longer]]
* [[Timeline of natural history]]
* [[Timeline of the Big Bang]]
* [[Timeline of the near future]]
 
== Notes ==
{{notes
| notes =
<!-- nb: [[WP:REFNEST]]; nesting fails after first one; better to use harv referencing. meh; so using refs alongside efns inline -->
{{efn
| name= time
|The precise cutoff point is 0:00 on Jan 1, 10,001 AD
}}
{{efn
| name = prob
|  This represents the time by which the event will most probably have happened. It may occur randomly at any time from the present.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = ejection/capture
| There is a roughly 1 in 100,000 chance that the Earth might be ejected into interstellar space by a stellar encounter before this point, and a 1 in 3 million chance that it will then be captured by another star. Were this to happen, life, assuming it survived the interstellar journey, could potentially continue for far longer.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = J2000
| [http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/insola/earth/La93/INSOLP.LA93_11.BTL.ASC Data for 0 to +10 Myr every 1000 years since J2000] from ''Astronomical solutions for Earth paleoclimates'' by Laskar, et al.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = shortscale
| Units are [[short scale]]
}}
{{efn
| name = half-life
| Around 264 half-lives. Tyson et al. employ the computation with a different value for half-life.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = big number
| <math>10^{10^{26}}</math> is 1 followed by 10<sup>26</sup> (100 septillion) zeroes.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = big number2
|Although listed in years for convenience, the numbers beyond this point are so vast that their digits would remain unchanged regardless of which conventional units they were listed in, be they [[nanosecond]]s or [[stellar evolution|star lifespans]].
}}
 
{{efn
| name = solex note
| Calculated using Aldo Vitagliano's Solex software. 2011-09-30.
}}
 
{{efn
| name = Greg 2 note
| Manually calculated from the fact that the calendars were 10 days apart in 1582 and grew further apart by 3 days every 400 years.
}}
{{efn
| name = "dwarf"
|Based upon the weighted least-squares best fit on p. 16 of  Kalirai et al. with the initial mass equal to a [[solar mass]].
}}
}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
 
<ref name="Nave">
{{cite web | title = Second Law of Thermodynamics | last = Nave | first = C.R. | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html | publisher = [[Georgia State University]] | accessdate =3 December 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="five ages">
{{cite book | last1 = Adams | first1 = Fred | last2 = Laughlin | first2 = Greg | year = 1999 | title = The Five Ages of the Universe | publisher = The Free Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-684-85422-9
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="dying">
{{cite journal | title = A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects | last = Adams | first = Fred C.|coauthors=Laughlin, Gregory | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | date = April 1997 | pages = 337–372 | bibcode = 1997RvMP...69..337A | doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337 | arxiv = astro-ph/9701131
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Komatsu">
{{cite journal | title = Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation | last1 = Komatsu | first1 = E. | last2 = Smith | first2 = K. M. | last3 = Dunkley | first3 = J. | display-authors = 3 | year = 2011 | last4 = Bennett | first4 = C. L. | last5 = Gold | first5 = B. | last6 = Hinshaw | first6 = G. | last7 = Jarosik | first7 = N. | last8 = Larson | first8 = D. | last9 = Nolta | first9 = M. R. | journal = The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume = 192 | issue = 2 | pages = 18 | bibcode = 2011ApJS..192...19W | arxiv = 1001.4731 | doi = 10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/18
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="linde">
{{cite journal | title = Sinks in the Landscape, Boltzmann Brains and the Cosmological Constant Problem | author = Linde, Andrei. | journal = Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics  (subscription required)| year = 2007 | url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1475-7516/2007/01/022 | accessdate =26 June 2009 | doi = 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/022 | volume = 2007 | issue = 1 | page = 022 | arxiv = hep-th/0611043 | bibcode = 2007JCAP...01..022L
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Matthews1993">
{{cite journal | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| last = Matthews | first = R. A. J. | title = The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
| volume = 35 | issue = 1 | page = 1 | date = Spring 1994
| bibcode = 1994QJRAS..35....1M
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Berger2002">
{{cite journal | author = Berger, A, and Loutre, MF | title = Climate: an exceptionally long interglacial ahead? | journal = Science | volume = 297 | issue = 5585 | year = 2002 | pages = 1287–8 | doi = 10.1126/science.1076120|pmid=12193773
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Niagara Parks">
{{cite web | title = Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures | url = http://www.niagaraparks.com/media/geology-facts-figures.html | publisher = [[Niagara Parks]] | accessdate =29 April 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="arxiv1106_3141">
{{cite journal | last1 = Finkleman | first1 = David | last2 = Allen | first2 = Steve | last3 = Seago | first3 = John | last4 = Seaman | first4 = Rob | last5 = Seidelmann | first5 = P. Kenneth | title = The Future of Time: UTC and the Leap Second | journal = ArXiv eprint |date = June 2011 | bibcode = 2011arXiv1106.3141F | arxiv = 1106.3141 | volume = 1106 | pages = 3141
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Tapping 2005">
{{cite web | title = The Unfixed Stars | last = Tapping | first = Ken | publisher = [[National Research Council Canada]] | url = http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/education/astronomy/tapping/2005/2005-08-31.html | year = 2005 | accessdate =29 December 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Monnier Tuthill Lopez 1999">
{{cite journal | title = The Last Gasps of VY Canis Majoris: Aperture Synthesis and Adaptive Optics Imagery | last1 = Monnier | first1 = J. D. | last2 = Tuthill | first2 = P. | last3 = Lopez | first3 = GB | display-authors = 3 | year = 1999 | last4 = Cruzalebes | first4 = P. | last5 = Danchi | first5 = W. C. | last6 = Haniff | first6 = C. A. | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 512 | issue = 1 | pages = 351 | doi = 10.1086/306761 | bibcode = 1999ApJ...512..351M | arxiv = astro-ph/9810024
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="toba">
{{cite web | title = Super-eruptions: Global effects and future threats | publisher = The Geological Society | url = https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Education-and-Careers/Resources/Papers-and-Reports/~/media/shared/documents/education%20and%20careers/Super_eruptions.ashx | accessdate =25 May 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="havo">
{{cite web | title = Frequently Asked Questions | publisher = Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park | year = 2011 | url = http://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm | accessdate =22 October 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Bostrom 2002">
{{cite journal | last = Bostrom | first = Nick | authorlink = Nick Bostrom | date = March 2002 | title = Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards | journal = Journal of Evolution and Technology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | url = http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html|accessdate=10 September 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="beteldeath">
{{cite web | title = Sharpest Views of Betelgeuse Reveal How Supergiant Stars Lose Mass | date = 29 July 2009 | work = Press Releases | publisher = [[European Southern Observatory]] | url = http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0927/ | accessdate =6 September 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="betel">
{{cite web
|title=Betelgeuse will explode someday
|publisher=EarthSky Communications, Inc
|author=Sessions, Larry
|date =29 July 2009
|url=http://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/betelgeuse-will-explode-someday
|accessdate=16 November 2010}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="gliese">
{{cite journal | last = Bobylev | first = Vadim V. | date= March 2010 | title = Searching for Stars Closely Encountering with the Solar System | journal = Astronomy Letters | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 220–226 | doi = 10.1134/S1063773710030060 | arxiv = 1003.2160 | bibcode = 2010AstL...36..220B
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="phobos">
{{cite journal | last = Sharma | first = B. K. | title = Theoretical formulation of the Phobos, moon of Mars, rate of altitudinal loss | year = 2008 | journal = Eprint arXiv:0805.1454 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:0805.1454 |accessdate=10 September 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="rift">
{{cite web | title = Birth of an Ocean: The Evolution of Ethiopia's Afar Depression | last = Haddok | first = Eitan | date = 29 September 2008 | publisher = ''[[Scientific American]]'' | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=birth-of-an-ocean | accessdate =27 December 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="trench">
{{cite book | title = Essentials of Oceanography | last = Garrison | first = Tom |edition=5 | page = 62 | publisher = Brooks/Cole | year = 2009
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="medi">
{{cite web | title = Continents in Collision: Pangea Ultima | publisher = [[NASA]] | year = 2000 | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast06oct_1/ | accessdate =29 December 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="kpg1">
{{cite web | title = Meteorites, Impacts, and Mass Extinction | last = Nelson | first = Stephen A. | publisher = [[Tulane University]] | url = http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/impacts.htm | accessdate =13 January 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="galyear">
{{cite web | title = Period of the Sun's Orbit Around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year) | first = Stacy | last = Leong | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml | year = 2002 | work = The Physics Factbook | accessdate =2 April 2007
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="scotese">
{{cite web | url = http://www.scotese.com/newpage11.htm| last = Scotese | first = Christopher R. | title = Pangea Ultima will form 250 million years in the Future | work = Paleomap Project | accessdate =13 March 2006
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Williams Nield 2007">
{{cite news | last1 = Williams | first1 = Caroline | last2 = Nield | first2 = Ted | title = Pangaea, the comeback | work = New Scientist | date = 20 October 2007-10-20 | url = http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/104ns_011.htm | accessdate = 2 January 2014
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009">
{{cite arXiv | last1 = Heath | first1 = Martin J. | last2 = Doyle | first2 = Laurance R. | title = Circumstellar Habitable Zones to Ecodynamic Domains: A Preliminary Review and Suggested Future Directions | eprint=0912.2482 | year = 2009
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="600mil">
{{cite web | url = http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2006/faq.php | title = Questions Frequently Asked by the Public About Eclipses | date = | publisher = [[NASA]] | accessdate =7 March 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="bd2_6_1665">
{{cite journal | last1 = Franck | first1 = S. | last2 = Bounama | first2 = C. | last3 = Von Bloh | first3 = W. | title = Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction | journal = Biogeosciences Discussions | volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 1665–1679 | date= November 2005 | bibcode = 2005BGD.....2.1665F | url = http://biogeosciences-discuss.net/2/1665/2005/bgd-2-1665-2005.pdf | accessdate =19 October 2011 | doi = 10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="mnras386_1">
{{cite journal | last1 = Schröder | first1 = K.-P. | last2 = Connon Smith | first2 = Robert | title = Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | date = 1 May 2008 | pages = 155–163 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.386..155S
|arxiv = 0801.4031 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="abode">
{{cite book | last1 = Brownlee | first1 = Donald E. | year = 2010 | chapter = Planetary habitability on astronomical time scales | title = Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth | editor1-first = Carolus J. | editor1-last = Schrijver | editor2-first = George L. | editor2-last = Siscoe | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=M8NwTYEl0ngC&pg=PA79 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-11294-9
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="mars">
{{cite book | title = Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet | author = Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart | url = http://books.google.com/?id=0QY0U6qJKFUC&pg=PA509&lpg=PA509&dq=mars+future+%22billion+years%22+sun | page = 509 | isbn = 978-1-85233-568-7 | year = 2004 | publisher = Springer | accessdate =29 October 2007
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="ng4_264">
{{cite journal | title = Reconciling the Hemispherical Structure of Earth's Inner Core With its Super-Rotation | last1 = Waszek | first1 = Lauren | last2 = Irving | first2 = Jessica | last3 = Deuss | first3 = Arwen | date = 20 February 2011 | journal = Nature Geoscience | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 264–267 | bibcode = 2011NatGe...4..264W | doi = 10.1038/ngeo1083
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="compo">
{{cite journal | title = Compositional Model for the Earth's Core | last = McDonough | first = W. F. | year = 2004 | journal = Treatise on Geochemistry | volume = 2 | pages = 547–568 | doi = 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02015-6 | bibcode = 2003TrGeo...2..547M | isbn = 978-0-08-043751-4
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="magnet">
{{cite journal | last1 = Luhmann | first1 = J. G. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = R. E. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = M. H. G. | title = Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O<sup>+</sup> pickup ions | journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]] | volume = 19 | issue = 21 | pages = 2151–2154 | year = 1992 | bibcode = 1992GeoRL..19.2151L | doi = 10.1029/92GL02485
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="wander">
{{cite journal | title = On the Long Term Evolution of the Spin of the Earth | last1 = Neron de Surgey | first1 = O. | last2 = Laskar | first2 = J. | year = 1996 | journal = Astronomie et Systemes Dynamiques, Bureau des Longitudes | volume = 318 | pages = 975| bibcode = 1997A&A...318..975N
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="chaos">
{{cite news | title = Study: Earth May Collide With Another Planet | publisher = [[Fox News]] | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,525706,00.html | date = 11 June 2009 | accessdate =8 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="venus">
{{cite news | title = Science: Fiery Future for Planet Earth | author = Hecht, Jeff | work = New Scientist (subscription required)| url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14219191.900-science-fiery-future-for-planet-earth-.html | date = 2 April 1994 | issue = 1919 | page = 14 | accessdate =29 October 2007
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="triton">
{{cite journal | title = Tidal Evolution in the Neptune-Triton System | last1 = Chyba | first1 = C. F. | last2 = Jankowski | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Nicholson | first3 = P. D. | year = 1989 | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 219 | page = 23 | bibcode = 1989A&A...219L..23C
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="cox">
{{cite journal | title = The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda | author = Cox, J. T.; Loeb, Abraham | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | page = 461 | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.tmp..333C | arxiv = 0705.1170
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="milk">
{{cite journal | title = Colliding molecular clouds in head-on galaxy collisions | last1 = Braine | first1 = J. | last2 = Lisenfeld | first2 = U. | last3 = Duc | first3 = P. A. | display-authors = 3 | last4 = Brinks | first4 = E. | last5 = Charmandaris | first5 = V. | last6 = Leon | first6 = S. | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 418 | issue = 2 | pages = 419–428 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20035732 | url = http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=doi&doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20035732 | accessdate =2 April 2008 | bibcode = 2004A&A...418..419B | arxiv = astro-ph/0402148
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Schroder 2008">
{{cite journal | last1 = Schroder | first1 = K. P. | last2 = Connon Smith | first2 = Robert | year = 2008 | title = Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | pages = 155–163 | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.386..155S | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
|arxiv = 0801.4031 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Rybicki2001">
{{cite journal | author = Rybicki, K. R.; Denis, C. | title = On the Final Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System | journal = Icarus | volume = 151 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–137 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6591 | bibcode = 2001Icar..151..130R
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Titan">
{{cite journal | title = Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon | author = Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; McKay, Christopher P. | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | year = 1997 | volume = 24 | pages = 2905–8 | url = http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rlorenz/redgiant.pdf | accessdate =21 March 2008|format=PDF | doi = 10.1029/97GL52843|pmid=11542268 | issue = 22 | bibcode = 1997GeoRL..24.2905L
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="nebula">
{{cite web | author = Balick, Bruce | title = Planetary Nebulae and the Future of the Solar System | publisher= University of Washington|url = http://www.astro.washington.edu/balick/WFPC2/ | accessdate =23 June 2006
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="apj676_1_594">
{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1 = Kalirai | first1 = Jasonjot S. | last2 = Hansen | first2 = Brad M. S. | last3 = Kelson | first3 = Daniel D. | last4 = Reitzel | first4 = David B. | last5 = Rich | first5 = R. Michael | last6 = Richer | first6 = Harvey B. | title = The Initial-Final Mass Relation: Direct Constraints at the Low-Mass End | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 676 | issue = 1 | pages = 594–609 | date = March 2008 | doi = 10.1086/527028 | bibcode = 2008ApJ...676..594K
|arxiv = 0706.3894 }}
</ref>
 
<!--ref name="black">
{{cite journal | last = Vila | first = Samuel C. | title = Evolution of a 0.6 M_{sun} White Dwarf | journal = Astrophysical Journal | year = 1971 | volume = 170 | issue = 153 | doi = 10.1086/151196 | bibcode = 1971ApJ...170..153V
}}
</ref-->
 
<ref name="bigrip">
{{cite web | title = Universe May End in a Big Rip | date = 1 May 2003 | work = [[CERN Courier]] | url = http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28845 | accessdate =22 July 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="chand">
{{cite journal | title = Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints | last1 = Vikhlinin | first1 = A. | last2 = Kravtsov | first2 = A.V. | last3 = Burenin | first3 = R.A. | year = 2009 | display-authors = 3 | last4 = Ebeling | first4 = H. | last5 = Forman | first5 = W. R. | last6 = Hornstrup | first6 = A. | last7 = Jones | first7 = C. | last8 = Murray | first8 = S. S. | last9 = Nagai | first9 = D. | publisher = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume = 692 | page = 1060 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1060 | bibcode = 2009ApJ...692.1060V | journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|arxiv = 0812.2720 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="tide1">
{{cite book | title = Solar System Dynamics | author = Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F. | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1999 | page = 184 | isbn = 978-0-521-57295-8
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="tide2">
{{cite book | last = Dickinson | first = Terence | authorlink = Terence Dickinson | title = From the Big Bang to Planet X | publisher = [[Camden House]] | year = 1993 | location = Camden East, Ontario | pages = 79–81 | url = | isbn = 978-0-921820-71-0
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="canup_righter">
{{cite book | first1 = Robin M. | last1 = Canup | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Righter | title = Origin of the Earth and Moon | volume = 30 | series=The University of Arizona space science series | publisher = University of Arizona Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8165-2073-2 | pages = 176–177 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8i44zjcKm4EC&pg=PA176
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="galaxy">
{{cite journal | title = Cosmology with Hypervelocity Stars | author = Loeb, Abraham | work = Harvard University | year = 2011 | arxiv = 1102.0007v2.pdf
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="temp">
{{cite book | last = Chown | first = Marcus | title = Afterglow of Creation | publisher = University Science Books | year = 1996 | page = 210 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="messier">
{{cite web | title = The Local Group of Galaxies | url = http://messier.seds.org/more/local.html | publisher = Students for the Exploration and Development of Space | work = University of Arizona | accessdate =2 October 2009
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="bluedwarf">
{{cite journal | last1 = Adams | first1 = F. C. | last2 = Graves | first2 = G. J. M. | last3 = Laughlin | first3 = G. | chapter = Red Dwarfs and the End of the Main Sequence | title = Gravitational Collapse: From Massive Stars to Planets. / First Astrophysics meeting of the Observatorio Astronomico Nacional. / A meeting to celebrate Peter Bodenheimer for his outstanding contributions to Astrophysics | editor1-first = G. | editor1-last = García-Segura | editor2-first = G. | editor2-last = Tenorio-Tagle | editor3-first = J. | editor3-last = Franco | editor4-first = H. W. | editor4-last = Yorke | journal = Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (Serie de Conferencias) | volume = 22 | pages = 46–49 | date= December 2004 | bibcode = 2004RMxAC..22...46A
}} See Fig. 3.
</ref>
 
<ref name="strip">
{{cite book | author = Tayler, Roger John | year = 1993 | title = Galaxies, Structure and Evolution|edition=2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 92 | isbn = 978-0-521-36710-3
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="five degs">
{{cite book | title = The Anthropic Cosmological Principle | last1 = Barrow | first1 = John D. | author1-link = John D. Barrow | last2 = Tipler | first2 = Frank J.| author2-link = Frank J. Tipler | others= foreword by [[John Archibald Wheeler|John A. Wheeler]] | isbn = 978-0-19-282147-8 | id = [http://lccn.loc.gov/87028148 LC 87-28148] | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uSykSbXklWEC&printsec=frontcover | accessdate =31 December 2009 | date = 19 May 1988 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="five ages pp85–87">
{{cite book | last1 = Adams | first1 = Fred | last2 = Laughlin | first2 = Greg | year = 1999 | title = The Five Ages of the Universe | publisher = The Free Press | location = New York | pages = 85–87 | isbn = 978-0-684-85422-9
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="dyson">
{{cite journal | title = Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe | author = Dyson, Freeman J. | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics (subscription required) | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | page = 447 | year = 1979 | url = http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v51/i3/p447_1 | accessdate =5 July 2008 | doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 | bibcode = 1979RvMP...51..447D
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="sun_future_schroder">
{{cite journal | first = K.-P. | last = Schröder | year = 2008 | title = Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | page = 155 | last2 = Connon Smith | first2 = Robert | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.386..155S | arxiv = 0801.4031
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="sun future">
{{cite journal | author = Sackmann, I. J.; Boothroyd, A. J.; Kraemer, K. E. | title = Our Sun. III. Present and Future | page = 457 | journal = Astrophysical Journal | year = 1993 | volume = 418 | bibcode = 1993ApJ...418..457S | doi = 10.1086/173407
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="proton">
{{cite journal | author = Nishino | year = 2009 | title = Search for Proton Decay via {{Subatomic particle|Proton+}} → {{Subatomic particle|Positron}}{{Subatomic particle|pion0}} and {{Subatomic particle|Proton+}} → {{Subatomic particle|Muon+}}{{Subatomic particle|pion0}} in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector | journal = [[Physical Review Letters]] | volume = 102 | issue = 14 | pages = 141801 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801 | bibcode = 2009PhRvL.102n1801N | author-separator = , | author2 = Super-K Collaboration | display-authors = 2 | last3 = Abe | first3 = K. | last4 = Hayato | first4 = Y. | last5 = Iida | first5 = T. | last6 = Ikeda | first6 = M. | last7 = Kameda | first7 = J. | last8 = Kobayashi | first8 = K. | last9 = Koshio | first9 = Y. | authorlink2 = Super-Kamiokande
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="half-life">
{{cite book | url = http://www.nap.edu/jhp/oneuniverse/frontiers_solution_17.html | title = One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos | first1 = Neil de Grasse | last1 = Tyson | last2 = Tsun-Chu Liu | first2 = Charles | last3 = Irion | first3 = Robert | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-309-06488-0 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Page 1976">
{{cite journal | title = Particle Emission Rates From a Black Hole: Massless Particles From an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole | last = Page | first = Don N. | year = 1976 | journal = Physical Review D | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–206 | bibcode = 1976PhRvD..13..198P | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198
}} See in particular equation (27).
</ref>
 
<ref name="chen">
{{cite book | url = http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0703/0703183.pdf | chapter = Dark Energy and Life's Ultimate Future | author = Vaas. Rüdiger | year = 2006|editor=Vladimir Burdyuzha | title = The Future of Life and the Future of our Civilization | publisher = Springer | pages = 231–247 | isbn = 978-1-4020-4967-5
}}
</ref>
 
<!-- unused citation
<ref name="page95">
{{cite book | chapter = Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings? | last = Page | first = Don N. | title = Heat Kernel Techniques and Quantum Gravity | year = 1995|editor=Fulling, S.A. | page = 461 | series = Discourses in Mathematics and its Applications | issue = 4 | publisher = Texas A&M University | arxiv = hep-th/9411193 | isbn = 978-0-9630728-3-2
}}
</ref>
-->
 
<ref name="deneb">
{{cite web | title = Deneb | publisher = University of Illinois | year = 2009 | url = http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/deneb.html | accessdate =5 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits">
{{cite journal | title = Simultaneous Transits | author = Meeus, J. and Vitagliano, A. | journal = Journal of the British Astronomical Association | url = http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/Simtrans.pdf | year = 2004 | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | accessdate =7 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="greg">
{{cite journal | last = Borkowski | first = K.M. | year = 1991 | title = The Tropical Calendar and Solar Year | journal = J. Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 121–130 | bibcode = 1991JRASC..85..121B
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="vega">
{{cite web | title = Why is Polaris the North Star? | publisher = [[NASA]] | url = http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question64.html | accessdate =10 April 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="plait">
{{cite book | title = Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax" | author = Plait, Phil | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2002 | pages = 55–56
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="islam">
{{cite web | title = Astronomy Answers: Modern Calendars | author = Strous, Louis | publisher = [[University of Utrecht]] | year = 2010 | url = http://aa.quae.nl/en/antwoorden/moderne_kalenders.html | accessdate =14 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="mini2">
{{cite journal | last1 = Laskar | first1 = J. | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | title = Orbital, Precessional, and Insolation Quantities for the Earth From −20 Myr to +10 Myr | volume=270 | year = 1993 | pages = 522–533 | display-authors = 1 | author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |bibcode = 1993A&A...270..522L }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="hayes07">
{{cite journal | author = Hayes, Wayne B. | title = Is the Outer Solar System Chaotic? | journal = Nature Physics | arxiv = astro-ph/0702179 | year = 2007 | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 689–691 | doi = 10.1038/nphys728 | bibcode = 2007NatPh...3..689H
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="time">
{{cite news | title = Hurtling Through the Void | publisher = ''[[Time Magazine]]'' | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926062,00.html | accessdate =5 September 2011 | date = 20 June 1983
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="glob">
{{cite web | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov99/Arecibo.message.ws.html | title = Cornell News: "It's the 25th Anniversary of Earth's First (and only) Attempt to Phone E.T." |date= 12 November 1999 |publisher=Cornell University | accessdate =29 March 2008 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080802005337/http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov99/Arecibo.message.ws.html | archivedate = 2 August 2008
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="voyager">
{{cite web | title = Voyager: The Interstellar Mission | publisher = NASA | url = http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html | accessdate =5 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="keo1">
{{cite web | title = KEO FAQ | url = http://www.keo.org/uk/pages/faq.html#q1|publisher=keo.org| accessdate =14 October 2011
}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion">
{{cite web | title = Pioneer 10 Spacecraft Nears 25TH Anniversary, End of Mission | publisher = nasa.gov | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1997/97-031.txt | accessdate =2013-12-22
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion2">
{{cite web | title = SPACE FLIGHT 2003 -- United States Space Activities | publisher = nasa.gov | url = http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/somd/reports/2003/us.html| accessdate =2013-12-22
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Pioneer Ames">
{{cite web | title = The Pioneer Missions | publisher = NASA | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | accessdate =5 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="longnow">
{{cite web | title = The Long Now Foundation | publisher = The Long Now Foundation | url = http://longnow.org/about/ | year = 2011 | accessdate =21 September 2011
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="brandon">
{{cite journal
| last1 = Carter
| first1 = Brandon
| authorlink = Brandon Carter
| last2 = McCrea
| first2 = W. H.
| year = 1983
| title = The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution
| journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]
| volume = A310
| issue = 1512
| pages = 347–363
| doi = 10.1098/rsta.1983.0096
|bibcode = 1983RSPTA.310..347C }}
</ref>
 
<ref name="typeiii">
{{cite web
| authorlink = Michio Kaku
| last = Kaku
| first = Michio
| year = 2010
| title = The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars
| url = http://mkaku.org/home/?page_id=250
| publisher=mkaku.org
| accessdate =29 August 2010
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="sublight">
{{cite web | first = I. A. | last = Crawford | publisher = Scientific American | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=where-are-they | title = Where are They? Maybe we are alone in the galaxy after all | date = July 2000 | accessdate =20 July 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="global1">
{{cite book | title = Global Catastrophic Risks | editor1-last = Bostrom | editor1-first = Nick | editor2-last = Cirkovic | editor2-first = Milan M. | last = Adams | first = Fred C. | chapter = Long-term astrophysicial processes | pages = 33–47 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2008
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="laskar">
{{cite web | title = Astronomical Solutions for Earth Paleoclimates | author = Laskar et al. | url = http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/insola/earth/earth.html | publisher = Institut de mecanique celeste et de calcul des ephemerides | accessdate =20 July 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="solex">
{{cite web | title = The Solex page | url = http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/|author=Aldo Vitagliano | year = 2011 | publisher=Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II| accessdate =20 July 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="greg2">
{{cite web | url = http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/JulianDate.php/ | title= Julian Date Converter| publisher = US Naval Observatory | accessdate =20 July 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="lageos">
{{cite web | title = LAGEOS 1, 2 | publisher = NASA | url = http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html | accessdate =21 July 2012
}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="pressure">
{{cite journal | author = Li King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Yung, Luk L. | year = 2009 | title = Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | number = 24 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809436106
|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9576L | pmid=19487662 | pmc=2701016}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="natgeo">{{cite web|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Caused Mass Extinction?|author= Minard, Anne|publisher= National Geographic News|year=2009|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/04/090403-gamma-ray-extinction.html|accessdate=2012-08-27
}}</ref>
 
}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.numberphile.com/videos/longest_time.html Numberphile explains Pointcare recurrence]
{{Millennia}}
 
{{featured list}}
 
[[Category:Future timelines|Far futures]]
 
[[Category:Millennia|011]]
[[Category:Centuries in the future|M91]]
[[Category:Years in the future|A1]]

Latest revision as of 11:08, 28 November 2014

Light on either end of the spectrum, blue light or red light, have the greatest impact on photosynthesis. But extended with advances in technology we have observed the rise of a new kid on the block - and he goes by the name of LED. Just a handful of years ago, LEDs have been laughed off as a viable develop room lighting resolution, but the leaps and bounds that technology has been making is starting to raise a couple of eyebrows. So, let's appear at some of the pros and cons of LED lights compared to their older HID counterpart, ascertaining irrespective of whether they worth the investment.

Maintain in mind Doc is an professional grower and expert growers know how to keep a develop space wholesome and cost-free from bugs or illness. When overall quality was constant with plants grown below an HID light, Doc's yield for his 650 watt LED grow light had been closer to or slightly better than what you would expect from a 400 HPS light making use of a full spectrum HID bulb. Yields have been okay but we didn't get a much better yield to watt ratio than an HID grow light. The future is bright for LED lighting.

These lights, which are surely some of the most effective LED develop lights out at the moment, could virtually lay on major of the plants with tiny worry about drying or burning the only drawback getting that, like the fluorescent lights, only about 15% of the lightbe actually utilised for input is 120v, will save over 60% on power expenses supplying a 36 month warranty and a 90 day funds back guarantee.

There are many varieties of indoor grow rooms to choose from, and you can set them up and commence growing plants appropriate away. The 1st sort of develop lamp that we are going to be talking about is the LED grow light. These lights are fantastic if you are setting up a compact indoor garden, because they draw only a quarter of the power that is needed for other varieties of develop lights. These lights also seriously very good for applying if you are attempting to get lights for that cover the whole develop spectrum.

They have a lot of benefits over older T8 and T12 types of fluorescent lights, but numerous individuals nevertheless want to make the switch to LED lights without possessing to completely replace their lighting systems. Primarily, T5 develop lights are 5/8” in diameter and filled with gasses that generate light when electricity passes by means of them. A lot of of the LED panels you will be working with will have up to 100 or extra person LEDs.

Right after 13 years of developing encounter, it appears that they have ultimately perfected the art of creating the very best LED grow lights. Apollo Horticulture prides themselves on not only creating potent develop lights, but also on obtaining a enterprise that is accountable socially as effectively as environmentally. If you beloved this posting and you would like to acquire far more information about Http://Bestgrowlightsguide.Com/ kindly take a look at the web site. To top rated it off, they give a three year normal warranty on all of their develop lights. Dorm Develop is the exclusive distributor of G8LED lighting business.

These incorporate HID, which stands for higher-intensity discharge lamps, and these give you sodium for flowering plants and metal halide to enable with plants' growth. Compact fluorescent lamps are sometimes utilised, as well as typical fluorescent lights. Halogen and incandescent lamps do not function effectively in grow rooms, considering the fact that they generate also much heat. LED lights are getting employed additional frequently in indoor develop rooms nowadays, given that they don't need a lot of power, and they don't place out a lot of heat.

On flowering plants, having reduced photo period equates to an raise in the plant tension. The LED lights emit a specific sort of wavelength, and develop lights often will need to emit wavelengths precise to the harvest being grown. If you are considering making use of LED develop lights, there are numerous utilizes exactly where they can benefit you. Indoor growing tends to make it achievable to develop where it is not at present probable.

As the months carry on, entering the fall, the days develop shorter, with longer periods of darkness. Spending too significantly time in this stage will outcome in poor flowering, producing it a a lot more hands on” time for the develop. That may well be correct, but LED lights trigger a special reaction inside of your plants. The LED lamps will be formulated in a way that targets the aspect of the plants responsible for activating photosynthesis.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Binary_expression_tree&oldid=267713"