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| '''ICARUS''' ('''I'''maging '''C'''osmic '''A'''nd '''R'''are '''U'''nderground '''S'''ignals) is a [[physics]] experiment aimed at studying [[neutrino]]s. It is located at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS).
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| The ICARUS program was initiated by [[Carlo Rubbia]] in 1977, who proposed a new type of [[neutrino detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rubbia, C.|year=1977|title=The liquid-Argon time projection chamber: a new concept for neutrino detector |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/117852/files/CERN-EP-INT-77-8.pdf |publisher=CERN |id=CERN-EP/77-08}}</ref>
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| These are called Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPC), which should combine the advantages of [[bubble chamber]]s and electronic detectors. In the course of the ICARUS program, such detectors of considerable capacity were proposed. After first runs at [[Pavia]] in 2001, the ICARUS T600 detector at [[Gran Sasso]], filled with 760 tons of liquid [[argon]], started operation in 2010. In order to study [[neutrino oscillation]]s and various fundamental topics of [[modern physics]], neutrinos of astronomic or solar sources, and [[CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso]] (CNGS) produced 730 km away by the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]] from [[CERN]], have been detected through the reaction:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS-Collaboration|year=2011|title=Underground operation of the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC: first results|journal=Journal of Instrumentation|volume=6|issue=07|pages=7011|doi=10.1088/1748-0221/6/07/P07011|arxiv=1106.0975|bibcode = 2011JInst...6.7011R }}</ref>
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| :<math>{}^{40}Ar + \nu \rightarrow {}^{40}K + e^{-} \,.</math>
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| The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the [[OPERA experiment]], therefore those experiments are also called CNGS1 (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).<ref name=icarus12>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|arxiv=1203.3433|year=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..713...17I }}</ref>
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| The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011, that they have measured [[faster than light|superluminal]] neutrinos (see [[Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly]]). Shortly afterwards, the ICARUS collaboration published a paper in which they argued, that the energy distribution of the neutrinos is not compatible with superluminal particles. This conclusion was based on a theory of Cohen and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=711|issue=3-4|pages=270–275|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.014|arxiv=1110.3763|year=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..711..270I }}</ref>
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| In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.<ref name=icarus12 /> In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS collaboration|title=Precision measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|issue=11|pages=49|year=2012|doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2012)049|arxiv=1208.2629|bibcode =2012JHEP...11..049A}}</ref> see [[Measurements of neutrino speed]].
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| ==References==
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| <references />
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://icarus.lngs.infn.it/ ICARUS webpage]
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| {{Neutrino detectors}}
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| [[Category:Neutrino experiments]]
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My name is Lupita from Saint-Denis studying Industrial and Labor Relations. I did my schooling, secured 85% and hope to find someone with same interests in Water sports.
my web-site - show homes ideas (http://www.homeimprovementdaily.com/)