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| Cantilever magnetometry is the use of a [[cantilever]] to measure the [[magnetic moment]] of magnetic particles. The cantilevers used for this technique are about as long as a human hair is wide (100 [[µm]]) or smaller. On the end of cantilever is glued a small piece of [[ferromagnetic]] material (called a particle), which interacts with external magnetic fields and creates torque on the cantilever. These torques cause the cantilever to oscillate faster or slower, depending on the orientation of the particle's moment with respect to the external field, and the magnitude of the moment. The magnitude of the moment and [[magnetic anisotropy]] of the particle are then deduced by measuring the cantilever's oscillation frequency while varying the external field, and finding a best fit to the resultant data.<ref name="Rugar">{{cite journal|last=Rugar|first=Dan|coauthors=Stipe, Mamin, Stowe, Kenny|journal=Physical Review Letters|year=2001|volume=86|issue=13|url=http://phy-dhcp-35-17.mps.ohio-state.edu/HammelGroupWiki/images/6/6a/PhysRevLett.86.2874.pdf}}</ref>
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| [[File:Cantilever in external magnetic field.png|thumb|350px|alt=Alt text|A cantilever with a magnetic particle oscillating in an external magnetic field. Many setups do not have a modulation coil as pictured above, but some use capacitive coupling of a nearby wire instead of the modulation coil or piezoelectric transducer (PZT) to drive the cantilever]]
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| To understand this technique, it is useful to think of a pendulum: on earth it oscillates with one frequency, while if we put the same pendulum on, say, the moon, it would oscillate with a different, slower frequency. This is because the mass on the end of the pendulum interacts with the external gravitational field, much as the magnetic moment in this technique interacts with the external magnetic field. If one were to measure the frequency of a pendulum (and the length), they could extract the gravitational field since <math>\omega=\sqrt{g/l}\Rightarrow g=\omega^2 l</math>, whereas in this technique one measures the frequency and extracts the moment.
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| ==Cantilever Equation of Motion==
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| As the cantilever oscillates back and forth it arches into hyperbolic curves with the salient feature that a tangent to the end of the cantilever always intersects one point along the middle axis. From this we define the effective length of the cantilever, <math>L_{e}</math>, to be the distance from this point to the end of the cantilever (see image to the right). The Lagrangian for this system is then given by
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| {{NumBlk|:|<math>
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| \mathcal{L}=T-V=\frac{1}{2}m\underbrace{(L_{e}\dot{\theta})^{2}}_{v^2}-\left(\underbrace{\frac{1}{2}k ( L_{e} \theta )^{2}}_{\begin{smallmatrix}\text{Restoring}\\ \text{Energy}\end{smallmatrix}}-\underbrace{\mu B \cos{(\theta-\beta)}}_{\begin{smallmatrix}\text{Zeeman}\\ \text{Energy}\end{smallmatrix}}+\underbrace{K_uV\sin^2{\beta}}_{\begin{smallmatrix}\text{Anisotropy}\\ \text{Energy}\end{smallmatrix}}\right)
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| </math>|Eq. 1}}
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| where <math>m</math> is the effective cantilever mass, <math>V</math> is the volume of the particle, <math>k</math> is the cantilever-constant and <math>\mu</math> is the magnetic moment of the particle. To find the equation of motion we note that we have two variables, <math>\theta</math> and <math>\beta</math> so there are two corresponding Lagrangian equations which need to be solved as a system of equations,
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| :<math>
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| \frac{d}{d t}\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{\beta}}=\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \beta}\Rightarrow 0=-\mu B \sin{ (\theta-\beta)}+2K_uV\underbrace{\sin\beta \cos\beta}_{\approx \beta} \Rightarrow
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| </math> | |
| {{NumBlk|:|<math>\beta=\frac{B\theta}{B+H_k}</math>|Eq. 2}}
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| where we have defined <math>H_k\equiv\frac{2K_uV}{\mu}</math>.
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| We can plug Eq. 2 into our Lagrangian, which then becomes a function of <math>\theta</math> only. Then <math>(\theta - \beta)=\frac{\theta H_k}{B+H_k}</math>, and we have
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| :<math> | |
| \frac{d}{d t}\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{\theta}}=\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \theta}\Rightarrow
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| </math>
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| :<math>
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| mL_{e}^{2}\ddot{\theta}=-kL_{e}^{2}\theta-\mu B \sin{\left(\frac{\theta H_k}{B+H_k}\right)}\left(\frac{H_k}{B+H_k}\right)-2K_uV\sin{\left(\frac{\theta B}{B+H_k}\right)}\cos{\left(\frac{\theta B}{B+H_k}\right)}\left(\frac{B}{B+H_k}\right)\Rightarrow
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| </math>
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| :<math>\approx -kL_{e}^{2}\theta-\mu B \theta\left(\frac{ H_k}{B+H_k}\right)^2-\mu H_k\theta\left(\frac{B}{B+H_k}\right)^2\Rightarrow</math>
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| <math>
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| \ddot{\theta}+\theta\left( \frac{kL_{e}^{2}+\frac{\mu BH_k}{(B+H_k)}}{mL_{e}^{2}}\right)=\ddot{\theta}+\theta\left( \omega_o^2 +\frac{\mu BH_k}{mL_{e}^{2}(B+H_k)}\right)=0,
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| </math> | |
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| or
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| {{NumBlk|:| <math>\ddot{\theta}+\omega^2\theta=0,</math>|Eq. 3}}
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| where <math>\omega^{2}\equiv\left( \omega_o^2 +\frac{\mu BH_k}{mL_{e}^{2}(B+H_k)}\right)=\omega_o^2\left( 1 +\frac{\mu BH_k}{kL_{e}^{2}(B+H_k)}\right)</math>. The solution to this differential equation is <math>\theta(t)=c_{1}\cos\omega t+c_{2}\sin\omega t</math> where <math>c_{1}</math> and <math>c_{2}</math> are coefficients determined by the initial conditions. It is interesting to note that the motion of a simple pendulum is similarly described by this differential equation and solution in the small angle approximation.
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| We can use the binomial expansion to rewrite <math>\omega</math>,
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| :<math>\omega=\omega_o\left( 1 +\frac{\mu BH_k}{kL_{e}^{2}(B+H_k)}\right)^{1/2}\approx \omega_o\left( 1 +\frac{\mu BH_k}{2kL_{e}^{2}(B+H_k)}+...\right)\Rightarrow</math>
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| {{Equation box 1
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| |equation={{NumBlk|:|<math>\frac{\omega-\omega_o}{\omega_o}=\frac{\Delta \omega}{\omega_o}=\frac{\mu HH_k}{2kL_e^2(H+H_k)},</math>|Eq. 4}}}}
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| which is the form as seen in literature, for example equation 2 in the paper "Magnetic Dissipation and Fluctuations in Individual Nanomagnets Measured
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| by Ultrasensitive Cantilever Magnetometry" <ref name="Rugar" />
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Magnetometers]]
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