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Many materials have a well-characterized [[refractive index]], but these indices depend strongly upon the [[frequency]] of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at yellow doublet [[Fraunhofer lines|sodium D line]], with a [[wavelength]] of 589 [[nanometre]]s. | |||
There are also weaker dependencies on [[temperature]], [[pressure]]/[[stress (physics)|stress]], et cetera, as well on precise material compositions (presence of [[dopant]]s et cetera); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required. | |||
In general, an index of refraction is a [[complex number]] with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the [[refractive index#Dispersion|extinction coefficient]] <math>k</math>. Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the [[refractive index]]. | |||
[[Image:RefractionReflextion.svg|thumb|center|650px|Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.]] | |||
== List == | |||
{| class="sortable wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Some representative refractive indices''' | |||
|- align=center | |||
!Material||λ (nm)||''n''||Ref. | |||
|- | |||
|[[Vacuum]]|| || 1 (by definition) || | |||
|- | |||
|[[Atmosphere of Earth|Air]] at [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]]|| ||1.000277|| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" |Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm | |||
|- | |||
|[[Earth's atmosphere|Air]]||589.29||1.000293||<ref name="ref1">{{cite book | |||
| first = Alfred Zajac | |||
| coauthors = Hecht, Eugene; Cummings, Eugene | |||
| title = Optics, Fourth Edition | |||
| publisher = Pearson Higher Education | |||
| date = 18 March 2003 | |||
| isbn = 978-0-321-18878-6}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Carbon dioxide]]||589.29||1.00045||<ref name="ref4">{{cite book | |||
| first = Morgan | |||
| title = Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics | |||
| publisher = McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC. | |||
| year = 1953}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref3">{{cite book | |||
| first = Hodgman | |||
| coauthors = Selby, Weast | |||
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | |||
| publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. | |||
| year = 1957}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref5">{{cite book | |||
| first = Pedrotti | |||
| coauthors = Pedrotti, Pedrotti | title = Introduction to Optics, Third Edition | |||
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | |||
| page = 221 | |||
| year = 2007 | |||
| isbn = 0-13-149933-5 }}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Helium]]||589.29||1.000036||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Hydrogen]]||589.29||1.000132||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" |Liquids at 20 °C | |||
|- | |||
|[[Arsenic trisulfide]] and [[sulfur]] in [[methylene iodide]]|| ||1.9||<ref>[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM40/AM40_398.pdf Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)]</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Benzene]]||589.29||1.501||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Carbon disulfide]]||589.29||1.628||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Carbon tetrachloride]]||589.29||1.461||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Ethanol|Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)]]||589.29||1.361||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Silicone oil]]|| ||1.336-1.582||<ref>[http://www.gelest.com/goods/pdf/siliconefluids.pdf Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material]</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Water]]||589.29||1.3330||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|10% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.3477||<ref name="Lide"> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| author = David R. Lide | |||
| title = CRC handbook of physics and chemistry | |||
| publisher = The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH | |||
| year = 2001 | |||
| isbn = 0-8493-0482-2}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|20% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.3635||<ref name=Lide/> | |||
|- | |||
|60% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.4394||<ref name=Lide/> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Solids at room temperature | |||
|- | |||
|[[Titanium dioxide]] (Rutile phase )||589.29||2.496||<ref>[http://refractiveindex.info/?group=CRYSTALS&material=TiO2 RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index and related constants]</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Diamond]]||589.29||2.419||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Strontium titanate]]||589.29||2.41|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Amber]]||589.29||1.55||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Fused silica]] (also called Fused Quartz)||589.29||1.458||<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Sodium chloride]]||589.29||1.544||<ref name="ref8">{{cite book | |||
| first = Raymond A. Serway | |||
| coauthors = Faughn, Jerry S. | |||
| title = College Physics, 6th Edition | |||
| publisher = Brooks/Cole | |||
| page = 692 | |||
| year = 2003 | |||
| isbn = 978-0-03-035114-3}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Other materials | |||
|- | |||
|[[Liquid helium]]|| ||1.025|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Water]] ice|| ||1.31|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Cornea]] (human)|| ||1.373/1.380/1.401 || <ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| authorlink = Patel S | |||
| coauthors = Marshall J, Fitzke FW 3rd. | |||
| title = Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma | |||
| journal = J Refract Surg. | |||
| volume = 11 | |||
| issue = 2 | |||
| pages = 100–105 | |||
| date = 1995 Mar-Apr | |||
| pmid = 7634138 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Lens (anatomy)|Lens]] (human)|| ||1.386 - 1.406|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Acetone]]|| ||1.36|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Ethanol]]|| ||1.36|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Glycerol]]|| ||1.4729|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Bromine]]|| ||1.661|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon AF]]|| ||1.315|| <ref name="Teflon_AF">{{cite web|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html |title=Teflon AF |accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]]|| ||1.35 - 1.38|| | |||
|- | |||
|Cytop|| ||1.34|| <ref name=Cytop>{{cite web|url=http://www.agcce.eu.com/CYTOP/TechInfo.asp |title=Cytop|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|Sylgard 184 ([[Polydimethylsiloxane]])|| ||1.4118|| <ref name="Sylgard184">{{cite web |url=http://www1.dowcorning.com/DataFiles/090007c8803bb6a1.pdf |title=184 Silicone Elastomer |publisher=Dow Corning |type=Product Information |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polylactic acid|PLA]]|| ||1.46||<ref name="PLA Optical">{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470649848.ch8|title=Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications; Chapter 8: Optical Properties|accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Acrylic glass]]|| ||1.490 - 1.492|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polycarbonate]]|| ||1.584 - 1.586|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]]|| ||1.4893 - 1.4899|| | |||
|- | |||
|PETg|| ||1.57|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]]|| ||1.5750|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Crown glass (optics)|Crown glass (pure)]]|| ||1.50 - 1.54|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Flint glass|Flint glass (pure)]]|| ||1.60 - 1.62|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Crown glass (optics)|Crown glass (impure)]]|| ||1.485 - 1.755|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Flint glass|Flint glass (impure)]]|| ||1.523 - 1.925|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Pyrex]] (a [[borosilicate glass]])|| ||1.470||<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/Content/Refraction/absolute.html |title=Absolute Refractive Index |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=[[University of Liverpool]]}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Cryolite]]|| ||1.338|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Halite|Rock salt]]|| ||1.516|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Sapphire]]|| ||1.762–1.778|| | |||
|- | |||
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 25%|| ||1.3723||<ref name="refSugar">{{cite web|url=http://www.frederiksen.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Export_Manuals/545920_AE_sugarsolution.pdf |title=Manual for Sugar solution Prism |accessdate=2012-03-21}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 50%|| ||1.4200||<ref name="refSugar"/> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 75%|| ||1.4774||<ref name="refSugar"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Cubic zirconia]]|| ||2.15 - 2.18|| | |||
|- | |||
|Potassium Niobate (KNbO<sub>3</sub>)|| ||2.28|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Silicon carbide]]|| ||2.65 - 2.69|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Cinnabar]] ([[Mercury sulfide]])|| ||3.02|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Gallium(III) phosphide]]|| ||3.5|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Gallium(III) arsenide]]|| ||3.927|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Zinc Oxide]]||390||2.4|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Germanium]]|| ||4.01|| | |||
|- | |||
|[[Silicon]] ||590 ||3.96||<ref name="si_website">{{cite web|url=http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/APPEND/OPTICAL.HTM |title=Optical Properties of Silicon |accessdate=2009-05-31}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Sellmeier equation]] | |||
*[[Corrective lens#Ophthalmic material property tables]] | |||
*[[Optical properties of water and ice]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== External links == | |||
*[http://www.iapws.org/relguide/rindex.pdf International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam] | |||
*[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/nk/index.html Ioffe institute, Russian Federation] | |||
*[http://www.crystran.co.uk/ Crystran, United Kingdom] | |||
*[http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/Database/jpdoc/f-dbase.html Jena University, Germany] | |||
*[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/indrf.html#c1 Hyperphysics list of refractive indices] | |||
*[http://www.luxpop.com/ Luxpop: Index of refraction values and photonics calculations] | |||
*[http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_8.html Kaye and Laby Online] Provided by the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK]] | |||
*[http://macro.lsu.edu/HowTo/solvents/Refractive%20Index.htm List of Refractive Indices of Solvents] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Refractive index}} | |||
[[Category:Physics-related lists]] | |||
[[Category:Optics]] |
Revision as of 00:13, 25 August 2013
30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at yellow doublet sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometres.
There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, et cetera, as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants et cetera); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.
In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient . Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.
List
Material | λ (nm) | n | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Vacuum | 1 (by definition) | ||
Air at STP | 1.000277 | ||
Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm | |||
Air | 589.29 | 1.000293 | [1] |
Carbon dioxide | 589.29 | 1.00045 | [2] |
Helium | 589.29 | 1.000036 | [1] |
Hydrogen | 589.29 | 1.000132 | [1] |
Liquids at 20 °C | |||
Arsenic trisulfide and sulfur in methylene iodide | 1.9 | [5] | |
Benzene | 589.29 | 1.501 | [1] |
Carbon disulfide | 589.29 | 1.628 | [1] |
Carbon tetrachloride | 589.29 | 1.461 | [1] |
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) | 589.29 | 1.361 | [1] |
Silicone oil | 1.336-1.582 | [6] | |
Water | 589.29 | 1.3330 | [1] |
10% Glucose solution in water | 589.29 | 1.3477 | [7] |
20% Glucose solution in water | 589.29 | 1.3635 | [7] |
60% Glucose solution in water | 589.29 | 1.4394 | [7] |
Solids at room temperature | |||
Titanium dioxide (Rutile phase ) | 589.29 | 2.496 | [8] |
Diamond | 589.29 | 2.419 | [1] |
Strontium titanate | 589.29 | 2.41 | |
Amber | 589.29 | 1.55 | [1] |
Fused silica (also called Fused Quartz) | 589.29 | 1.458 | [1] |
Sodium chloride | 589.29 | 1.544 | [9] |
Other materials | |||
Liquid helium | 1.025 | ||
Water ice | 1.31 | ||
Cornea (human) | 1.373/1.380/1.401 | [10] | |
Lens (human) | 1.386 - 1.406 | ||
Acetone | 1.36 | ||
Ethanol | 1.36 | ||
Glycerol | 1.4729 | ||
Bromine | 1.661 | ||
Teflon AF | 1.315 | [11] | |
Teflon | 1.35 - 1.38 | ||
Cytop | 1.34 | [12] | |
Sylgard 184 (Polydimethylsiloxane) | 1.4118 | [13] | |
PLA | 1.46 | [14] | |
Acrylic glass | 1.490 - 1.492 | ||
Polycarbonate | 1.584 - 1.586 | ||
PMMA | 1.4893 - 1.4899 | ||
PETg | 1.57 | ||
PET | 1.5750 | ||
Crown glass (pure) | 1.50 - 1.54 | ||
Flint glass (pure) | 1.60 - 1.62 | ||
Crown glass (impure) | 1.485 - 1.755 | ||
Flint glass (impure) | 1.523 - 1.925 | ||
Pyrex (a borosilicate glass) | 1.470 | [15] | |
Cryolite | 1.338 | ||
Rock salt | 1.516 | ||
Sapphire | 1.762–1.778 | ||
Sugar Solution, 25% | 1.3723 | [16] | |
Sugar Solution, 50% | 1.4200 | [16] | |
Sugar Solution, 75% | 1.4774 | [16] | |
Cubic zirconia | 2.15 - 2.18 | ||
Potassium Niobate (KNbO3) | 2.28 | ||
Silicon carbide | 2.65 - 2.69 | ||
Cinnabar (Mercury sulfide) | 3.02 | ||
Gallium(III) phosphide | 3.5 | ||
Gallium(III) arsenide | 3.927 | ||
Zinc Oxide | 390 | 2.4 | |
Germanium | 4.01 | ||
Silicon | 590 | 3.96 | [17] |
See also
- Sellmeier equation
- Corrective lens#Ophthalmic material property tables
- Optical properties of water and ice
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
- International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam
- Ioffe institute, Russian Federation
- Crystran, United Kingdom
- Jena University, Germany
- Hyperphysics list of refractive indices
- Luxpop: Index of refraction values and photonics calculations
- Kaye and Laby Online Provided by the National Physical Laboratory, UK
- List of Refractive Indices of Solvents
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
- ↑ Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2
20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index and related constants
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
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The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
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