Double hashing

In mathematics, a Young symmetrizer is an element of the group algebra of the symmetric group, constructed in such a way that the image of the element corresponds to an irreducible representation of the symmetric group over the complex numbers. A similar construction works over any field, and the resulting representations are called Specht modules. The Young symmetrizer is named after British mathematician Alfred Young.

Definition

Given a finite symmetric group S_n and specific Young tableau λ corresponding to a numbered partition of n, define two permutation subgroups $P_{\lambda }$ and $Q_{\lambda }$ of S_n as follows:

$P_{\lambda }=\{g\in S_{n}:g{\text{ preserves each row of }}\lambda \}$

and

$Q_{\lambda }=\{g\in S_{n}:g{\text{ preserves each column of }}\lambda \}.$

Corresponding to these two subgroups, define two vectors in the group algebra $\mathbb {C} S_{n}$ as

$a_{\lambda }=\sum _{g\in P_{\lambda }}e_{g}$

and

$b_{\lambda }=\sum _{g\in Q_{\lambda }}\operatorname {sgn}(g)e_{g}$

where $e_{g}$ is the unit vector corresponding to g, and $\operatorname {sgn}(g)$ is the signature of the permutation. The product

$c_{\lambda }:=a_{\lambda }b_{\lambda }=\sum _{g\in P_{\lambda },h\in Q_{\lambda }}\operatorname {sgn}(h)e_{gh}$

is the Young symmetrizer corresponding to the Young tableau λ. Each Young symmetrizer corresponds to an irreducible representation of the symmetric group, and every irreducible representation can be obtained from a corresponding Young symmetrizer. (If we replace the complex numbers by more general fields the corresponding representations will not be irreducible in general.)

Construction

Let V be any vector space over the complex numbers. Consider then the tensor product vector space $V^{\otimes n}=V\otimes V\otimes \cdots \otimes V$ (n times). Let S_n act on this tensor product space by permuting the indices. One then has a natural group algebra representation $\mathbb {C} S_{n}\rightarrow {\text{End}}(V^{\otimes n})$ on $V^{\otimes n}$.

Given a partition λ of n, so that $n=\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+\cdots +\lambda _{j}$, then the image of $a_{\lambda }$ is

${\text{Im}}(a_{\lambda }):=a_{\lambda }V^{\otimes n}\cong {\text{Sym}}^{\lambda _{1}}\;V\otimes {\text{Sym}}^{\lambda _{2}}\;V\otimes \cdots \otimes {\text{Sym}}^{\lambda _{j}}\;V.$

For instance, if $n=4$, and $\lambda =(2,2)$, with the canonical Young tableau $\{\{1,2\},\{3,4\}\}$. Then the corresponding $a_{\lambda }$ is given by $a_{\lambda }=e_{\text{id}}+e_{(1,2)}+e_{(3,4)}+e_{(1,2)(3,4)}$. Let an element in $V^{\otimes 4}$ be given by $v_{1,2,3,4}:=v_{1}\otimes v_{2}\otimes v_{3}\otimes v_{4}$. Then

$a_{\lambda }v_{1,2,3,4}=v_{1,2,3,4}+v_{2,1,3,4}+v_{1,2,4,3}+v_{2,1,4,3}=(v_{1}\otimes v_{2}+v_{2}\otimes v_{1})\otimes (v_{3}\otimes v_{4}+v_{4}\otimes v_{3}).$

The latter clearly span ${\text{Sym}}^{2}\;V\otimes {\text{Sym}}^{2}\;V$.

The image of $b_{\lambda }$ is

${\text{Im}}(b_{\lambda })\cong \bigwedge ^{\mu _{1}}V\otimes \bigwedge ^{\mu _{2}}V\otimes \cdots \otimes \bigwedge ^{\mu _{k}}V$

where μ is the conjugate partition to λ. Here, ${\text{Sym}}^{i}V$ and $\bigwedge ^{j}V$ are the symmetric and alternating tensor product spaces.

The image $\mathbb {C} S_{n}c_{\lambda }$ of $c_{\lambda }=a_{\lambda }\cdot b_{\lambda }$ in $\mathbb {C} S_{n}$ is an irreducible representation of S_n, called a Specht module. We write

${\text{Im}}(c_{\lambda })=V_{\lambda }$

for the irreducible representation.

Some scalar multiple of $c_{\lambda }$ is idempotent, that is $c_{\lambda }^{2}=\alpha _{\lambda }c_{\lambda }$ for some rational number $\alpha _{\lambda }\in \mathbb {Q}$. Specifically, one finds $\alpha _{\lambda }=n!/{\text{dim }}V_{\lambda }$. In particular, this implies that representations of the symmetric group can be defined over the rational numbers; that is, over the rational group algebra $\mathbb {Q} S_{n}$.

Consider, for example, S₃ and the partition (2,1). Then one has $c_{(2,1)}=e_{123}+e_{213}-e_{321}-e_{312}$

If V is a complex vector space, then the images of $c_{\lambda }$ on spaces $V^{\otimes d}$ provides essentially all the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of GL(V).

See also

• Representation theory of the symmetric group

References

• William Fulton. Young Tableaux, with Applications to Representation Theory and Geometry. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• Lecture 4 of Template:Fulton-Harris
• Bruce E. Sagan. The Symmetric Group. Springer, 2001.