|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{dablink|This article is about supermatrices in [[super linear algebra]]. In other contexts, “supermatrix” is sometimes used as a synonym for [[block matrix]].}}
| | Oscar is what my wife enjoys to contact me and I totally dig that title. What I love doing is to gather badges but I've been using on new things lately. California is exactly where her home is but she requirements to move because of her family members. For many years I've been operating as a payroll clerk.<br><br>my web page ... home std test ([http://checkmates.co.za/index.php?do=/profile-120229/info/ just click the following post]) |
| In [[mathematics]] and [[theoretical physics]], a '''supermatrix''' is a '''Z'''<sub>2</sub>-graded analog of an ordinary [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. Specifically, a supermatrix is a 2×2 [[block matrix]] with entries in a [[superalgebra]] (or [[superring]]). The most important examples are those with entries in a [[commutative superalgebra]] (such as a [[Grassmann algebra]]) or an ordinary [[field (mathematics)|field]] (thought of as a purely even commutative superalgebra).
| |
| | |
| Supermatrices arise in the study of [[super linear algebra]] where they appear as the coordinate representations of a [[linear transformation]]s between finite-dimensional [[super vector space]]s or free [[supermodule]]s. They have important applications in the field of [[supersymmetry]].
| |
| | |
| ==Definitions and notation==
| |
| | |
| Let ''R'' be a fixed [[superalgebra]] (assumed to be [[unital algebra|unital]] and [[associative]]). Often one requires ''R'' be [[supercommutative]] as well (for essentially the same reasons as in the ungraded case).
| |
| | |
| Let ''p'', ''q'', ''r'', and ''s'' be nonnegative integers. A '''supermatrix''' of dimension (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') is a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] with entries in ''R'' that is partitioned into a 2×2 [[block matrix|block structure]]
| |
| :<math>X = \begin{bmatrix}X_{00} & X_{01} \\ X_{10} & X_{11}\end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| with ''r''+''s'' total rows and ''p''+''q'' total columns (so that the submatrix ''X''<sub>00</sub> has dimensions ''r''×''p'' and ''X''<sub>11</sub> has dimensions ''s''×''q''). An ordinary (ungraded) matrix can be thought of as a supermatrix for which ''q'' and ''s'' are both zero.
| |
| | |
| A ''square'' supermatrix is one for which (''r''|''s'') = (''p''|''q''). This means that not only is the unpartitioned matrix ''X'' [[square matrix|square]], but the diagonal blocks ''X''<sub>00</sub> and ''X''<sub>11</sub> are as well.
| |
| | |
| An '''even supermatrix''' is one for which diagonal blocks (''X''<sub>00</sub> and ''X''<sub>11</sub>) consist solely of even elements of ''R'' (i.e. homogeneous elements of parity 0) and the off-diagonal blocks (''X''<sub>01</sub> and ''X''<sub>10</sub>) consist solely of odd elements of ''R''.
| |
| :<math>\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{even} & \mathrm{odd} \\ \mathrm{odd}& \mathrm{even} \end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| An '''odd supermatrix''' is one for the reverse holds: the diagonal blocks are odd and the off-diagonal blocks are even.
| |
| :<math>\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{odd} & \mathrm{even} \\ \mathrm{even}& \mathrm{odd} \end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| If the scalars ''R'' are purely even there are no nonzero odd elements, so the even supermatices are the [[block diagonal]] ones and the odd supermatrices are the off-diagonal ones.
| |
| | |
| A supermatrix is '''homogeneous''' if it is either even or odd. The '''parity''', |''X''|, of a nonzero homogeneous supermatrix ''X'' is 0 or 1 according to whether it is even or odd. Every supermatrix can be written uniquely as the sum of an even supermatrix and an odd one.
| |
| | |
| ==Algebraic structure==
| |
| | |
| Supermatrices of compatible dimensions can be added or multiplied just as for ordinary matrices. These operations are exactly the same as the ordinary ones with the restriction that they are defined only when the blocks have compatible dimensions. One can also multiply supermatrices by elements of ''R'' (on the left or right), however, this operation differs from the ungraded case due to the presence of odd elements in ''R''.
| |
| | |
| Let ''M''<sub>''r''|''s''×''p''|''q''</sub>(''R'') denote the set of all supermatrices over ''R'' with dimension (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q''). This set forms a [[supermodule]] over ''R'' under supermatrix addition and scalar multiplication. In particular, if ''R'' is a superalgebra over a field ''K'' then ''M''<sub>''r''|''s''×''p''|''q''</sub>(''R'') forms a [[super vector space]] over ''K''.
| |
| | |
| Let ''M''<sub>''p''|''q''</sub>(''R'') denote the set of all square supermatices over ''R'' with dimension (''p''|''q'')×(''p''|''q''). This set forms a [[superring]] under supermatrix addition and multiplication. Furthermore, if ''R'' is a [[commutative superalgebra]], then supermatrix multiplication is a bilinear operation, so that ''M''<sub>''p''|''q''</sub>(''R'') forms a superalgebra over ''R''.
| |
| | |
| ===Addition===
| |
| | |
| Two supermatrices of dimension (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') can be added just as in the [[matrix addition|ungraded case]] to obtain a supermatrix of the same dimension. The addition can be performed blockwise since the blocks have compatible sizes. It is easy to see that the sum of two even supermatrices is even and the sum of two odd supermatrices is odd.
| |
| | |
| ===Multiplication===
| |
| | |
| One can multiply a supermatrix with dimensions (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') by a supermatrix with dimensions (''p''|''q'')×(''k''|''l'') as in the [[matrix multiplication|ungraded case]] to obtain a matrix of dimension (''r''|''s'')×(''k''|''l''). The multiplication can be performed at the block level in the obvious manner:
| |
| :<math>\begin{bmatrix}X_{00} & X_{01} \\ X_{10} & X_{11}\end{bmatrix}
| |
| \begin{bmatrix}Y_{00} & Y_{01} \\ Y_{10} & Y_{11}\end{bmatrix} =
| |
| \begin{bmatrix}X_{00}Y_{00} + X_{01}Y_{10} & X_{00}Y_{01} + X_{01}Y_{11} \\
| |
| X_{10}Y_{00} + X_{11}Y_{10} & X_{10}Y_{01} + X_{11}Y_{11}\end{bmatrix}.
| |
| </math>
| |
| Note that the blocks of the product supermatrix ''Z'' = ''XY'' are given by
| |
| :<math>Z_{ij} = X_{i0}Y_{0j} + X_{i1}Y_{1j}.\,</math>
| |
| If ''X'' and ''Y'' are homogeneous with parities |''X''| and |''Y''| then ''XY'' is homogeneous with parity |''X''| + |''Y''|. That is, the product of two even or two odd supermatrices is even while the product of an even and odd supermatrix is odd.
| |
| | |
| ===Scalar multiplication===
| |
| | |
| [[Scalar multiplication]] for supermatrices is different than the ungraded case due to the presence of odd elements in ''R''. Let ''X'' be a supermatrix. Left scalar multiplication by α ∈ ''R'' is defined by
| |
| :<math>\alpha\cdot X = \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| \alpha\,X_{00} & \alpha\,X_{01}\\
| |
| \hat\alpha\,X_{10} & \hat\alpha\,X_{11}
| |
| \end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| where the internal scalar multiplications are the ordinary ungraded ones and <math>\hat\alpha</math> denotes the grade involution in ''R''. This is given on homogeneous elements by | |
| :<math>\hat\alpha = (-1)^{|\alpha|}\alpha.</math>
| |
| | |
| Right scalar multiplication by α is defined analogously:
| |
| :<math>X\cdot\alpha = \begin{bmatrix}
| |
| X_{00}\,\alpha & X_{01}\,\hat\alpha \\
| |
| X_{10}\,\alpha & X_{11}\,\hat\alpha
| |
| \end{bmatrix}.</math>
| |
| If α is even then <math>\hat\alpha = \alpha</math> and both of these operations are the same as the ungraded versions. If α and ''X'' are homogeneous then α·''X'' and ''X''·α are both homogeneous with parity |α| + |''X''|. Furthermore, if ''R'' is supercommutative then one has
| |
| :<math>\alpha\cdot X = (-1)^{|\alpha||X|}X\cdot\alpha.</math>
| |
| | |
| ==As linear transformations==
| |
| | |
| Ordinary matrices can be thought of as the coordinate representations of [[linear map]]s between [[vector space]]s (or [[free module]]s). Likewise, supermatrices can be thought of as the coordinate representations of linear maps between [[super vector space]]s (or [[free supermodule]]s). There is an important difference in the graded case, however. A homomorphism from one super vector space to another is, by definition, one that preserves the grading (i.e. maps even elements to even elements and odd elements to odd elements). The coordinate representation of such a transformation is always an ''even'' supermatrix. Odd supermatrices correspond to linear transformations that reverse the grading. General supermatrices represent an arbitrary ungraded linear transformation. Such transformations are still important in the graded case, although less so than the graded (even) transformations.
| |
| | |
| A [[supermodule]] ''M'' over a [[superalgebra]] ''R'' is ''free'' if it has a free homogeneous basis. If such a basis consists of ''p'' even elements and ''q'' odd elements, then ''M'' is said to have rank ''p''|''q''. If ''R'' is supercommutative, the rank is independent of the choice of basis, just as in the ungraded case.
| |
| | |
| Let ''R''<sup>''p''|''q''</sup> be the space of column supervectors—supermatrices of dimension (''p''|''q'')×(1|0). This is naturally a right ''R''-supermodule, called the ''right coordinate space''. A supermatrix ''T'' of dimension (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') can then be thought of as a right ''R''-linear map
| |
| :<math>T:R^{p|q}\to R^{r|s}\,</math>
| |
| where the action of ''T'' on ''R''<sup>''p''|''q''</sup> is just supermatrix multiplication (this action is not generally left ''R''-linear which is why we think of ''R''<sup>''p''|''q''</sup> as a ''right'' supermodule).
| |
| | |
| Let ''M'' be free right ''R''-supermodule of rank ''p''|''q'' and let ''N'' be a free right ''R''-supermodule of rank ''r''|''s''. Let (''e''<sub>''i''</sub>) be a free basis for ''M'' and let (''f''<sub>''k''</sub>) be a free basis for ''N''. Such a choice of bases is equivalent to a choice of isomorphisms from ''M'' to ''R''<sup>''p''|''q''</sup> and from ''N'' to ''R''<sup>''r''|''s''</sup>. Any (ungraded) linear map
| |
| :<math>T : M\to N\,</math>
| |
| can be written as a (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') supermatrix relative to the chosen bases. The components of the associated supermatrix are determined by the formula
| |
| :<math>T(e_i) = \sum_{k=1}^{r+s}f_k\,{T^k}_i.</math>
| |
| The block decomposition of a supermatrix ''T'' corresponds to the decomposition of ''M'' and ''N'' into even and odd submodules:
| |
| :<math>M = M_0\oplus M_1\qquad N = N_0\oplus N_1.</math>
| |
| | |
| ==Operations==
| |
| | |
| Many operations on ordinary matrices can be generalized to supermatrices, although the generalizations are not always obvious or straightforward.
| |
| | |
| ===Supertranspose===
| |
| | |
| The '''supertranspose''' of a supermatrix is the '''Z'''<sub>2</sub>-graded analog of the [[transpose]]. Let
| |
| :<math>X = \begin{bmatrix}A & B \\ C & D\end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| be a homogeneous (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') supermatrix. The supertranspose of ''X'' is the (''p''|''q'')×(''r''|''s'') supermatrix
| |
| :<math>X^{st} = \begin{bmatrix}A^t & (-1)^{|X|}C^t \\ -(-1)^{|X|}B^t & D^t\end{bmatrix}</math>
| |
| where ''A''<sup>''t''</sup> denotes the ordinary transpose of ''A''. This can be extended to arbitrary supermatrices by linearity. Unlike the ordinary transpose, the supertranspose is not generally an [[Involution (mathematics)|involution]], but rather has order 4. Applying the supertranspose twice to a supermatrix ''X'' gives
| |
| :<math>(X^{st})^{st} = \begin{bmatrix}A & -B \\ -C & D\end{bmatrix}.</math>
| |
| | |
| If ''R'' is supercommutative, the supertranspose satisfies the identity
| |
| :<math>(XY)^{st} = (-1)^{|X||Y|}Y^{st}X^{st}.\,</math>
| |
| | |
| ===Parity transpose===
| |
| | |
| The '''parity transpose''' of a supermatrix is a new operation without an ungraded analog. Let
| |
| :<math>X = \begin{bmatrix}A & B \\ C & D\end{bmatrix}</math> | |
| be a (''r''|''s'')×(''p''|''q'') supermatrix. The parity transpose of ''X'' is the (''s''|''r'')×(''q''|''p'') supermatrix
| |
| :<math>X^\pi = \begin{bmatrix}D & C \\ B & A\end{bmatrix}.</math>
| |
| That is, the (''i'',''j'') block of the transposed matrix is the (1−''i'',1−''j'') block of the original matrix.
| |
| | |
| The parity transpose operation obeys the identities
| |
| *<math>(X+Y)^\pi = X^\pi + Y^\pi\,</math>
| |
| *<math>(XY)^\pi = X^\pi Y^\pi\,</math>
| |
| *<math>(\alpha\cdot X)^\pi = \hat\alpha\cdot X^\pi</math>
| |
| *<math>(X\cdot\alpha)^\pi = X^\pi\cdot\hat\alpha</math>
| |
| as well as
| |
| *<math>\pi^2 = 1\,</math>
| |
| *<math>\pi\circ st \circ \pi = (st)^3</math>
| |
| where ''st'' denotes the supertranspose operation.
| |
| | |
| ===Supertrace===
| |
| | |
| The [[supertrace]] of a square supermatrix is the '''Z'''<sub>2</sub>-graded analog of the [[trace (linear algebra)|trace]]. It is defined on homogeneous supermatrices by the formula
| |
| :<math>\mathrm{str}(X) = \mathrm{tr}(X_{00}) - (-1)^{|X|}\mathrm{tr}(X_{11})\,</math>
| |
| where tr denotes the ordinary trace.
| |
| | |
| If ''R'' is supercommutative, the supertrace satisfies the identity
| |
| :<math>\mathrm{str}(XY) = (-1)^{|X||Y|}\mathrm{str}(YX)\,</math>
| |
| for homogeneous supermatrices ''X'' and ''Y''.
| |
| | |
| ===Berezinian===
| |
| | |
| The [[Berezinian]] (or [[superdeterminant]]) of a square supermatrix is the '''Z'''<sub>2</sub>-graded analog of the [[determinant]]. The Berezinian is only well-defined on even, invertible supermatrices over a commutative superalgebra ''R''. In this case it is given by the formula
| |
| :<math>\mathrm{Ber}(X) = \det(X_{00} - X_{01}X_{11}^{-1}X_{10})\det(X_{11})^{-1}.</math>
| |
| where det denotes the ordinary determinant (of square matrices with entries in the commutative algebra ''R''<sub>0</sub>).
| |
| | |
| The Berezinian satisfies similar properties to the ordinary determinant. In particular, it is multiplicative and invariant under the supertranspose. It is related to the supertrace by the formula
| |
| :<math>\mathrm{Ber}(e^X) = e^{\mathrm{str(X)}}.\,</math>
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| | |
| *{{cite book | first = V. S. | last = Varadarajan | year = 2004 | title = Supersymmetry for Mathematicians: An Introduction | series = Courant Lecture Notes in Mathematics '''11''' | publisher = American Mathematical Society | isbn = 0-8218-3574-2}}
| |
| *{{cite conference | first = Pierre | last = Deligne | coauthors = John W. Morgan | title = Notes on Supersymmetry (following Joseph Bernstein) | booktitle = Quantum Fields and Strings: A Course for Mathematicians | volume = 1 | pages = 41–97 | publisher = American Mathematical Society | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-8218-2012-5}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Matrices]]
| |
| [[Category:Super linear algebra]]
| |