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| '''Penning ionization''' is a form of [[chemi-ionization]], an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules.<ref name="pmid17155624">{{cite journal |author=Arango CA, Shapiro M, Brumer P |title=Cold atomic collisions: coherent control of penning and associative ionization |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=97 |issue=19 |pages=193202 |year=2006 |pmid=17155624 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.193202 |bibcode=2006PhRvL..97s3202A|arxiv = physics/0610131 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17016831">{{cite journal |author=Hiraoka K, Furuya H, Kambara S, Suzuki S, Hashimoto Y, Takamizawa A |title=Atmospheric-pressure Penning ionization of aliphatic hydrocarbons |journal=Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. |volume=20 |issue=21 |pages=3213–22 |year=2006 |pmid=17016831 |doi=10.1002/rcm.2706}}</ref> The process is named after the Dutch physicist [[Frans Michel Penning]] who first reported it in 1927.<ref>Penning, F. M. ''Die Naturwissenschaften'', 1927, '''15''', 818. ''Über Ionisation durch metastabile Atome.''</ref>
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| The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge [[neon lamp]]s and [[fluorescent lamp]]s, where the lamp is filled with a [[Penning mixture]] to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.
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| ==Reaction==
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| Penning ionization refers to the interaction between a gas-phase excited-state atom or molecule G<sup>*</sup> and a target molecule M resulting in the formation of a radical molecular cation M<sup>+.</sup>, an electron e<sup>−</sup>, and a neutral gas molecule G:<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Penning gas mixture|file= P04476}}</ref>
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| :<math>G^* + M \to M^{+\bullet} + e^- + G</math>
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| Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an [[ionization potential]] lower than the internal energy of the excited-state atom or molecule.
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| ==Variants==
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| [[associative ionization|Associative]] Penning ionization can also occur:
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| :<math>G^* + M \to MG^{+\bullet} + e^-</math> | |
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| Surface Penning ionization (Auger Deexcitation) refers to the interaction of the excited-state gas with a surface S, resulting in the release of an electron:
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| :<math>G^* + S \to G + S + e^-</math>
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| The positive charge symbol <math>S^+</math> that would appear to be required for charge conservation is omitted, because S is a macroscopic surface and the loss of one electron has a negligible effect.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Chemical ionization]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Ion source]]
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Greetings. The author's name is Phebe and she feels comfy when individuals use the full name. For years he's been living in North Dakota and his family enjoys it. He used to be unemployed but now he is a meter reader. To do aerobics is a factor that I'm totally addicted to.
My page ... http://장원고시원.kr/