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The '''Feldman–Mahalanobis model''' is a [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxist]] model of [[development economics|economic development]], created independently by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] economist [[G. A. Feldman]] in 1928,<ref>{{cite book |last=Feldman |first=G. A. |origyear=1928 |year=1964 |chapter=On the Theory of Growth Rates of National Income |editor-first=N. |editor-last=Spulber |title=Foundations of Soviet Strategy for Economic Growth |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn= }} (Translated version)</ref> and Indian [[statistician]] [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] in 1953.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahalanobis |first=P. |year=1953 |title=Some observations  on the Process of Growth of National Income |location=Sankhya |pages=307–312 }}</ref> Mahalanobis became essentially the key economist of [[India]]'s [[Five-year plans of India|Second Five Year Plan]], becoming subject to much of India's most dramatic economic debates.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bronfenbrenner |first=M. |title=A Simplified Mahalanobis Development Model |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |year=1960 |jstor=1151921 }}</ref>
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The essence of the model is a shift in the pattern of industrial [[investment]] towards building up a [[domestic policy|domestic]] [[consumption goods]] sector. Thus the [[strategy]] suggests in order to reach a high standard in consumption, investment in building a [[Capacity utilization|capacity]] in the [[Production (economics)|production]] of capital goods is firstly needed. A high enough capacity in the capital goods sector in the long-run expands the capacity in the production of consumer goods. The distinction between the two different types of goods was a clearer formulation of [[Karl Marx|Marx’s]] ideas in ''[[Das Kapital]]'', and also helped people to better understand the extent of the trade off between the levels of immediate and future consumption. These ideas were however first introduced in 1928 by Feldman, an economist working for the [[GOSPLAN]] planning commission; presenting theoretical arguments of a two-department scheme of growth. There is no evidence that Mahalanobis knew of Feldman’s approach, being kept behind the borders of the USSR.
 
==Implementation of the model==
The model was created as an analytical framework for India’s Second Five Year Plan in 1955 by appointment of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], as India felt there was a need to introduce a formal plan model after the First Five Year Plan (1951–1956). The First Five Year Plan stressed investment for capital accumulation in the spirit of the one-sector [[Harrod–Domar model]]. It argued that production required capital and that capital can be accumulated through investment; the faster one accumulates, the higher the growth rate will be. The most fundamental criticisms came from Mahalanobis, who himself was working with a variant of it in 1951 and 1952. The criticisms were mostly around the model’s inability to cope with the real constraints of the economy; it’s ignoring of the fundamental choice problems of planning over time; and the lack of connection between the model and the actual selection of projects for governmental expenditure. Subsequently Mahalanobis introduced his celebrated two-sector model, which he later expanded into a four-sector version.
 
==Assumptions==
The assumptions under which the Mahalanobis model holds true are as follow:
 
*We assume a [[autarky|closed economy]].
*The [[economy]] consists of two sectors: consumption goods sector C and capital goods sector K.
*Capital goods are ''non-shiftable''.
*Full capacity production.
*Investment is determined by supply of capital goods.
*No changes in prices.
*Capital is the only scarce factor.
*Production of capital goods is independent of the production of consumer goods.
 
==Basics of the model==
The full capacity output equation is as follows:<ref>{{cite book |first=Subrata |last=Ghatak |year=2003 |title=Introduction to Development Economics |location=London |publisher=Routledge |edition=4th |page=349 |isbn=0-415-09722-3 }}</ref>
 
<math>
Y_{t} = Y_{0} \left \lbrace 1 + \alpha_{0} \frac{\lambda_{k}\beta_{k} + \lambda_{c}\beta_{c}}{\lambda_{k}\beta_{k}} \left \lbrack (1 + \lambda_{k}\beta_{k})^t - 1 \right \rbrack \right \rbrace
</math>
 
In the model the growth rate is given by both the share of investment in the capital goods sector, <math>\lambda_{k}</math>, and the share of investment in the consumer goods sector, <math>\lambda_{c}</math>. If we choose to increase the value of <math>\lambda_{k}</math> to be larger than <math>\lambda_{c}</math>, this will initially result in a slower growth in the short-run, but in the long run will exceed the former growth rate choice with a higher growth rate and an ultimately higher level of consumption. In other words, if this method is used, only in the long run will investment into capital goods produce consumer goods, resulting in no short run gains.
 
==Criticisms==
One of the most common criticisms of the model is that Mahalanobis pays hardly any attention to the savings constraint, which he assumes comes from the [[industrial sector]]. Developing countries however do not have this tendency, as the first stages of saving usually come from the [[agriculture|agricultural sector]]. He also does not mention [[taxation]], an important potential source of capital.
A more serious criticism is the limitation of the assumptions under which this model holds, an example being the limitation of [[foreign trade]]. This cannot be justifiable to [[developing countries]] today. Also another criticism is that a country to use this model would have to be large enough to contain all the raw resources needed to be sustainable, so therefore this would not apply to smaller countries.
 
==Empirical case==
Essentially the model was put into practice in 1956 as the theoretical pathway of India's Second Five Year Plan. However after two years the first problems started to emerge. Problems such as unexpected and unavoidable costs contributed to increased [[money supply]] and growing [[inflation]]. The biggest problem was the fall in the [[foreign exchange reserve]] due to liberalised [[import]] [[policy]] and international tension, leading to modifications in the Second Plan in 1958. It was finally abandoned and replaced by the Third Five Year Plan in 1961.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sen |first=Pronab |title=Growth Theories and Development Strategies: Lessons from Indian Experience |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=30 |year=1991 |pages=PE62–PE72 |jstor=41498498 }}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Harrod–Domar model]]
* [[Economic growth]]
* [[Development economics]]
* [[Mahalanobis]]
* [[Indian Economy]]
* [[Five-year plans of India]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Araujo |first=Ricardo Azevedo |last2=Teixeira |first2=Joanı́lio Rodolpho |title=Structural Change and Decisions on Investment Allocation |journal=Structural Change and Economic Dynamics |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/S0954-349X(01)00028-5 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Bhagwati |first=J. |last2=Chakravarty |first2=S. |year=1969 |title=Contributions to Indian Economic Analysis: A Survey |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=1–73 |jstor=1812104 }}
*{{cite book |last=Brenner |first=Y. S. |chapter=The Soviet Theories |title=Theories of Economic Development and Growth |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1966 |pages=223–247 }}
*{{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=A. K. |year=1993 |title=A History of Indian Economic Thought |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-06195-4 }}
*{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=B. |year=1962 |title=An Introduction to Planning in India |location=India |publisher=Bookland Private Limited |pages=1–45, 80–145 }}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feldman-Mahalanobis model}}
[[Category:Economics models]]
[[Category:Economic growth]]

Latest revision as of 01:52, 11 January 2015

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