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| {{Classical mechanics}}
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| '''Linear motion''' (also called rectilinear motion<ref>Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1966), ''Physics'', Section 3-4</ref>) is [[motion (physics)|motion]] along a [[line (mathematics)|straight line]], and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial [[dimension]]. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion with constant velocity or zero acceleration; non uniform linear motion with variable velocity or non-zero acceleration. The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be described by its position <math>x</math>, which varies with <math>t</math> (time). An example of linear motion is an athlete running 100m along a straight track.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/basic-mechanical-principles|title=Basic principles for understanding sport mechanics}}</ref>
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| Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to [[Newton's first law of motion]], objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force. Under everyday circumstances, external forces such as gravity and friction can cause an object to change the direction of its motion, so that its motion cannot be described as linear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://industrialbearingresource.com/info-center/category/definitions.html |title=Motion Control Resource Info Center |accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref>
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| One may compare linear motion to general motion. In general motion, a particle's position and velocity are described by [[Vector (geometric)|vectors]], which have a magnitude and direction. In linear motion, the directions of all the vectors describing the system are equal and constant which means the objects move along the same axis and do not change direction. The analysis of such systems may therefore be simplified by neglecting the direction components of the vectors involved and dealing only with the magnitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/basic-mechanical-principles|title=Basic principles for understanding sport mechanics}}</ref>
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| Neglecting the rotation and other motions of the Earth, an example of linear motion is the ball thrown straight up and falling back straight down.
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| ==Displacement==
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| {{main|Displacement (vector)}}
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| The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the same time is called translatory motion. There are two types of translatory motions: rectilinear motion; curvilinear motion. Since linear motion is a motion in a single dimension, the [[distance]] traveled by an object in particular direction is the same as [[Displacement (vector)|displacement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/u1l1c.cfm |title=Distance and Displacement}}</ref> The [[SI]] unit of displacement is the [[metre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/si_en.html|title=SI Units}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/|title=SI Units}}</ref> If <math>\, x_{1}</math> is the initial position of an object and <math>\, x_{2}</math> is the final position, then mathematically the displacement is given by:
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| <math> \Delta x = x_2 - x_1 </math>
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| The equivalent of displacement in [[rotational motion]] is the angular displacement <math> \theta </math> measured in [[radian]].
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| The displacement of an object cannot be greater than the distance. Consider a person travelling to work daily. Overall displacement when he returns home is zero, since the person ends up back where he started, but the distance travelled is clearly non zero.
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| ==Velocity==
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| {{main|velocity}}
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| Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://physics.info/velocity |title=Speed & Velocity}}</ref> The SI unit of velocity is <math> ms^{-1} </math> or [[metre per second]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/|title=SI Units}}</ref>
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| ===Average velocity===
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| The average velocity is the ratio of total displacement <math> \Delta x </math> taken over time interval <math> \Delta t </math>. Mathematically, it is given by:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/average/velocity.html |title=Average speed and average velocity}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vel2.html |title=Average Velocity, Straight Line}}</ref>
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| <math>\mathbf{v_{av}} = \frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t} = \frac {x_2 - x_1}{t_2 - t_1} </math>
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| where:<br>
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| <math> t_1 </math> is the time at which the object was at position <math> x_1 </math><br>
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| <math> t_2 </math> is the time at which the object was at position <math> x_2 </math>
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| ===Instantaneous velocity===
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| The instantaneous velocity can be found by differentiating the displacement with respect to time. | |
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| <math>\mathbf{v} = \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} {\Delta x \over \Delta t} </math> <math> = \frac {dx}{dt} </math> | |
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| ===Speed===
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| {{main|speed}}
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| Speed is the absolute value of velocity i.e. speed is always positive. The unit of speed is metre per second.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://physics.info/velocity/|title=Speed and velocity}}</ref>
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| If <math> v </math> is the speed then,
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| <math> v = \left |\mathbf{v} \right | = \left |{\frac {dx}{dt}} \right | </math> | |
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| The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is the instantaneous speed.
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| ==Acceleration==
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| {{main|acceleration}}
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| Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is the second derivative of displacement i.e. acceleration can be found by differentiating position with respect to time twice or differentiating velocity with respect to time once.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/10796/ch3/ch3.htm |title=Acceleration}}</ref> The SI unit of acceleration is <math> ms^{-2} </math> or [[metre per second squared]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/|title=SI Units}}</ref>
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| If <math> \mathbf{a_{av}} </math> is the average acceleration and <math> \Delta \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{v_2} - \mathbf{v_1} </math> is the average velocity over the time interval <math> \Delta t </math> then mathematically,
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| <math>\mathbf{a_{av}} = \frac {\Delta \mathbf{v}}{\Delta t} = \frac {\mathbf{v_2} - \mathbf{v_1}}{t_2 - t_1} </math>
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| The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the ratio <math> \Delta \mathbf{v} </math> and <math> \Delta t </math> as <math> \Delta t </math> approaches zero i.e.,
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| <math>\mathbf{a} = \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} {\Delta \mathbf{v} \over \Delta t} </math> <math> = \frac {d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = \frac {d^2x}{dt^2} </math>
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| ==Jerk==
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| {{main|jerk (physics)}}
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| The rate of change of acceleration, the third derivative of displacement is known as jerk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html|title=What is the term used for the third derivative of position?}}</ref>The SI unit of jerk is <math> ms^{-3} </math>. In the UK jerk is also called as jolt.
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| ==Jounce==
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| {{main|jounce}}
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| The rate of change of jerk, the fourth derivative of displacement is known as jounce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/jerk.html|title=What is the term used for the third derivative of position?}}</ref>The SI unit of jounce is <math> ms^{-4} </math> which can be pronounced as ''metres per quartic second''.
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| ==Equations of kinematics==
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| {{main|Equations of motion}}
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| In case of constant acceleration, the four [[physical quantities]] acceleration, velocity, time and displacement can be related by using the [[Equations of motion]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quintic.com/education/Case%20Study%2013%20-%20Equations%20of%20Motion.pdf |title=Equations of motion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mot.html#motcon |title=Description of Motion in One Dimension}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wearcam.org/absement/Derivatives_of_displacement.htm|title=What is derivatives of displacement?}}</ref>
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| :<math>\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{a} \mathbf{t}\;\!</math>
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| :<math>\mathbf{s} = \mathbf{u} \mathbf{t} + \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix} \mathbf{a} \mathbf{t}^2 </math>
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| :<math>{\mathbf{v}}^2 = {\mathbf{u}}^2 + 2 {\mathbf{a}} \mathbf{s}</math>
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| :<math>\mathbf{s} = \tfrac{1}{2} \left(\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{u}\right) \mathbf{t}</math>
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| here,<br>
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| <math> \mathbf{u} </math> is the initial velocity<br>
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| <math> \mathbf{v} </math> is the final velocity<br>
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| <math> \mathbf{a} </math> is the acceleration<br>
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| <math> \mathbf{s} </math> is the displacement<br>
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| <math> \mathbf{t} </math> is the time
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| These relationships can be demonstrated graphically. The [[slope|gradient]] of a line on a displacement time graph represents the velocity. The gradient of the velocity time graph gives the acceleration while the area under the velocity time graph gives the displacement. The area under an acceleration time graph gives the change in velocity.
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| ==Analogy between linear and rotational motion==
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| {{main|Linear-rotational analogs}}
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| {|class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
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| |+ Analogy between Linear Motion and Rotational motion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physics.purdue.edu/webapps/index.php/course_document/index/phys214/1225/58/6957.pdf |title=Linear Motion vs Rotational motion}}</ref>
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| |-
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| ! class="unsortable"|Linear motion
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| ! class="unsortable"|Rotational motion
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| |-
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| |-
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| | Displacement = <math> \mathbf{s} </math>
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| | Angular displacement = <math> \theta </math>
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| |-
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| |-
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| | Velocity = <math> \mathbf{v} </math>
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| | Angular velocity = <math> \omega </math>
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| |-
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| |-
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| | Acceleration = <math> \mathbf{a} </math>
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| | Angular acceleration = <math> \alpha </math>
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| |-
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| | Mass = <math> \mathbf{m} </math>
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| | Moment of Inertia = <math> \mathbf{I} </math>
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| |-
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| |-
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| | Force = <math> \mathbf{F} = \mathbf{m} \mathbf{a} </math>
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| | Torque = <math> \Tau = \mathbf{I} \alpha </math>
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Linear actuator]]
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| * [[Reciprocating motion]]
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| * [[Centripetal force]]
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| * [[Equations of motion#Equations of uniformly accelerated linear motion|Uniformly accelerated linear motion]]
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| * [[Inertial frame of reference]]
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| * [[Linear bearing]]
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| * [[Mechanics of planar particle motion]]
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| * [[Motion graphs and derivatives]]
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| * [[Rectilinear propagation]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1966), ''Physics'', Chapter 3 (Vol I and II, Combined edition), Wiley International Edition, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-11527
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| * Tipler P.A., Mosca G., "Physics for Scientists and Engineers", Chapter 2 (5th edition), W. H. Freeman and company: New York and Basing stoke, 2003.
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| [[Category:Classical mechanics]]
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| [[Category:Linear motion]]
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