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| '''Western non-interpolations''' are readings in the [[Western text-type]] that are shorter than those of other [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts|New Testament text types]]. The term was coined by [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|F. J. A. Hort]].<ref>[[Brooke Foss Westcott|B. F. Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|J. F. A. Hort]], ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'', vol. II (Cambridge and London, 1881; 2nd ed., 1896), pp. 175-177. </ref>
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| The [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian text]] is generally terse; the Western text is enlarged and paraphrased at places; the [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine text]] is a combination of the two. Nevertheless, the Western text is in certain places shorter than the Alexandrian text. All these shorter readings Hort named ''western non-interpolations''. Since the 18th century, scholars have preferred the [[Lectio brevior|shorter reading]]. It was the authentic text according to [[Brooke Foss Westcott|B. F. Westcott]] and F. J. A. Hort. When they printed [[The New Testament in the Original Greek]] (1882), in almost all cases, it followed the Alexandrian text with a few exceptions — including Western non-interpolations. According to Westcott and Hort, on some rare occasions Western textual witnesses have preserved the original text, against all other witnesses.<ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]], "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', 1996, p. 223</ref>
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| == Commonly accepted Western non-interpolations ==
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| * [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 27:49 – ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα (''the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood''), this reading was derived from [[Gospel of John|John]] 19:34 – is found in [[Codex Sinaiticus|<big>'''א'''</big>]], [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]], [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Nanianus|U]], [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]], 1010, 1293, syr<sup>pal</sup>, eth<sup>mss</sup>, but is omitted by all other texts, including [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Codex Bezae|D]], [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|E]], [[Codex Boreelianus|F]], [[Codex Seidelianus I|G]], [[Codex Seidelianus II|H]], [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Campianus|M]], [[Codex Vaticanus 354|S]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Codex Rossanensis|Σ]], [[Uncial 090|090]], [[Byzantine text-type|Byz]], [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts#Old Latin|it]], vg, [[Curetonian Gospels|syr<sup>cur</sup>]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible#New Testament#Sahidic|cop<sup>sa</sup>]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible#New Testament#Bohairic|cop<sup>bo</sup>]], arm, geo); it was omitted also in late witness of the Alexandrian text-type in [[Minuscule 892]]
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| * [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:19b-20 – τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον... τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον (''which is given for you... which is shed for you''), omitted by D, a, (b, e have a different word order) d, ff<sup>2</sup>, [[Codex Vindobonensis Lat. 1235|i]], [[Codex Rehdigeranus|l]] (syr<sup>cur</sup> omits only verse 20)
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| * Luke 24:3 – τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (''of the Lord Jesus''), omitted by D, [[Codex Vercellensis|a]], [[Codex Veronensis|b]], [[Codex Bezae|d]], [[Codex Palatinus|e]], [[Codex Corbeiensis II|ff<sup>2</sup>]], l, [[Codex Usserianus|r<sup>1</sup>]], ([[Minuscule 579|579]], [[Minuscule 1071 (Gregory-Aland)|1071]], [[Minuscule 1241 (Gregory-Aland)|1241]], syr<sup>cur</sup> have του Ιησου but omit κυριου)
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| * Luke 24:6 – οὐκ ἔστιν ὢδε, ἀλλ(ὰ) ἠγέρθη (''He is not here, but is risen!''), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, r<sup>1</sup>, arm<sup>mss</sup>, geo<sup>B</sup>
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| * Luke 24:12 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d, e, l, r<sup>1</sup>
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| * Luke 24:36 – καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (''and said to them: Peace to you''), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, r<sup>1</sup>
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| * Luke 24:40 – καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χειρᾶς καὶ τοὺς πόδας (''and when He said this, He showed them His hands and His feet''), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, r<sup>1</sup>, [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr<sup>sin</sup>]], [[Curetonian Gospels|syr<sup>cur</sup>]]
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| * Luke 24:51 – καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (''and carried up into heaven''), omitted by <big>א</big>*, D, a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, (hiat r<sup>1</sup>), sin ([[Curetonian Gospels|syr<sup>cur</sup>]]) geo<sup>1</sup>
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| * Luke 24:52 – προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (''worshiped Him''), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l (hiat r<sup>1</sup>), sin (syr<sup>cur</sup>), geo<sup>2</sup>
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| == Other possible Western non-interpolations ==
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| * Matt. 6:15 – τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν (''their trespasses''), omitted by א D [[Minuscule 1|1]]-[[Minuscule 118|118]]-[[Minuscule 205|205]]-[[Minuscule 209|209]]-1582, [[Minuscule 22|22]], 892*, [[Codex Vercellensis|a]], [[Stockholm Codex Aureus|aur]], [[Codex Colbertinus|c]], [[Codex Corbeiensis I|ff<sup>1</sup>]], [[Codex Sangermanensis|g<sup>1</sup>]], syr<sup>h</sup>
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| * Matt. 9:34 – οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον ἐν τᾡ ἂρχωντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια (''But the Pharisees said, "He casts out demons by the ruler of the demons''), omitted by D, a, d, [[Codex Bobiensis|k]], sin, Hilary (hiat e syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| * Matt. 13:33 – ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς omitted by D, d, (k), sin, syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| * Matt. 21:44 – entire verse omitted by [[Papyrus 104|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>104</sup>]], D, [[Minuscule 33|33]], a, b, d, e, ff<sup>1</sup>, ff<sup>2</sup>, r<sup>1</sup>, syr<sup>sin</sup>, [[Irenaeus]] (lat), [[Origen]]
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| * Matt. 23:26 – καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (''and dish''), found in: B, C, L, [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], Byz, cop; but omitted by [[Codex Bezae|D]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus B|Q]], [[Minuscule 1|1]]-[[Minuscule 118|118]]-209-1582, [[Minuscule 700|700]], a, d, e, ff<sup>1</sup>, r<sup>1</sup>, sin, geo, Irenaeus<sup>lat</sup>, Clement (hiat, b, syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| * [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 10:2 – προσελθοντες Φαρισαιοι (''the Pharisees came''), or προσελθοντες οι Φαρισαιοι (word order varies), omitted by D, a, b, d, k, r<sup>1</sup>, syr<sup>sin</sup> (syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| * Mark 14:39 – τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπών (''spoke the same words''), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, ff<sup>2</sup>, k, (syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| * Luke 5:39 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, r<sup>1</sup> (syr<sup>sin</sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| * Luke 10:41-42 – instead μεριμνας και θορυβαζη περι πολλα, ολιγων (ενος) δε εστιν χρεια Μαριαμ γαρ (''you are worried and troubled about many things, but not much (one thing) is needed'') has only θορυβαζη (''worried'') with (D has Μαριαμ) (a, b, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, i, l, r<sup>1</sup>, syr<sup>sin</sup>, Ambrose omit θορυβαζη)
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| * Luke 12:21 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d
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| * Luke 22:62 – entire verse omitted by ([[Uncial 0171|0171]] does not appear to leave space) a, b, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, i, l, r<sup>1</sup>
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| * Luke 24:9 – απο του μνημειου (''from the tomb''), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff<sup>2</sup>, l, r<sup>1</sup>, arm, geo
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| * John 4:9 – ου γαρ συγχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις (''Jews have no dealings with Samaritans''), omitted by א*, D, a, b, d, [[Codex Palatinus|e]], [[Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis|j]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible#New Testament#Middle Egypt|cop<sup>fay</sup>]]
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| == Outside the Gospels ==
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| * [[Epistle to the Romans|Rom.]] 6:16 – εις θανατον (''for death'') omitted by D, [[Minuscule 1739|1739]]*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, arm<sup>mss</sup>, Ambrosiaster
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| * Rom. 10:21 – και αντιλεγοντα (''and contrary''), omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]]
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| * Rom. 16:20 – η χαρις του κυριου ημων Ιησου (Χριστου) μεθ υμων omitted (''The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you''), by D*<sup>vid</sup>, [[Codex Augiensis|F]], [[Codex Boernerianus|G]], d, [[Codex Brixianus|f]], [[Codex Sangermanensis|g]], [[Codex Speculum|m]], ''bodl'' [[Ambrose|Ambrosiaster]] [[Pelagius]]<sup>ms</sup>
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| * Rom. 16:25-27 – verses omitted by F, G, [[Minuscule 629|629]], d**?, g, goth?, [[Jerome]]<sup>mss</sup>
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| * [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Cor.]] 15:3 – ο και παρελαβον (''I received''), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, Irenaeus<sup>lat</sup>, Tertullian?
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| * 1 Cor. 15:15 – ειπερ αρα νεκροι ουκ εγειρονται (''if in fact the dead do not rise''), omitted by D, a, b, r, bam, ful**, harl*, kar, mon, reg, val*, pesh, [[Ambrosiaster]], [[Irenaeus]] (lat), [[Tertullian]]?
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| * [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians|2 Cor.]] 10:12-13 – ου συνιασιν. ημεις δε omitted (''are not wise. We, however''), by D*, F, G, a, b, d, f, (429?) Ambrosiaster
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| * [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Tim.]] 5:19 – εκτος ει μη επι δυο η τριων μαρτυρων (''except from two or three witnesses''), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, [[Pelagius]], [[Cyprian]]
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| == Influence on the New Testament editions ==
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| The "Western non-interpolations" were not included in the main text of Westcott-Hort edition (1881), but were instead moved to the footnotes. The editions of Nestle and [[Nestle-Aland]] did the same. In 1968, "the editorial committee (or more precisely its majority) decided to abandon the theories of Westcott-Hort and the Western non-interpolations." <ref>Kurt Aland & Barbara Aland, ''The Text of the New Testament'', Wm. Eerdmans 1995, p. 33. </ref> Since 1968 they are included in the main text, but marked with brackets.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Textual variants in the New Testament]]
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| * [[Conflation of Readings]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * [[Bart D. Ehrman]], "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
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| * [[Bruce M. Metzger]], "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, ''[[United Bible Societies]]'', London & New York, pp. 164–166.
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| * M. W. Martin, ''Defending the "Western non-interpolations": The case for an anti-separationnist Tendenz in the longer Alexandrian readings'' JBL 124 (2005), pp. 269–294.
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| * J. K. Elliot, "The Case for Thoroughgoing Eclectism", in: "Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism", ed. [[David Alan Black|D. A. Black]], Baker Academic 2006, pp. 115–116.
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/WestNonInterp.html The Western Non-Interpolations] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
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| * [http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/TCG/Western-non-interpolations.pdf Western non-interpolations] Wieland Willker, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels''
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| * F. C. Burkitt, [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092359698#page/n249/mode/2up Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe, the Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels, with ...] (London 1904), p. 228-232.
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| [[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
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| [[Category:New Testament text-types]]
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