Gauss–Markov theorem: Difference between revisions

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{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
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{{incomplete|date=January 2011}}
'''Cyclotron radiation''' is [[electromagnetic radiation]] emitted by moving [[electric charge|charge]]d particles deflected by a [[magnetic field]]. The [[Lorentz force]] on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles that causes them to emit radiation as a result of the acceleration they undergo as they spiral around the lines of the magnetic field.
 
The name of this radiation derives from the [[cyclotron]], a type of [[particle accelerator]] used since the 1930s to create highly energetic particles for study. The cyclotron makes use of the circular orbits that charged particles exhibit in a uniform magnetic field. Furthermore, the period of the orbit is independent of the energy of the particles, allowing the cyclotron to operate at a set [[frequency]]. Cyclotron radiation is emitted by all charged particles travelling through magnetic fields, not just those in cyclotrons. Cyclotron radiation from [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the [[interstellar medium]] or around [[black hole]]s and other astronomical phenomena is an important source of information about distant magnetic fields. The [[Power (physics)|power]] (energy per unit time) of the emission of each electron can be calculated:
 
<math>{-dE \over dt}={\sigma_t B^2 V^2 \over c \mu_o} </math>
 
where ''E'' is energy, ''t'' is time, <math> \sigma_t </math> is the [[Thomson cross section]] (total, not differential), ''B'' is the magnetic field strength, ''V'' is the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, ''c'' is the speed of light and <math> \mu_o </math> is the [[permeability of free space]]. In the context of [[magnetic fusion energy]], cyclotron radiation losses translate into a requirement for a minimum plasma energy density in relation to the magnetic field energy density (see [[Aneutronic fusion#Power density and energy balance]]).
 
Cyclotron radiation would likely be produced in a high altitude nuclear explosion. [[Gamma ray]]s produced by the explosion would [[ionization|ionize]] [[atom]]s in the upper atmosphere and those free electrons would interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce cyclotron radiation in the form of an [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP). This phenomenon is of concern to the military as the EMP may damage solid state electronic equipment.
 
Cyclotron radiation has a spectrum with its main spike at the
same fundamental frequency as the particle's orbit, and [[harmonic]]s at higher integral factors. Harmonics are the result of imperfections in the actual emission environment, which also create a broadening of the [[spectral line]]s. The most obvious source of line broadening is non-uniformities in the magnetic field; as an electron passes
from one area of the field to another, its emission frequency will change with the strength of the field. Other sources of broadening include collisional broadening as the electron will invariably fail to follow a perfect orbit, distortions of the emission caused by interactions with the surrounding plasma, and [[special relativity|relativistic]] effects if the charged particles are sufficiently energetic.  When the electrons are moving at relativistic speeds, cyclotron radiation is known as [[synchrotron radiation]].
 
The recoil experienced by a particle emitting cyclotron radiation is called [[radiation reaction]]. Radiation reaction acts as a resistance to motion in a cyclotron; and the work necessary to overcome it is the main energetic cost of accelerating a particle in a cyclotron. Cyclotrons are prime examples of systems which experience radiation reaction.
 
==See also==
*[[Auroral kilometric radiation]] (AKR)
*[[Bremsstrahlung]]
*[[Synchrotron radiation]]
*[[Free electron laser]]
*[[Larmor formula]]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyclotron Radiation}}
[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]
[[Category:Plasma physics]]
[[Category:Experimental particle physics]]

Latest revision as of 17:54, 14 November 2014

Let's look an actual registry scan plus several of what you'll see whenever you do one on a computer. This test was done on a computer that has been not working because it could, running at slow speed plus having some issues with freezing up.

Firstly, you need to employ your Antivirus or protection tool and run a scan on your computer. It can be done that your computer is infected with virus or malware which slows down the computer. If there is nothing found in the scanning report, it will be a RAM which cause the problem.

With RegCure to boost the begin up and shut down of the computer. The program shows the scan progress and you shouldn't worry where it is very functioning at which time. It shows you what happens. Dynamic link library section of the registry can result severe application failures. RegCure restores plus repairs the registry plus keeps we out of DLL. RegCure can make individual corrections, thus it may works for your needs.

Check a Windows taskbar, which is found on the lower proper hand corner of your computer screen. This taskbar consist of programs we have running inside the background. If you have too many of them, they may steal your computer's resources.

So to fix this, we simply should be able to make all the registry files non-corrupted again. This may dramatically accelerate the loading time of your computer plus allows you to a big number of details on it again. And fixing these files couldn't be easier - we really should employ a tool called a system mechanic professional.

Although I usually employ the most recent variation of browser, sometimes different extensions and plugins become the cause of mistakes with my browser and the system. The same is the story with my browser that was crashing frequently potentially due to the Flash player error.

Maybe you may be asking how come these windows XP error messages appear. Well, for you to be able to recognize the fix, we must initially understand where those errors come from. There is this software called registry. A registry is software that stores everything on a PC from a normal configuration, setting, information, plus logs of escapades from installing to UN-installing, saving to deleting, along with a lot more alterations you do inside your system pass from it and gets 'tagged' and saved as a simple file for healing reasons. Imagine it because a big recorder, a registrar, of all a records inside a PC.

You are able to click here to locate out how to accelerate Windows plus heighten PC perfomance. And you can click here to download a registry cleaner to help you clean up registry.

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