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| '''Patent visualisation''' is an application of [[information visualisation]]. The number of patents has been increasing steadily,<ref>http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/pdf/941e_2010.pdf</ref> thus forcing companies to consider intellectual property as a part of their strategy.<ref>Kevin G. Rivette, David Kline “Discovering new value in intellectual property” Harvard Business Review ( January–February 2000)</ref> So patent visualisation like [[patent map]]ping is used to quickly view patents portfolio.
| | So far as the "Is there a God". I can truthfully say that up until a year in the past i used to be not sure. And in the future i discovered myself in such a dark gap that the considered commiting suicide came to move. I prayed and requested God that's he actually existed to point out me. And thankfully that very same week I discovered a christian church that changed [https://hairnet-paradise.com/how-to-remove-blackheads-from-nose/ hairnet-Paradise.Com] my life. Your ideas and emotions should not commandments not every thing you think or feel is true. Tell Him all the pieces that you really feel. And He'll present you the way.<br><br>According to the website, the tannins in black tea help reduce inflammation and bring zits to the floor. An apple cider vinegar or tea tree oil compress may additionally coax a blind pimple - flesh-colored and with no head - to the surface. Brown College says that like benzoyl peroxide, tea tree oil attacks bacteria and eases oil manufacturing. Nonetheless, it has much less severe results on the pores and skin. The Day by day Glow web site says that to strive these compresses, soak a cotton pad in vinegar or tea tree oil and apply it to the area for a couple of minutes. Topical Functions<br><br>The best means do away with pimples is to scrub your body with a loofah and apply a generous quantity of moisturizer on pimples area. Exfoliating the pimples inclined area may also be useful in eliminating it as it is fashioned by useless cells. The pimples victims should wash their arms with a bland cleaning soap. It's not really helpful to clean the affected space of the skin [http://kidshealth.org/kid/grow/body_stuff/acne.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seborrhea] as it will probably aggravate the issue. For the remedy to take effect, you want perseverance and continue what you might have been doing to get rid of pimples It will take at least 15 days to indicate its effectiveness on the pimples<br><br>Right this moment's put up is about tips on how to do away with redness from acne through the use of some quite simple remedies. For those who endure from redness round your pimples this is often referred to as "Rosacea", or more generally known as adult zits. This sort have acne normally [http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/acne.html http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Acne/Pages/Introduction.aspx] seems as a result of your physique is disagreeing with one thing you're consuming. Could be a cup of tea, espresso, fruit or a large number of different issues. Different possible triggers may very well be direct daylight or stress. If you happen to think you recognize what is triggering the redness try to minimize it out or minimize and track your progress to see if the problem clears.<br><br>[http://Eternalchaos.de/user/?action=user&id=5958 Earwigs] are bugs that belong to the order Dermaptera
These are often known as pincer bugs because of their curved rear pincers. Wondering why they are referred to as earwigs? They get their name from an city legend about earwigs crawling into individuals's ears at evening, burrowing into their mind and laying eggs. Well, there isn't a must get frightened, an earwig in ear is nothing but an old wives' story, you don't need to fear about these bugs laying eggs in your brain. They don't seem to be harmful and so they don't truly chunk, they pinch.<br><br>For many years, one of the [http://T-N-Generation.de/user/?action=user&id=7911 vital effective] residence zits treatments has been the use of lemon juice on the pores and skin. Lemon juice has the power to kill the germs and micro organism dwelling in your skin and in your pores that cause you to have pimples. All you want to do is apply the lemon juice to the areas of your skin that have acne and let it sit there for [http://Wiki.acceed.de/index.php/How_To_Remove_Blackheads_From_Corner_Of_Nose half-hour]. It is best to then wash your face thoroughly utilizing chilly water. You possibly can repeat this process each four hours as long as it is essential.<br><br>First of all, MC is a particularly widespread pores and skin condition. Sure, it can be transferred by sex and oral sex, but what my physician didn't inform me is that it can also be caught from swimming swimming pools, dirty gymnasium tools, tanning beds, and simply by coming involved with pores and skin contaminated with it. So, it is actually not the tip of the world and its completely not life threatening or always an STD. I used to be fortunate sufficient to maintain my MC contained on my thighs and butt (about as fortunate as you may get with this horrible factor.)<br><br>When the pimples are being handled, a form of redness tends to develop in and around the affected space. The redness is as a result of irritation inside the pimple. Many a time, it's accompanied with pain across the affected space which does not stop until the pimple vanishes. It's such an unsightly sight that individuals wish to eliminate the marks as soon as possible. However, it is rather tough to get rid of this sort of pimple redness. Generally, it might stay even after a yr of healing of the pimples.<br><br>I've little white spots on my face. They look like pimples but below the skin and with no 'head'. A cluster first appeared below each eye, together with a few on my forehead. A beautician pricked the spots with a needle and eliminated them, however they have all reappeared and I now have a lot more. Folks have recommended that they could be as a consequence of static from my glasses, the type of face cream I exploit or lack of calcium. I do not eat dairy merchandise as I had my gall bladder removed and am on a nearly fats-free food regimen, could this be the trigger? |
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| Patent visualisation dedicated software began to appear in 2000 like Aureka from Aurigin now owned by [[Thomson Reuters]].<ref>http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/intellectual_property/ip_products/a-z/aureka/</ref> Many patent and portfolio analytics platforms such as Relecura offer options to visualise specific data within patent documents by creating Topic Maps,<ref>http://www.relecura.com/reports/Relecura_Whitepaper_-_Topic_Maps.pdf</ref> Priority Maps, IP Landscapes etc. Taking advantage of the innate visual language, software have been developed to convert [[patents]] in clear [[infographics]] or maps, to allow the analyst to "get insight into the data" and draw conclusions.<ref>Daniel A Keim et IEEE Computer Society, “Information visualization and visual data mining,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 8 (2002): 1--8.</ref> Also referred as patinformatics,<ref>Anthony J. Trippe, “Patinformatics: Tasks to tools,” World Patent Information 25, n°. 3 (September 2003): 211-221.</ref> it is the "science of analysing patent information to discover relationships and trends that would be difficult to see when working with patent documents on a one-and-one basis".
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| Patents contain two types of information: Structured data like publication number which are processed by [[data-mining]] and [[unstructured data|unstructured text]] like title, abstract and claims which are used with [[text mining]].<ref>Laura Ruotsalainen, “Data mining tools for technology and competitive intelligence” VTT Research Notes 2451(October 2008)</ref>
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| ==Data mining==
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| The main step in processing structured information lies on [[data-mining]]. [[Data mining]]<ref>http://www.data-mining-software.com/data_mining_history.htm</ref> emerged as a science in the late 1980s. Used in computer science and genetic algorithms, data mining is the union of statistics, artificial intelligence and machine learning to assist in the analysis of patents.<ref>http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/data-mining/how-data-mining-is-evolving.html</ref> Patent data mining extracts information from the structured data of the patent document.<ref>Sungjoo Lee, Byungun Yoon, et Yongtae Park, “An approach to discovering new technology opportunities: Keyword-based patent map approach,” Technovation 29, n°. 6 (Juin): 481-497.</ref> These structured data are bibliographic fields like location or date or status : | |
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| ===Structured fields===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Structured data !! Description !! Business Intelligence use
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| | Datas || Patent contain different identifying data such as priority, publication data and the issue date
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| * Priority data regroup priority number assigned for the first application, the corresponding date and priority country.
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| * The publication data encompass the publication number given when the patent is published, 18 months after filling and the publication date.
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| * The issue date is the data the patent is granted, usually 3.5 years after filling depending on the patent office.
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| ||Priority application data often propose information such as priority country. Crossing dates and locations fields offer a global vision of a technology in time and space.
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| | Assignee || Patent assignees are organizations or individuals, owners of the patent's invention. || The field can offer a ranking of the principal actors of the environment thus allowing seeing potential competitors or partners.
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| | Inventor|| Inventors developed the invention || Inventors field combined to the assignee field can create a social network and follow field experts.
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| | Classification|| The classification will regroup inventions with similar technologies. The most commonly used is the International Patent Classification IPC. However patent organizations have their own classification for instance the European Patent Office with ECLA.|| Grouping patents by thematics offers an overview of the corpus and the potential applications of studied technology.
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| | Status|| The legal status is an easy way to access report that lets you view the legal status for all members of a patent family in a single view.|| Patent family and legal status searching is very important for litigation and even competitive intelligence.
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| |}
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| ===Advantages===
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| Data mining offers a statistical analysis tool to study filing patterns of competitors, locate the main patent filers within a specific area of technology. This type of approach can be very helpful to monitor competitors environment, moves and innovation trends and gives a macro-view of a technology status in order to evaluates its maturity and complexity.
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| ==Text-Mining==
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| === Principle ===
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| Text-mining is used to search through unstructured full-text patents.<ref>http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~msharp/text_mining.htm</ref> This technique is very well known due to the Internet development, its success in bioinformatics and now in the intellectual property environment.<ref>Sholom Weiss and al, Text Mining : Predictive Methods for Analyzing Unstructured Information, 1er ed. (Springer 2004).</ref>
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| Text mining is based on a statistical approach of words recurrence or occurrence in the patents corpus.<ref>Antoine Blanchard “La cartographie des brevets” La Recherche n°.398 (2006) : 82-83</ref> An algorithm decomposes the corpus into a text sea, extracts words and expressions from title, summary and claims and gather them by declension. The conjunctions such as "and" or "if" are labeled as non-information bearing words and are stored in the stopword list. These stoplists can be personalized, in order to create an accurate analysis. Next, the algorithm will rank the words by weight, according to their frequency in the patent's corpus and the documents frequency containing this word. It literally fishes the whole Text Sea for words or expressions and counts their occurrence. The score for each word is calculated using this formula:<ref>Gerard Salton et Christopher Buckley, “Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval,” Information Processing & Management 24, n°. 5 (1988): 513-523.</ref><ref>Y Kim, J Suh, et S Park, “Visualization of patent analysis for emerging technology,” Expert Systems with Applications 34, no. 3 (4, 2008): 1804-1812.</ref>
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| <math>Weight=\frac{Term\ Frequency}{Document\ Frequency}=\frac{Frequency\ of\ the word\ or\ expression\ in\ the\ Text\ Sea}{Number\ of\ documents\ containing\ the\ expression\ or\ word}</math>
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| According to this, a frequently used word in several documents will have less weight or score than a frequently used word in a few patents. Words under a minimum weight are eliminated, only to have left a list of n pertinent words or descriptors. Then each patent is associated to the descriptors found in the selected document. Further, in the process of clusterization, these descriptors are used as subsets, in which the patent are regrouped or they can be used as tags to place the patents in predetermined categories for example keywords from International Patent Classifications.
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| There are four different full-text parts that can be processed with text-mining :
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| *Title
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| *Abstract
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| *Claim
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| *Patent Full-Text
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| Software offer different combinations but using title, abstract and claim is generally the most used, having a good balance between interferences and relevancy.
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| ===Advantages===
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| Text-mining approache has numerous advantages. First, it is useful to narrow down a search or quickly evaluate a patent corpus. For instance, if a query has taken irrelevant documents, a multi level clustering hierarchy will identify them in order to delete them and refine the search. Moreover, this approach offers the possibility to create internal taxonomies specific to a corpus, thus preparing possible mapping.
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| ==Visualisations==
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| {{Further|Patent map}}
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| This art of allying patent analysis and informatic tools offers an overview of the environment through value-added visualisations. As patent contain two types of information, structured and unstructured one, visualisations can be distinguished in two categories. Structured data can be rendered with data mining in macrothematic maps and statistical analysis. Whereas unstructured information extracted by text-mining are represented in a more intuitive way like clouds, cluster maps, 2D keyword map.
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| ===Data mining visualisation===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Visualisation !! Picture !! Description<ref>http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/visualizations</ref> !! Business Intelligence use
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| |[[Matrix chart]] || Picture ||Graphic organizer used to summarize a multidimensional data set in a grid || Data comparison
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| | Location map|| Picture ||Map with overlaid data values on geographic regions ||
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| *Spatial patterns
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| *Find innovative countries
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| |[[Bar chart]]|| Picture ||Graph with rectangular bars proportional to the values that they represent, useful for numerical comparisons. || Data evolution
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| |[[Line graph]]|| Picture ||Graph used to summarize how two parameters are related and how they vary. || Data evolution and relationships
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| |[[Pie chart]]|| Picture|| Circular chart divided into sections, to illustrate proportions. || Data comparison
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| |}
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| ===Text mining visualisation===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Visualisation !! Description<ref>http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/visualizations</ref> !! Business Intelligence use
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| |-
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| |[[Tree (data structure)|Tree list]] || Hierarchy list ||
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| *Evaluating the data relevancy
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| *Creating taxonomy
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| *Relationship between concepts
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| |[[Tag cloud]]||Full text of concepts. The size of each word is determined by its frequency in the corpus ||
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| *Evaluating the data relevancy
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| *More visual than the tree list
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| |[http://www.infovis.net/imagenes/T1_N160_A853_Newsmaps.jpg 2D keyword map]<ref>http://www.infovis.net/printMag.php?num=160&lang=2</ref> ||Tomographic map with quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines and colors. Distance on the map will be proportional to the difference between patent themes<ref>Sungjoo Lee, Byungun Yoon, et Yongtae Park, “An approach to discovering new technology opportunities: Keyword-based patent map approach,” Technovation 29, n°. 6 (Juin): 481-497.</ref> ||
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| *Landscape vision of thematics
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| *Similarity vision with [[SOM]]
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| *Monitoring competitors
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| |}
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| ===Visualisation for both data-mining and text-mining===
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| Mapping visualisations can be used for both text-mining and data-mining results.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Visualisation !! Picture !! Description<ref>http://manyeyes.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/visualizations</ref> !! Business Intelligence use
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| |-
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| |[[Tree map|Tree Map]] || Picture ||Visualization of hierarchical structures. Each data item, or row in the data set, is represented by a rectangle, whose area is proportional to selected parameters. ||
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| *Landscape vision of hierarchical thematics
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| *Position of competitors or technology by thematics
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| |-
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| |[[Network mapping|Network map]] || Picture ||In a network diagram, entities are connected to each other in the form of a node and link diagram. ||
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| *Relationship visions
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| *Monitoring similar competitors or technologies
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| |}
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| ==Uses==
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| '''What can patent visualisation highlights''':<ref>Miyake, M., Mune, Y. and Himeno, K. “Strategic Intellectual Property Portfolio Management: Technology Appraisal by Using the “Technology Heat Map”, Nomura Research Institute (NRI) Papers, n°. 83, (December 2004).</ref><ref>Charles Boulakia “Patent mapping,” http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1190/patent_mapping</ref> | |
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| * Competitors
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| * Partners
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| * New innovations
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| * Technologic environment description<ref>Richard Seymour, “Platinum Group Metals Patent Analysis and Mapping,” Platinum Metals Review 52, n°. 4 (10, 2008): 231-240.</ref>
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| * [[computer network|Networks]]
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| '''Field application''':<ref>Susan E Cullen, “Introduction, From acorns to oak trees : how patent audits help innovations reach their full potential” IP Value 2010 - An International Guide for the Boardroom : 26--30</ref><ref>Charles Boulakia “Patent mapping,” http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1190/patent_mapping</ref>
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| * R&D strategy management
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| * [[Competitive intelligence]]
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| * [[Licensing]]
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| * Strategy
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| ==See also==
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| *[http://wiki.piug.org/display/PIUG/Patent+Analysis,+Mapping,+and+Visualization+Tools Wiki Patent Information User Group : Review of Patent Analysis Tools]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Patent Visualisation}}
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| [[Category:Computer graphics]]
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| [[Category:Infographics]]
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| [[Category:Patent law]]
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| [[Category:Visualization (graphic)]]
| |
So far as the "Is there a God". I can truthfully say that up until a year in the past i used to be not sure. And in the future i discovered myself in such a dark gap that the considered commiting suicide came to move. I prayed and requested God that's he actually existed to point out me. And thankfully that very same week I discovered a christian church that changed hairnet-Paradise.Com my life. Your ideas and emotions should not commandments not every thing you think or feel is true. Tell Him all the pieces that you really feel. And He'll present you the way.
According to the website, the tannins in black tea help reduce inflammation and bring zits to the floor. An apple cider vinegar or tea tree oil compress may additionally coax a blind pimple - flesh-colored and with no head - to the surface. Brown College says that like benzoyl peroxide, tea tree oil attacks bacteria and eases oil manufacturing. Nonetheless, it has much less severe results on the pores and skin. The Day by day Glow web site says that to strive these compresses, soak a cotton pad in vinegar or tea tree oil and apply it to the area for a couple of minutes. Topical Functions
The best means do away with pimples is to scrub your body with a loofah and apply a generous quantity of moisturizer on pimples area. Exfoliating the pimples inclined area may also be useful in eliminating it as it is fashioned by useless cells. The pimples victims should wash their arms with a bland cleaning soap. It's not really helpful to clean the affected space of the skin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seborrhea as it will probably aggravate the issue. For the remedy to take effect, you want perseverance and continue what you might have been doing to get rid of pimples It will take at least 15 days to indicate its effectiveness on the pimples
Right this moment's put up is about tips on how to do away with redness from acne through the use of some quite simple remedies. For those who endure from redness round your pimples this is often referred to as "Rosacea", or more generally known as adult zits. This sort have acne normally http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Acne/Pages/Introduction.aspx seems as a result of your physique is disagreeing with one thing you're consuming. Could be a cup of tea, espresso, fruit or a large number of different issues. Different possible triggers may very well be direct daylight or stress. If you happen to think you recognize what is triggering the redness try to minimize it out or minimize and track your progress to see if the problem clears.
Earwigs are bugs that belong to the order Dermaptera
These are often known as pincer bugs because of their curved rear pincers. Wondering why they are referred to as earwigs? They get their name from an city legend about earwigs crawling into individuals's ears at evening, burrowing into their mind and laying eggs. Well, there isn't a must get frightened, an earwig in ear is nothing but an old wives' story, you don't need to fear about these bugs laying eggs in your brain. They don't seem to be harmful and so they don't truly chunk, they pinch.
For many years, one of the vital effective residence zits treatments has been the use of lemon juice on the pores and skin. Lemon juice has the power to kill the germs and micro organism dwelling in your skin and in your pores that cause you to have pimples. All you want to do is apply the lemon juice to the areas of your skin that have acne and let it sit there for half-hour. It is best to then wash your face thoroughly utilizing chilly water. You possibly can repeat this process each four hours as long as it is essential.
First of all, MC is a particularly widespread pores and skin condition. Sure, it can be transferred by sex and oral sex, but what my physician didn't inform me is that it can also be caught from swimming swimming pools, dirty gymnasium tools, tanning beds, and simply by coming involved with pores and skin contaminated with it. So, it is actually not the tip of the world and its completely not life threatening or always an STD. I used to be fortunate sufficient to maintain my MC contained on my thighs and butt (about as fortunate as you may get with this horrible factor.)
When the pimples are being handled, a form of redness tends to develop in and around the affected space. The redness is as a result of irritation inside the pimple. Many a time, it's accompanied with pain across the affected space which does not stop until the pimple vanishes. It's such an unsightly sight that individuals wish to eliminate the marks as soon as possible. However, it is rather tough to get rid of this sort of pimple redness. Generally, it might stay even after a yr of healing of the pimples.
I've little white spots on my face. They look like pimples but below the skin and with no 'head'. A cluster first appeared below each eye, together with a few on my forehead. A beautician pricked the spots with a needle and eliminated them, however they have all reappeared and I now have a lot more. Folks have recommended that they could be as a consequence of static from my glasses, the type of face cream I exploit or lack of calcium. I do not eat dairy merchandise as I had my gall bladder removed and am on a nearly fats-free food regimen, could this be the trigger?