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'''Cancer slope factors''' (CSF) are used to estimate the risk of [[cancer]] associated with exposure to a [[carcinogen]]ic or potentially carcinogenic substance. A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% [[confidence limit]], on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by [[ingestion]] or [[inhalation]].
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This estimate, usually expressed in units of proportion (of a population) affected per mg of substance/kg [[body weight]]-day, is generally reserved for use in the low-dose region of the [[dose-response relationship]], that is, for exposures corresponding to risks less than 1 in 100.<ref name="IRIS">http://www.epa.gov/iris/help_ques.htm</ref><br />
 
 
==Toxicity Assessments for Carcinogenic Effects==
 
For carcinogens, the assumption is often made that a small number of molecular events may evoke changes in a single cell that can lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and eventually to a clinical diagnosis of cancer.  This [[toxicity]] of carcinogens is referred to as being "non-threshold" because there is believed to be essentially no level of exposure that does not pose some probability of producing a carcinogenic response, therefore, there is no dose that can be considered to be risk-free. However, some (non-genotoxic) carcinogens may exhibit a threshold whereby doses lower than the threshold do not invoke a carcinogenic response.
 
When evaluating cancer risks of genotoxic carcinogens, theoretically an effect threshold cannot be estimated. For [[chemical]]s that are carcinogens, a two-part evaluation to quantify risk is often employed in which the substance first is assigned a weight-of-evidence classification, and then a ''slope factor'' is calculated.<ref name ="RAGS">http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ragsa/pdf/ch7.pdf</ref>
 
==Generating a Slope Factor==
 
When the chemical is a known or probable human carcinogen, a toxicity value that defines quantitatively the relationship between dose and response (i.e., the slope factor) is calculated. Because risk at low exposure levels is difficult to measure directly either by animal experiments or by [[Epidemiology|epidemiologic studies]], the development of a slope factor generally entails applying a model to the available ''[[data set]]'' and using the model to extrapolate from the relatively high doses administered to experimental animals (or the exposures noted in epidemiologic studies) to the lower exposure levels expected for human contact in the environment.<ref name="RAGS" />
 
==Data Sets==
 
High-quality Human data (e.g., epidemiological studies) on carcinogens is preferable to animal data. When human data is limited, the most sensitive species is given the greatest emphasis.  Occasionally, in situations where no single study is judged most appropriate, yet several studies collectively support the estimate, the [[geometric mean]] of estimates from all studies may be adopted as the slope.  This practice ensures the inclusion of all relevant data.<ref name="RAGS" />
 
==Weight-of-Evidence Classification for Carcinogens==
 
Slope factors are typically calculated for potential carcinogens in classes A, B1, and B2. Quantitative estimation of slope factors for the chemicals in class C proceeds on a case-by-case basis. The slope factor is used in risk assessments to estimate an upper-bound lifetime probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of exposure to a   particular level of a potential carcinogen.  Slope  factors should always be accompanied by the ''weight of-evidence'' classification to indicate the strength of the evidence that the agent is a human carcinogen.<ref name="RAGS" />
 
* A = Human carcinogen
* B1 = indicates that limited human data are available.
* B2 = indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humans.
* C = Possible human carcinogen
* D = Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
* E = Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans
 
==Calculation of Cancer Risk==
For each age interval "i", the cancer risk for exposure by a specified pathway is computed as:<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/sghandbook/riskcalcs.htm</ref>
 
<math>
\text{Risk}_i = C \cdot \frac{IR_i \cdot EF_i \cdot ED_i}{BW_i \cdot AT} \cdot SF \cdot ADAF_i
</math>
 
Where:
:C = Concentration of the chemical in the contaminated environmental medium (soil or water) to which the person is exposed. The units are mg/kg for soil and mg/l for water.
:IR<sub>i</sub> = Intake rate of the contaminated environmental medium for age bin "i". The units are mg/day for soil and l/day for water.
:BW<sub>i</sub> = Body weight of the exposed person for age bin "i".
:EF<sub>i</sub> = Exposure frequency for age bin "i" (days/year). This describes how often a person is exposed to the contaminated medium over the course of a typical year.
:ED<sub>i</sub> = Exposure duration for age bin "i" (years). This describes how long a person is exposed to the contaminated medium over the course of their lifetime.
:AT = Average days. This term specifies the length of time over which the average dose is calculated. For quantifying cancer risk a "lifetime" of 70 years is used (ie, 70 years times 365 days/year).
:SF = Cancer slope factor (mg/kg-day)<sup>-1</sup>
:ADAF = Age-dependant adjustment factor for age bin "i" (unitless)
 
==Risk Specific Dose (RSD)==
 
The '''Cancer Slope Factor''' is used to derive the Risk Specific Dose (RSD)(mg/kg-day) for direct-acting carcinogenic agents, those that cause chemical changes ([[mutation]]s) in [[DNA]].  It is also the default choice for carcinogens when there are insufficient data to demonstrate that the mode of action of the chemical is nonlinear.  The RSD is often calculated based on a one-in-a-million extra risk (10<sup>−6</sup> risk) or a one-in-a-hundred-thousand risk (10<sup>−5</sup> risk) for other-than highly exposed individuals. The term "extra" in the definition of the RSD refers to a risk from environmental exposure to the chemical of interest above the background risk that is always present.<ref>http://water.epa.gov/learn/training/wacademy/health_page15.cfm</ref>
 
The formula to calculate the RSD for a chemical based on a one-in-a-million extra risk (10<sup>−6</sup> risk) is:  RSD = 0.000001 / CSF
 
==Potency Factor==
The CSF is also called a "potency factor" and is used to calculate the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk by multiplying the CSF by the chronic daily intake (CDI).  The CDI is the dose over a lifetime and is expressed in mg/kg-day.<ref>Environmental law, policy, and economics: reclaiming the environmental agenda By Nicholas Askounes Ashford, Charles C. Caldart (Page 87)</ref>
 
(see also [http://www.ajdesigner.com/phprisk/risk_equation_carcinogenic_carcinogen_slope_factor.php Risk Equations and Formulas Calculator])
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]

Latest revision as of 18:08, 26 August 2014

The chef is the person who tends to make various varieties of meals and enhances its taste and look. Use the back and/or heel of the knife to crack open cooked crab and lobster shells, then you can fish out that great meat a lot more very easily. It doesn't demand a lot of maintenance, but its the tiny items that will maintain this knife in your residence for numerous years. Retain it clean, wash it as quickly as you use it, there is nothing at all worse than attempting to get old cheese off of a sharp knife. There are two ways of holding any knife.

Before we consider what to appear for in a superior chef knife, let's make it clear immediately that such items could result in hefty investments from the off, but they will last you a lifetime and a chef knife can do the tasks in one particular fifth of the time than ordinary knives, even if you are an amateur cook. Traditional wisdom suggests that there are three designs of chef knife - French, German and Japanese.

Choosing a new knife can be a hard selection, if you are an seasoned chef then you know what to look for, but if you are new to cooking or new to purchasing for knives you will will need some assistance. If you treasured this article so you would like to acquire more info concerning Very best Cutting Board Material kindly visit our web-page. In my opinion a single of the best chef knives on the market place is the Shun ken onion Many specialist chef's choose this knife because it was created by a expert chef and produced by a single of the very best knife providers in the world. Below will be a look at among the very best chef knives out there promptly.

I've in fact tried applying a kitchen knife created out of carbon and found your comments to be ideal on. You don't want to use these blades for any kind of prying as I rapidly found. There is just as a lot info here as when I took a knife class at a neighborhood market. I, on the other hand, have but one knife that I use for all occasions. If there is a knife continuum, you would be on one particular end, I would be on the other finish.

Several have a tendency to opt for non-electric models, probably since the act of knife sharpening down the ages has always been a manual process. Nevertheless, the Presto removes the want for you to do something other than feed the blade by way of each sides in order to hone the knife back to its original state. The best electric knife sharpeners never come along frequently. The Fiskars 7861 is the most effective axe and knife sharpener in its class. The Spyderco Tri-Angle is the best modern version of a whetstone knife sharpener.

It's a tiny heavy for me but not to heavy it really is a man`s knife, This is a knife that appears to just keep sharp with quite small sharpeningsuperior Replica of Hand crafted Bob Kramer design chef knife but a third of the cost but this is the exact same steel he makes use of and its licensed beneath his name. This knife is low upkeep holds a great edge, effortless to use, and a pleasure to use all day at all cooking tasks. This chef knife appears to hold a razor like edge for ages.

The first knife set I am going to speak about is the Working Chef Series by Saber Knives. From what I've discovered, Saber Chef and Kitchen Knives are a new solution in the culinary world, began by a Very best Cutting Board Surface guy in Central California. Second impression... only $300 for a set of Planet CLASS CUTTING INSTRUMENTS ?!?! Saber Chef Knives are so great that I advise you to e further careufl when employing them. LOL) these named gadgets by Chef Deagon.

It really is in Japan where they create their newest creation, a model designed by Bob Kramer, the American bladesmith who has set the bar higher for kitchen-knife good quality. This chef knife is one particular of the mainstays of my kitchen and I loooove the really feel - nicely balanced with a little heft, but practically nothing that tires my hand out. If you have smaller hands and a compact construct, then a lighter knife might be a good match.

A James Beard-nominated chef who did not get the opportunity to show a great deal of anything on Best Chef. AGE: 42 HOMETOWN: Ohio - Currently resides in West Bloomfield, MI PROFESSION: Chef de Cuisine, The Lark CULINARY EDUCATION: BS In Engineering, University of Michigan Favourite RECIPE: Spiced Spring cucumbers with dill Additional here. In the lengthy run a superior higher-carbon knife will be worth the added expense.

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