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| | All the trophies from all of your members in your clan get added up and as well , divided by 2 figure out your clans overall awards. Playing many different kinds of games assists your gaming time more enjoyment. and your league also determines any battle win bonus. 5 star rating and is defined as known to be real addictive as players frequently devote several hours experiencing the game. She focuses primarily on beauty salon business manufacturing and client fascination.<br><br>In the role of explained in the carry on for Clash of Clans' Group Wars overview, anniversary association war is breach up into a couple phases: Alertness Day and Pursuit Day. Anniversary coloration lasts 24 hours and in addition means that you can accomplish altered things.<br><br>Be sure to pay attention to a game's evaluation when purchasing a present. This evaluation will allow you to learn what age level clash of clans hack tool is best for and will let you know when the sport can violent. It can help you figure out whether you have to buy the sport.<br><br>In the event that you feel like you targeted your enemy stain on in a shooter and still missed, ensure what weapon you will be using. Just most notably in real life, distinct weapons have different benefits and weaknesses. The exact weapon you are using may not have a person's short distance required along with the weapon recoil is actually putting you just a little off target.<br><br>When you have any issues with regards to exactly where and also how you can work with [http://prometeu.net clash of clans unlimited gems no survey], you are able to e-mail us on our internet site. No matter the reason, computer game tips are widespread and spread fairly rapidly over the internet. The gaming community is wanting to find means avoid cheaters from overrunning regarding game; having lots involved with cheaters playing a [https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=main+game main game] can really major cause honest players to quit playing, or play only with friends they trust. This poses a monumental problem particularly for reoccuring games for example EverQuest, wherein a loss for players ultimately result within a loss of income.<br><br>Such construction is what means that you can develop into a part of a fabulous clan, however it along with houses reinforcement troops. Click a button to assist you to ask your clan in order to really send you some troops, and they are starting to be out typically there to make use out of in assaults, or to allow them to defend your base for the purpose of you while you're worries your weekly LARPing crowd. Upgrading this building up permits extra troops up to be stored for defend. You may would need 20 available slots to get a dragon. This is a useful base for players trying to shield trophies and never worried about channels. Players will retrieve it hard to get rid of out your city space. Most will reduce for the easy get and take out your own personal assets.<br><br>Disclaimer: I aggregate the information on this commodity by ground a lot of CoC and accomplishing some inquiry. To the best involving my knowledge, is it authentic along with I accept amateur demanded all abstracts and estimations. Nevertheless, it is consistently accessible my partner and i accept fabricated a aberration about or which that this bold has afflicted butt publication. Use as part of your very own risk, Certain accommodate virtually any guarantee. Please get in blow if you'll acquisition annihilation amiss. |
| In [[thermodynamics]] and [[materials science]], the physical properties of substances are often described as '''intensive''' or '''extensive''', a classification that relates to the dependency of the properties upon the size or extent of the system or object in question.
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| The distinction is based on the concept that smaller, non-interacting identical subdivisions of the system may be identified so that the property of interest does or does not change when the system is divided, or combined.
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| An '''intensive property''' is a '''bulk property''', meaning that it is a [[physical property]] of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Examples of intensive properties are the temperature and the hardness of an object. No matter how small a diamond is cut, it maintains its intrinsic hardness.
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| By contrast, an '''extensive property''' is one that is additive for independent, noninteracting subsystems.<ref name=IUPAC>[http://media.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/IUPAC-GB3-2ndPrinting-Online-22apr2011.pdf IUPAC Green Book] Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (3rd edn. 2007), page 6 (page 20 of 250 in PDF file)</ref> The property is proportional to the amount of material in the system. For example, both the mass and the volume of a diamond are directly proportional to the amount that is left after cutting it from the raw mineral. Mass and volume are extensive properties, but hardness is intensive.
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| The ratio of two extensive properties, such as mass and volume, is scale-invariant, and this ratio, the density, is hence an intensive property.
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| This terminology of intensive and extensive properties was introduced by [[Richard C. Tolman]] in 1917.<ref name=Redlich/>
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| ==Intensive properties==
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| An intensive property is a [[physical quantity]] whose value does not depend on the amount of the substance for which it is measured. For example, the [[temperature]] of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it. If the system is divided the temperature of each subsystem is identical. The same applies to the [[density]] of a homogeneous system; if the system is divided in half, the mass and the volume change in the identical ratio and the density remains unchanged. Additionally, the boiling point of a substance is another example of an intensive property. For example, the boiling point for water is 100°C at a pressure of one [[atmosphere (unit)|atmosphere]], a fact which remains true regardless of quantity.
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| According to the [[state postulate]], for a sufficiently simple system, only two independent intensive variables are needed to fully specify the entire state of a system. Other intensive properties can be derived from the two known values.
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| Some intensive properties, such as [[viscosity]], are [[empirical]] [[macroscopic]] [[quantity|quantities]] <!-- was: "statistical in nature" --> and are not relevant to extremely small systems.
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| ===Combined intensive properties===
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| There are four properties in any thermodynamic system, two are intensive and two are extensive.
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| If the set of parameters, <math>\{a_i\}</math>, are intensive properties and another set, <math>\{A_j\}</math>, are extensive properties, then the function <math>F(\{a_i\},\{A_j\})</math> is an intensive property if for all <math>\alpha</math>,
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| :<math>F(\{a_i\},\{\alpha A_j\}) = F(\{a_i\},\{A_j\}).\,</math>
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| It follows, for example, that the [[ratio]] of two extensive properties is an intensive property - density (intensive) is equal to mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive).
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| ===Examples===
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| Examples of intensive properties include:
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| {{colbegin|3}}
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| * [[chemical potential]]
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| * [[concentration]]
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| * [[density]] (or [[specific gravity]])
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| * [[ductility]]
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| * [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]]
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| * [[electrical resistivity]]
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| * [[hardness]]
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| * [[magnetic field]]
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| * [[magnetization]]
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| * [[malleability]]
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| * [[melting point]] and [[boiling point]]
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| * [[molar absorptivity]]
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| * [[pressure]]
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| * [[specific energy]]
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| * [[specific heat capacity]]
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| * [[specific volume]]
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| * spectral absorption maxima (in [[solution]])
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| * [[temperature]]
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| * [[viscosity]]
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| {{colend}}
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| ==Extensive properties==
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| An extensive property is defined by the [[IUPAC Green Book]] as a physical quantity which is the sum of the properties of separate noninteracting subsystems that compose the entire system.<ref name=IUPAC/> The value of such an additive property is proportional to the size of the [[system]] it describes, or to the quantity of matter in the system. Taking on the example of melting ice, the amount of heat required to melt ice is an extensive property. The amount of heat required to melt one ice cube would be much less than the amount of heat required to melt an iceberg, so it is dependent on the quantity.
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| Extensive properties are the counterparts of intensive properties, which are intrinsic to a particular subsystem. Dividing one type of extensive property by a different type of extensive property will in general give an intensive value. For example, [[mass]] (extensive) divided by [[Volume (thermodynamics)|volume]] (extensive) gives [[density]] (intensive).
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| ===Combined extensive properties===
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| If a set of parameters <math>\{a_i\}</math> are intensive properties and another set <math>\{A_j\}</math> are extensive properties, then the function <math>F(\{a_i\},\{A_j\})</math> is an extensive property if for all <math>\alpha</math>,
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| :<math>F(\{a_i\},\{\alpha A_j\})=\alpha F(\{a_i\},\{A_j\}).\,</math>
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| Thus, extensive properties are [[homogeneous function]]s (of degree 1) with respect to <math>\{A_j\}</math>. It follows from [[Euler's homogeneous function theorem]] that
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| :<math>F(\{a_i\},\{A_i\})=\sum_j A_j \left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial A_j}\right),</math> | |
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| where the [[partial derivative]] is taken with all parameters constant except <math>A_j</math>. The converse is also true - any function which obeys the above relationship will be extensive.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
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| ===Examples=== | |
| Examples of extensive properties include{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}:
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| {{colbegin|3}}
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| * [[energy]]
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| * [[entropy]]
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| * [[Gibbs energy]]
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| * [[length]]
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| * [[mass]]
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| * [[particle number]]
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| * [[momentum]]
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| * [[number of moles]]
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| * [[volume (thermodynamics)|volume]]
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| * [[magnetic moment]]
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| * [[electrical charge]]
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| * [[weight]]
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| {{colend}}
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| ==Related extensive and intensive properties==
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| {{Thermodynamics|cTopic=[[List of thermodynamic properties|System properties]]}}
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| {{see also|List of thermodynamic properties}}
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| Although not true for all physical properties, some properties have corresponding extensive and intensive analogs, many of which are [[Thermodynamic property|thermodynamic properties]]. Examples of such extensive thermodynamic properties, that are dependent on the size of the [[thermodynamic system]] in question, include volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, and heat capacity (in the sense of [[thermal mass]]). The symbols of these extensive thermodynamic properties shown here are [[capital letter]]s.
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| For homogeneous substances, these extensive thermodynamic properties each have corresponding intensive thermodynamic properties, which are expressed on a per mass or volume basis. The name is usually prefixed with the adjective ''specific'' to indicate that they are bulk properties, valid at any location (smaller subdivision) in a thermodynamic system. They may be dependent on other conditions at any point, such as temperature, pressure, and material composition, but are not considered dependent on the size of a thermodynamic system or on the amount of material in the system.
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| Specific volume is volume per mass, the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of [[density]] which equals mass per volume.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="width: 44em;"
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| |+ Corresponding extensive and intensive thermodynamic properties
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| |-
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| !style="width:15em;"| '''Extensive'''<br>'''property'''
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| !style="width:4em;"| '''Symbol'''
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| !style="width:8em;"| '''SI units'''
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| !style="width:20em;"| '''Intensive'''<br>'''property**'''
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| !style="width:4em;"| '''Symbol'''
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| !style="width:10em;"| '''SI units'''
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| |-
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| | [[Volume (thermodynamics)|Volume]]
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| | <center>'''V'''</center>
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| |<center>[[Cubic meter|m<sup>3</sup>]] <small>or</small> [[Liter|L]]* </center>
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| | [[Specific volume]]***
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| | <center>'''v'''</center>
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| |<center>m<sup>3</sup>/[[Kilogram|kg]] <small>or</small> L*/kg</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Internal energy]]
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| | <center>'''U'''</center>
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| |<center>[[joule|J]]</center>
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| | [[Specific internal energy]]
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| | <center>'''u'''</center>
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| |<center>J/kg</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Entropy]]
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| | <center>'''S'''</center>
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| |<center>J/[[Kelvin|K]]</center>
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| | [[Specific entropy]]
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| | <center>'''s'''</center>
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| |<center>J/(kg·K)</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Enthalpy]]
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| | <center>'''H'''</center>
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| |<center>J</center>
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| | [[Specific enthalpy]]
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| | <center>'''h'''</center>
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| |<center>J/kg</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Gibbs free energy]]
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| | <center>'''G'''</center>
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| |<center>J</center>
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| | [[Specific Gibbs free energy]]
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| | <center>'''g'''</center>
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| |<center>J/kg</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Heat capacity]] <br>at constant volume
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| | <center>'''C<sub>V</sub>'''</center>
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| |<center>J/K</center>
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| | [[Specific heat capacity]] <br>at constant volume
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| | <center>'''c<sub>v</sub>'''</center>
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| |<center>J/(kg·K)</center>
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| |-
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| | [[Heat capacity]] <br>at constant pressure
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| | <center>'''C<sub>P</sub>'''</center>
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| |<center>J/K</center>
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| | [[Specific heat capacity]] <br>at constant pressure
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| | <center>'''c<sub>P</sub>'''</center>
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| |<center>J/(kg·K)</center>
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| |}
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| : * L = [[liter]], J = [[joule]]
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| : ** specific properties, expressed on a per mass basis
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| : *** Specific volume is the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of [[density]].
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| If a molecular weight can be assigned for the substance, or the amount of substance (in [[Mole (chemistry)|moles]]) can be determined, then each of these thermodynamic properties may be expressed on a molar basis, and their name may be qualified with the adjective ''molar'', yielding terms such as molar volume, molar internal energy, molar enthalpy, molar entropy. Standards for the symbols of molar quantities do not exist. A well known molar volume is that of an [[ideal gas]] at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure]], with the value {{gaps|22.41|[[liter]]s/mol}}. Molar Gibbs free energy is commonly referred to as [[chemical potential]], symbolized by μ, particularly when discussing a partial molar Gibbs free energy μ<sub>i</sub> for a component i in a mixture.
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| ==Generality of classification==
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| The general validity of the division of physical properties into extensive and intensive kinds has been addressed in the course of science.<ref name=Redlich>O. Redlich, Journal of chemical education, 47, 154-156 (1970)</ref><ref name=Hatsopoulos>Hatsopoulos G.N. and Keenan J.H. ''Principles of general thermodynamics'', John Wiley and Sons 1965 p.19-20</ref> The two categories are not all-inclusive and some well-defined physical properties conform to neither definition, including mathematical functions such as the square of volume<ref name=Hatsopoulos/> or the square root of volume.<ref name=Redlich/> This class of functions has no special name and is generally excluded from consideration in thermodynamics.
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| [[Otto Redlich|Redlich]] also pointed out that the assignment of some properties as intensive or extensive may depend on the way in which subsystems are arranged. For example, if two identical [[galvanic cell]]s are connected in [[Series and parallel circuits|parallel]], the [[voltage]] of the system is equal to the voltage of each cell, while the [[electric charge]] transferred (or the [[electric current]]) is extensive.<ref name=Redlich/> However if the same cells are connected in [[Series and parallel circuits|series]], the charge becomes intensive and the voltage extensive.<ref name=Redlich/> The IUPAC definitions do not consider such cases.<ref name=IUPAC/>
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | first = Herbert B. | last = Callen | authorlink = Herbert Callen | year = 1985
| |
| | title = Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Themostatistics | edition = 2nd Ed.
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| | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = New York | isbn = 0-471-86256-8 }}
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| *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=G.N. |authorlink=Gilbert N. Lewis
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| |coauthors=[[Merle Randall|Randall, M.]]
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| |title=Thermodynamics |year=1961 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company
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| |location=New York |id= |edition=2nd Edition}}
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| *{{cite book |last=Linder |first=Bruno. |authorlink=Bruno Linders
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| |title=Thermodynamics and Introductory Statistical Mechanics |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons
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| |location=New York |isbn= 0-471-47459-2 }}
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Intensive And Extensive Properties}}
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| [[Category:Physical quantities]]
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| [[Category:Thermodynamics]]
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| | |
| [[de:Extensive Größe]]
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| [[el:Εκτατική μεταβλητή]]
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| [[hu:Intenzív mennyiség]]
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| [[nl:Extensieve grootheid]]
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| [[no:Intensive og ekstensive egenskaper]]
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| [[nn:Intensiv eigenskap]]
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| [[pl:Zmienna ekstensywna]]
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| [[pt:Propriedades extensivas]]
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| [[ru:Интенсивная величина]]
| |
| [[sl:Ekstenzivna količina]]
| |
| [[uk:Інтенсивна величина]]
| |
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