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In [[economics]], '''divine coincidence''' refers to the property of [[New Keynesian economics|New Keynesian models]] that there is no trade-off between the stabilization of inflation and the stabilization of the welfare-relevant output gap (the gap between actual output and efficient output) for central banks. This property is attributed to a feature of the model, namely the absence of ''real'' imperfections such as [[wage rigidity|real wage rigidities]]. Conversely, if New Keynesian models are extended to account for these real imperfections, divine coincidence disappears and central banks again face a trade-off between inflation and output gap stabilization. The definition of divine coincidence is usually attributed to the seminal article by [[Olivier Blanchard]] and [[Jordi Galí]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.nber.org/papers/w11806.pdf Cf. Blanchard & Galí (2005), p. 1.]</ref>
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== Model ==
 
In a standard New Keynesian model consisting of a Calvo price and sticky wages on the supply side and both an Euler equation and the [[Taylor rule]] on the demand side, the so-called New Keynesian [[Phillips curve]] (NKPC) is the following:
 
:<math>\pi_{t} = \beta E_{t}[\pi_{t+1}] + \kappa (y_{t} - y_{t}^*) \,</math>
 
where <math>\pi_{t}</math> is current inflation, <math>E_{t}[\pi_{t+1}]</math> is expected future inflation, <math>y_{t}</math> is actual output, <math>y_{t}^*</math> is natural output and <math>(y_{t} - y_{t}^*)</math> is the welfare-relevant output gap. This equation implies that the two goals of maintaining inflation stable and stabilizing the output gap don't conflict: If for example an increase in oil price affects natural output, then holding inflation constant will make actual output equal natural output.<ref>Blanchard & Galí (2007), p. 36.</ref> This implication, or property, is called "divine coincidence".
 
The mechanism of how shocks affect the NKPC and how this results in divine coincidence was detailed by [[Greg Mankiw]] in 2005 for both aggregate demand shocks and productivity shocks:<ref>[http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2005/09/mankiw_discusse.html Cf. Thoma, M. (September 9th, 2005). Mankiw on "Divine Coincidence" in Monetary Policy. ''Economist's View''. Retrieved on August, 18th, 2013.]</ref> Expansionary (contractionary) demand shocks increase (decrease) prices and output above (below) potential. Because the [[covariance]] of price level and output gap is positive, a monetary policy stabilizing the price level tends to stabilize the output gap as well, thus isolating output from aggregate demand shocks. Positive productivity shocks depress prices and increases both actual and potential output, inciting a central bank targeting inflation to engage in expansionary monetary policy, which thereby further increases output. These two effects balance in many standard macroeconomic models, i.e. if the price level remains on target, both actual and potential output will increase by the same amount in response to a positive productivity shock.
 
Divine coincidence relies on the assumption specific to the New Keynesian model that the gap between the natural level of output and the efficient (first-best) level of output is constant and invariant to shocks. This further implies that stabilizing the output gap - the gap between actual and natural output - is equivalent to stabilizing the welfare-relevant output gap - the gap between actual and efficient output. If, however, nontrivial real imperfections are introduced into the model, the gap between natural and efficient output is not constant anymore and is affected by shocks. Consequently, divine coincidence disappears, the output gap doesn't equal the welfare-relevant output gap any longer, and central banks are left with their trade-off between inflation and output stabilization.
 
== Relevance ==
 
Many researchers, such as Blanchard, Galí<ref>Blanchard & Galí (2007), p. 36</ref> or Mankiw<ref>[http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2005/09/mankiw_discusse.html Cf. Thoma, M. (September 9th, 2005). Mankiw on "Divine Coincidence" in Monetary Policy. ''Economist's View''. Retrieved on August, 18th, 2013.]</ref> appear skeptical with regard to the existence of divine coincidence in the real world. This skepticism is mostly directed to the severely restrictive assumptions required for divine coincidence to exist in the NKPC model, most prominently the absence of real wage rigidities.
 
== References ==
 
{{reflist}}
 
== Literature ==
 
* [http://www.nber.org/papers/w11806.pdf?new_window=1| Blanchard, O., Galí, J. (2007). Real Wage Rigidities and the New Keynesian Model. ''Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking'', 39(1), pp. 35-65.]
* [http://economics.mit.edu/files/742| Blanchard, O. (2006). ''Monetary Policy; Science or Art?''. Paper presented at the ECB colloquium "Monetary Policy: A Journey from Theory to Practice" in March 2006.]
 
[[Category:Macroeconomics]]
[[Category:New Keynesian economics]]
[[Category:Monetary economics]]

Latest revision as of 22:17, 30 June 2014

As you continue to yourself, it is really important to keep in mind you will need to be consistent and focused in your preparation. Doing more of these is what will guarantee you success come the day's the check out.

Left turns are also affected by tightly made turns. Any left turn is made too tightly, the car enters the lane of oncoming automobile traffic. This is a highly dangerous maneuver, yet it is made by many people drivers. Regardless if no car was hit during a turn using this kind, the examiner isn't going to be too impressed with that kind of turn, in which he will almost certainly mark any small error.

The mind reels at the thought of a car which also go onto the inhale. The idea of ones car can fly gave rise but for interesting pros and cons. To pilot a "Light Sport Vehicle" you may accumulate merely twenty hours of flying time.

I did start to slow down so that i could look for a lay-by to be able to over into in order to call and check I was still on on your path. I was going so quickly (50mph) that all time I saw an illustration for one I would fly past it released started to slow to around 30 and rummage around in my bag for my name.

Another turn affected is really a U-turn. When creating a U-turn, it's important not that too compacted. When a U-turn is done tightly and there is a barrier separating the two directions of traffic, issues can start the shield. In such case, it counts as hitting the curb, and hitting the curb has only one meaning in a legislatie online (juridico.webs.com) - failing.

I consented to Second Hand Cars Canterbury visit my local car dealer find out what they'd to opportunity. I had a limited budget, a extremely limited discount. 500 to be precise. I did so not expect anything spectacular but wanted something safe and not too bashed out. I found "her". A wonderfully old Volkswagen Polo.

In case your license has been suspended, change of address, name change or a late renewal you could have to renew by mail or individual. And an individual are want to renew your driver license utilized do so online, by mail or in person. Within the you to become more than 30 days late in renewing your driver license then you'll need need pay out for a $10 late fee.

If very likely to in possession of a pressure gauge then alternative would be check tyre pressure is through a digital air dispenser found for the most part petrol programs. These are simply to use and there must be instructions the way do such like the machine itself.

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