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| This is a list of [[German language|German]] expressions used in [[English language|English]]; some are relatively common (e.g. ''[[hamburger]]''), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases the [[loanword]] has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear.
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| English and German both are [[West Germanic languages]], though their relationship has been obscured by the [[Lexicon|lexical]] influence of [[Old Norse]] and [[Norman French]] (as a consequence of the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066) on English as well as the [[High German consonant shift]]. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German [[loanword]]s suppress any [[Germanic umlaut|umlauts]] (the superscript, double-dot [[diacritic]] in ''Ä'', ''Ö'', ''Ü'', ''ä'', ''ö'' and ''ü'') of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with ''Ae'', ''Oe'', ''Ue'', ''ae'', ''oe'', ''ue'', respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E).
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| German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons:
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| *German cultural artefacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names
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| *Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in [[science]], [[scholarly method|scholarship]], and [[classical music]] have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words ''[[doppelgänger]]'' and ''[[angst]]'' in psychology.
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| *Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words.
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| *Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g. ''Frau'', ''Reich''.
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| As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to [[Germanic languages|Proto-Germanic]]; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling (''Hand'', ''Sand'', ''Finger'') or pronunciation (''fish'' = ''Fisch'', ''mouse'' = ''Maus''), or both (''Arm'', ''Ring''); these are excluded from this list.
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| German common nouns adopted into English are in general not initially capitalised, and the ß is generally changed to ss.
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| == German terms commonly used in English ==
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| Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as ''wurst'' and ''pumpernickel'', retain German connotations, while others, such as ''lager'' and ''hamburger'', retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English.
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| === Food and drink ===
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| *[[Berliner Weisse]], [[sour beer]] infused with fruit syrup
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| *[[Biergarten]], open-air drinking establishment
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| *[[Braunschweiger]], a liverwurst cold-cut.
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| *[[Bratwurst]] (sometimes abbrev. [[WIKT:brat#Noun|brat]]), type of sausage
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| *[[Bundt cake]], a ring cake (from ''Bundkuchen'')
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| *[[Delicatessen]], speciality food retailer, fine foods (German spelling ''Delikatessen'')
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| *[[Hot dog|Frankfurter]], type of sausage
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| *[[Gummi bear]], also found with the Anglicized spelling ''gummy bear'', German spelling: ''Gummibär''
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| *[[Hamburger]], sandwich with a meat patty and garnishments
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| *[[Hasenpfeffer]], type of rabbit (or hare) stew
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| *[[Wheat beer|Hefeweizen]], unfiltered wheat beer (containing yeast)
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| *[[Croissant|Kipfel]], also ''kipferl'', a horn-shaped type of pastry
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| *[[Kirschwasser]], spirit drink made from cherries
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| *[[Knackwurst]], cooked sausage
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| *[[Kohlrabi]], type of cabbage
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| *[[Lager]], beer made with bottom-fermenting yeast and stored for some time before serving
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| *[[Leberwurst]], pork liver sausage
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| *[[Maß]], a unit of volume used for measuring beer
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| *[[Muesli]], breakfast cereal ([[Swiss German]] spelling: ''Müesli'', standard German: ''Müsli'')
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| *[[Pilsener]] (or Pils, Pilsner), pale lager beer
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| *[[Pretzel]] (Standard German spelling: ''Brezel''), flour and yeast based pastry
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| *[[Pumpernickel]], type of sourdough rye bread, strongly flavoured, dense, and dark in colour
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| *[[Quark (cheese)|Quark]], a type of fresh cheese
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| *[[Rollmops]], rolled, pickled herring fillet
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| *[[Sauerkraut]] (sometimes shortened to [[Kraut]]), fermented cabbage
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| *[[Schmalz]], melted fat (of animal origin), from Old High German smalz <ref>Collins English Dictionary - Definition of “schmalz” http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/schmalz</ref>
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| *[[Schnapps]] (German spelling: ''Schnaps''), distilled alcoholic drink
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| *[[Spritzer]], chilled drink from white wine and soda water (from ''spritzen'' = to spray)
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| *[[Beer stein|Stein]], large drinking mug, usually for beer (from 'Steingut'' = earthenware, referring to the material)
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| *[[Streusel]], crumb topping on a cake
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| *[[Strudel]] (e. g. [[Apfelstrudel]], [[milk-cream strudel]]), a filled pastry
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| *[[Hot dog|Wiener]], hot dog (from ''Wiener Würstchen'' = Viennese sausage)
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| *[[Schnitzel|Wiener Schnitzel]], crumbed veal cutlet
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| *[[wikt:Wurst|Wurst]], sausage, [[cold cut]]s
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| *[[Zwieback]], a "twice baked" bread; rusk, variants: German hard biscuits; [[Russian Mennonite zwieback|Mennonite double yeast roll]]
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| === Sports and recreation ===
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| * [[Abseil]] (German spelling: ''sich abseilen'', a reflexive verb, to rope (seil) oneself (sich) down (ab)); the term ''abseiling'' is used in the UK and commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US.
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| * [[Blitz (American football)|Blitz]], taken from [[Blitzkrieg]] (lightning war). It is a team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players than the offense can block.
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| * [[Table football|Foosball]], probably from the German word for [[table football]], ''Tischfußball'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foosball?show=0&t=1283076547 |title=Definition of foosball |publisher=Merriam Webster |accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> although foosball itself is referred to as ''Kicker'' in German.
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| * [[Karabiner]], snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; modern short form/derivation of the older word 'Karabinerhaken'; translates to 'riflehook'. The German word can also mean [[Carbine]].
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| * [[Kutte]] (literally ''frock'' or ''cowl''), a type of vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by [[Outlaw motorcycle club|biker]]s, [[Heavy metal subculture|metalheads]] and [[Punk subculture|punk]]s; in German the word also refers to the clothes of [[monk]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwds.de/?qu=Kutte|title=Definition of Kutte in German|publisher=Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, [http://www.dwds.de DWDS]|accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref>
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| * [[Climbing shoe|Kletterschuh]], climbing shoe (mountaineering)
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| * [[Mannschaft]], German word for a sports team.
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| * [[Rucksack]] (more commonly called a [[backpack]] in [[American English|U.S. English]])
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| * [[Schuss]], literally: shot ([[ski]]) down a [[slope]] at high speed
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| * [[Turners|Turner]], a gymnast
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| * [[Turnverein]], a [[gymnastics]] [[club]] or society
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| * [[Volksmarching|Volksmarsch / Volkssport / Volkswanderung]], non-competitive fitness walking
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| === Other aspects of everyday life ===
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| *–bahn as a suffix, e.g. [[Information superhighway|Infobahn]], after ''[[Autobahn]]''
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| *Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]] (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game [[Napoleon (card game)|Napoleon]].
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| *[[Dachshund]], literally ''badger dog''; a dog breed (usually referred to as ''Dackel'' in German usage)
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| *[[Doberman Pinscher]], a dog breed
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| *[[Doppelgänger]], literally ''double-goer'', also spelled in English as ''doppelganger''; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person.
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| *[[WIKT:Dreck|Dreck]], literally ''dirt'' or ''smut'', but now meaning trashy, awful (through [[Yiddish]], [[OED]] s.v.)
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| *[[WIKT:Dummkopf|Dummkopf]], literally ''stupid head''; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to ''numbskull'' in English
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| *[[Wiktionary:erlaubt|erlaubt]], allowed, granted - opposite of ''verboten''.
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| *[[Ersatz]], replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation
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| *[[wiktionary:Fest|Fest]], festival
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| *[[Flak]], '''''Fl'''ug'''a'''bwehr'''k'''anone'', literally: ''air-defence cannon'', for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in [[flak jacket]]; or in the figurative sense: "drawing flak" = being heavily criticized
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| *[[Gemütlichkeit]], coziness
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| *[[wikt:Gesundheit|Gesundheit]], literally ''health''; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
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| *[[Housewife|Hausfrau]], pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same mildly derisive connotation
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| *[[wikt:Kaffeeklatsch|Kaffeeklatsch]], literally ''coffee gossip''; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women) chitchat while drinking coffee or tea
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| *[[wiktionary:kaput|kaput]] (German spelling: ''kaputt''), out-of-order, broken, dead
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| *[[Kindergarten]], literally ''children's garden''; day-care centre, playschool, preschool
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| *[[Kitsch]], cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
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| *Kraft as in [[kraft paper]] the strong paper used to make sacks
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| *[[Kraut]], literally ''cabbage''; derogatory term for a German
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| *[[Lebensraum]], literally ''living space''; conquered territory, now synonymous with the [[Nazi Party]]
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| * [[Lederhosen]] (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders)
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| *[[Meister]], ''master'', also as a suffix: –meister
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| *[[Nazism|Nazi]], short for ''Nationalsozialist'' (National Socialist)
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| *[[Neanderthal]] (modern German spelling: ''Neandertal''), for German ''Neandertaler'', meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the ''Neandertal'' ("Neander Valley")", the site near [[Düsseldorf]] where early ''Homo neanderthalensis'' fossils were found
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| *[[Noodle]], from German ''Nudel'', a type of food; a string of pasta.
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| *[[Oktoberfest]], Bavarian folk festival held annually in [[Munich]] during late September and early October
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| *[[Poltergeist]], literally ''noisy ghost''; an alleged [[paranormal]] phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord
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| *[[Poodle]], from German ''Pudel'', breed of dog
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| *[[Rottweiler]], breed of dog
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| *[[Schadenfreude]], ''joy from pain'' (literally ''harm joy''); delight at the misfortune of others
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| *[[Scheiße]], an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss
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| *[[Schnauzer]], breed of dog
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| *[[Siskin]], several species of birds (from ''sisschen'')
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| *[[Spitz]], a breed of dog
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| *[[wiktionary:de:süffig|Süffig]], if a beverage is especially light and sweet or palatable.
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| *[[Über|uber, über]], ''over''; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. ''[[Übermensch]]''
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| *Ur– (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. [[Proto-language|Ursprache]], [[Urtext]]
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| *[[Wiktionary:verboten|verboten]], prohibited, forbidden, banned. In both English and German,{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} this word has authoritarian connotations.
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| *[[Volkswagen]], literally ''people's car''; brand of automobile
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| *[[Wanderlust]], the yearning to travel
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| *Wiener, used pejoratively, signifying a spineless, weak person. In German, the term ''Würstchen'' (the diminutive form of ''[[Sausage|Wurst]]'') or ''[[Vienna sausage|Wiener Würstchen]]'' (Vienna sausage) is used in its place.
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| *[[wiktionary:Wunderkind|Wunderkind]], literally ''wonder child''; a [[child prodigy]]
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| *[[Zeitgeist]], spirit of the time
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| *[[Zeppelin]], type of [[rigid airship]] named after its inventor
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| == German terms common in English academic context ==
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| German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. [[history]], [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[music]], and the [[physical science]]s; laypeople in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term.
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| === Academia ===
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| * [[Ansatz]], basic approach
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| * [[Doktorvater]], doctoral advisor
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| * [[Festschrift]], book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth.
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| * [[Gedenkschrift]], memorial publication
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| * [[Wiktionary:Leitfaden|Leitfaden]], guideline
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| * [[Methodenstreit]], disagreement on methodology
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| * [[Privatdozent]]
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| * [[wikt:professoriat|Professoriat]]
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| === Architecture ===
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| * [[Bauhaus]]
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| * [[Biedermeier]]
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| * [[Hügelgrab]], in archaeology, burial mound
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| * [[Jugendstil]]
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| * [[Pfostenschlitzmauer]], in archaeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric [[Celts|Celtic]] [[hillfort]]s of the [[Iron Age]]
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| * [[Plattenbau]]
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| === Arts ===
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| *[[Gesamtkunstwerk]], "the whole of a work of art", also "total work of art" or "complete artwork"
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| *[[wikt:gestalt|Gestalt]] (lit. "shape, figure"), a collection of entities that creates a unified concept (where "[[the whole is more than the sum of its parts]]")
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| ==== Music ====
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| * [[Alphorn]]
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| * [[Eye music|Augenmusik]]
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| * [[Pipe organ#Antiquity|Blockwerk]]
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| * [[Crumhorn]], from German ''Krummhorn''
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| * [[Fach]], method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices
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| * [[Fife (instrument)|Fife]], from ''Pfeife'', a small transverse flute often used in military and marching bands
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| * [[Flatterzunge]] (literally "flutter tongue"), playing technique for wind instruments
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| * [[Flugelhorn]] (German spelling: ''Flügelhorn''), a type of brass musical instrument
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| * [[Glockenspiel]], a [[percussion instrument]]
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| * [[Tenor|Heldentenor]], "heroic tenor"
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| * [[Piano|Hammerklavier]], "hammer-keyboard", an archaic term for [[piano]] or the name of a specific kind of piano, the [[fortepiano]]; most commonly used in English to refer to Beethoven's [[Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)|Hammerklavier Sonata]]
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| * [[Breeches role|Hosenrolle]]
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| * [[Kapellmeister]], "music director"
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| * [[wikt:katzenjammer|Katzenjammer]]
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| * [[Toy piano|Kinderklavier]]
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| * [[Concertmaster|Konzertmeister]]
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| * [[Ranz des Vaches|Kuhreihen]]
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| * [[Leitmotif]] (German spelling: ''Leitmotiv'') a musical phrase that associates with a specific person, thing, or idea
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| * [[Lied]] (pronounced "leet"), "song"; specifically in English, "art song"
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| * [[Lieder ohne Worte]], "songs without words"
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| * [[Liederhandschrift]], a manuscript containing medieval songs
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| * [[Liederkranz (disambiguation)|Liederkranz]], (originally male) singing club
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| * [[Singer-songwriter|Liedermacher]], Singer-songwriter
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| * [[Meistersinger]], Master-singer
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| * [[Mensurstrich]]
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| * [[Minnesang]], medieval love poetry
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| * [[Musikalisches Würfelspiel]]
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| * [[Earworm|Ohrwurm]]
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| * [[Organ reform movement|Orgelbewegung]]
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| * [[Rauschpfeife]]
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| * [[Positive organ#Other uses of the term|Rückpositiv]] (also rendered as ''Ruckpositiv'')
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| * [[Schlager]], "a hit" (German "schlagen", to hit or beat)
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| * [[Schottische]], literally "Scottish", a folk dance
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| * [[Schuhplattler]], a regional dance from [[Upper Bavaria]] and [[Austria]]
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| * [[Singspiel]], German musical drama with spoken dialogue
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| * [[Sitzprobe]], rehearsal of a musical stage work where singers are sitting and without costumes
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| * [[Sprechgesang]] and ''Sprechstimme'', forms of musical delivery between speech and singing
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| * [[Vocal fry register|Strohbass]]
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| * [[Sturm und Drang]], "storm and stress", a brief aesthetic movement in German literature, just before [[Weimar Classicism]]
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| * [[Urtext edition|Urtext]], "original text (of the composer)"
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| * [[Volksmusik]], traditional German music
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| * [[Walzer (disambiguation)|Walzer]] (Waltz)
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| * [[Music of the Future|Zukunftsmusik]]
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| =====Meanings of German band names=====
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| * [[2raumwohnung]] = "Two-Room Apartment" (standard spelling: Zweiraumwohnung)
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| * [[Abriss West]] = "Demolition of the West", a German punk rock band
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| * [[Alter Der Ruine]] = "Age of the Ruin"
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| * [[Blutengel|BlutEngel]] = "Blood Angel"
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| * [[Böhse Onkelz]] = "Evil Uncles" This is the correct but idiosyncratic spelling of the name of the German band (the standard German plural would be "Onkel" without the z or an s, and "böse" for the correct German word for 'evil'). The peculiar spelling of the band is intended to "harden" the appearance of the name (''h'' in this context amplifies the ö; ''z'' is pronounced ''ts'' in German, and sounds sharper than s). The umlaut over the o in ''Böhse'' is not a [[metal umlaut]].
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| * [[Deichkind]] = "Dike (or Levee) Child"
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| * [[Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft]] (or ''D.A.F.'') = "German-American Friendship"
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| * [[Die Ärzte]] = "The (Medical) Doctors", a German punk rock band
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| * [[Die Fantastischen Vier]] = "The Fantastic Four", often abbreviated "Fanta 4"
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| * [[Die Roten Punkte]] = "The Red Dots"
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| * [[Die Sterne]] = "The Stars" (celestial bodies)
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| * [[Die Toten Hosen]] = literally ''The Dead Trousers''. A slang expression for a boring place to be (in the phrase "Hier ist total tote Hose"), commonly used in the northern parts of Germany, it can also refer to impotence.
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| * [[Dschinghis Khan]] = slight alteration of ''Dschingis Khan'', the German spelling of [[Genghis Khan]]
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| * [[Einstürzende Neubauten]] = "Collapsing New Buildings" (as in: buildings that are collapsing)
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| * [[Eisbrecher]] = "[[Icebreaker]]"
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| * [[Eisregen]] = "Ice Rain", i. e., [[freezing rain]]
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| * [[Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung]] = "First Public/General Uncertainty/Un-Insurance (better: First Undermining of the Public Sense of Security)", often abbreviated "EAV". Band name was inspired by the real insurance company "Erste Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG" (First General Insurance Inc.)
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| * [[Feindflug]] = "Combat Mission" (general term for any flight with enemy contact, as opposed to civilian, recon or training flights)
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| * [[Fehlfarben]] = literally "Off-Colours", an older trademark for cheap cigars, but also the term for cigars with spotty/off-colour outer leaves (''[[:de:Fehlfarbe]]''), stamps and furs in the wrong colour, as well the colours in a card game, which are not ''trump''
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| * [[Fettes Brot]] = literally ''Fat Bread'', but "fett" is also a slang expression for cool (like English ''[[wikt:phat|phat]]'', which may have inspired it)
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| * [[Fluchtweg]] = literally "Way of Escape"; emergency exit
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| * [[Fräulein Wunder]] = "Miss Miracle", an allusion to the German expression ''[[:de:Fräuleinwunder]]'', a phenomenon in 1950s Germany referring to modern, attractive and self-assured young women
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| * [[Freundeskreis]] = "Circle of Friends"
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| * [[Geier Sturzflug]] = "Vulture Nosedive" (this dive might end in a crash or in hunting prey); vulture is an allusion or symbol for insolvency or bankruptcy, but also refers to the bird in the literal sense. Geier ('vulture') is also derogatively used for the eagle in the German coat-of-arms.
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| * [[Juli (band)|Juli]] = the month [[July]]
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| * [[Kettcar]] = the trademark name of a line of toy cars propelled by pedals and a chain. The name is a play on the name of the firm that produces the cars, ''[[Kettler]]'', as well as the word for "chain", ''Kette''.
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| * [[Klee (band)|Klee]] = not only the painter [[Paul Klee]], but also German for clover.
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| * [[KMFDM]] = "Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid" {{sic}} (literally "No Majority for the Pity," which is a grammatically incorrect rearrangement of "Kein Mitleid für die Mehrheit" or "No Pity for the Masses". A grammatically correct rearrangement would be "Keine Mehrheit für das Mitleid")
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| * [[Kraftwerk]] = "Power Plant"
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| * [[Kreidler]] = an older moped trademark
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| * [[Massive Töne]] = "Massive Sounds"
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| * [[Nachtmahr]] = old word for "Nightmare" or a legendary creature
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| * [[Neu!]] = "New!"
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| * [[Ostzonensuppenwürfelmachenkrebs]] = "Eastern Zone Bouillon Cubes Cause Cancer" (where 'Ostzone' = 'Eastern Zone' refers to the [[Soviet occupation zone]]), with non-standard concatenation of all words (instead of "Ostzonensuppenwürfel machen Krebs").
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| * [[Panzer AG]] = "Tank PLC"
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| * [[Panik (band)|Panik]] = "Panic", a German metal band
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| * [[Rammstein]] = "Ramming Stone" (literal) or "Battering Ram" (figurative), an intentional misspelling of ''Ramstein'' and the USAF Ramstein Air Base, the location of the [[Ramstein airshow disaster]]. Some translate it as "[Stone] Hammerhead"
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| * [[Rosenstolz]] = "Pride of Roses". This can also be understood as "Proud Like Roses", alluding to symbolism of the rose signifying pride
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| * [[Rotersand]] = literally "Red Sand" (or, to imitate the non-standard spelling, "Redsand"), named after a famous [[lighthouse]] in the [[North Sea]]
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| * [[:de:Schleim-Keim|Schleim-Keim]] = "Slime Germ", German punk band
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| * [[Silbermond]] = literally ''Silver Moon'', German pop band
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| * [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]] = "Wolf of the Steppe", named after the [[Steppenwolf (novel)|novel]] by [[Hermann Hesse]]
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| * [[Tokio Hotel]] = literally "Tokyo Hotel", German rock band
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| * [[Unheilig]] = literally "Unholy", a band (formerly) representing the "Neue Deutsche Härte"
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| * [[Virginia Jetzt!]] = "Virginia Now!"
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| * [[Wir sind Helden]] = "We Are Heroes"
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| * [[Die Zimmermänner]] = the former ''Ede & Die Zimmermänner'', referring to the television personality ''Eduard Zimmermann'', the initiator and former talking head of the TV police search (crimewatch) programme ''[[Aktenzeichen XY … ungelöst]]'' in the German ''ZDF'' channel. A ''Zimmermann'' is also a carpenter by profession.
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| =====Genres=====
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| * ''[[Krautrock]]'': German-like English name for a variety of [[German rock]]
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| * ''[[Neue Deutsche Härte]] (NDH)'': "New German Hardness"; a genre of [[German rock]] that mixes traditional hard rock with dance-like keyboard parts. Recently it has begun to appear in English.
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| * ''[[Neue Deutsche Todeskunst]]'': "New German Death Art": a movement within the [[darkwave]] and [[gothic rock]] scenes
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| * ''[[Neue Deutsche Welle]] (NDW)'': "New German Wave". A genre of [[Music of Germany|German music]] originally derived from [[punk rock]] and [[New Wave music]].
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| * ''[[Romantische Oper]]'': genre of early nineteenth-century German opera
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| * ''[[Schranz]]'': a type of Techno
| |
| * ''[[Neue Slowenische Kunst]]'': "New Slovenian Art". An art collective dating back to the 1980s, when [[Slovenia]] was part of [[Yugoslavia]]. Most prominently associated with the band [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]], named after the German name for Slovenia's capital city, [[Ljubljana]].
| |
| | |
| =====Selected works in classical music=====
| |
| * [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s ''Das wohltemperierte Klavier'' (''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]''); ''Jesus bleibet meine Freude'' (''[[Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring]]'')
| |
| * [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s ''[[Schicksalslied]]'' (''Song of Destiny'')
| |
| * [[Fritz Kreisler|Kreisler]]'s ''[[Liebesleid]]'' (''Pain of Love''), ''[[Liebesfreud]]'' (''Joy of Love'')
| |
| * [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]]'s ''[[Liebesträume]]'' (''Dreams of Love'')
| |
| * [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s ''[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (''A Little Serenade''); ''[[The Magic Flute|Die Zauberflöte]]'' (''The Magic Flute'')
| |
| * [[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Kindertotenlieder]]'' (''Songs on Dead Children'')
| |
| * [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s ''[[Winterreise]]'' (''Winter Journey'')
| |
| * [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]]'s ''[[Dichterliebe]]'' (''The Poet's Love'')
| |
| * [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' (''Cavalier of the Rose''); ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra (Richard Strauss)|Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' (''Thus Spoke Zarathustra''); "[[Four Last Songs|Vier letzte Lieder]]" (''Four last songs'')
| |
| * [[Johann Strauss II]]'s ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' (''The Bat''); ''[[The Blue Danube|An der schönen blauen Donau]]'' (''On The Beautiful Blue Danube'')
| |
| * [[Richard Wagner]]'s [[Die Walküre]] (''The Valkyrie''); [[Götterdämmerung]] (''Twilight of the Gods''); both from his opera cycle "[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]" (''The Ring of the Nibelung'')
| |
| | |
| =====Carols=====
| |
| * ''Stille Nacht'': "[[Silent Night]]"
| |
| * ''[[O Tannenbaum]]'': "O Christmas Tree"
| |
| | |
| =====Modern songs=====
| |
| * ''[[99 Luftballons]]'': "99 Balloons" (English title: "99 Red Balloons") by [[Nena]]
| |
| * ''[[Schrei nach Liebe]]'': "Scream for Love" by [[Die Ärzte]]
| |
| * ''[[Feuer frei!]]'': "Open fire" (literally, "fire freely!") by [[Rammstein]]
| |
| | |
| ==== Theatre ====
| |
| * [[Verfremdungseffekt]]
| |
| | |
| ==== Typography ====
| |
| * [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]], a style of [[blackletter]] typeface
| |
| | |
| === Biology ===
| |
| * [[Ahnentafel|Ahnenreihe]]
| |
| * [[Pedigree collapse|Ahnenschwund]]
| |
| * [[Ahnentafel]]
| |
| * [[Allele|Anlage]] in genetics; also used in the sense of [[primordium]] in embryology and [[temperament]] in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment"
| |
| * [[Aufwuchs]]
| |
| * [[Aurochs]] (Modern German: ''Auerochse'')
| |
| * [[Bauplan]], body plan of animals
| |
| * [[Bereitschaftspotential]]
| |
| * [[Leontopodium alpinum|Edelweiss]]
| |
| * [[Einkorn wheat|Einkorn]]
| |
| * [[Krummholz]], crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes
| |
| * [[Lagerstätte]], repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils
| |
| * [[Molosser]], a type of dog, literally ''Molossian'', from [[Molossus (dog)|Molossus]], the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from
| |
| * ''Oberhäutchen'' (often written ''oberhautchen'' in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" (''Häutchen'' is the diminutive of ''Haut'', the German word for "skin")
| |
| * [[Schreckstoff]], a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish
| |
| * [[Spitzenkörper]], structure important in hyphal growth
| |
| * [[Unkenreflex]]
| |
| * [[Forest dieback|Waldsterben]]
| |
| * [[Zeitgeber|Zeitgeber (chronobiology)]], external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock
| |
| * [[Zugunruhe|Zugunruhe (ornithology)]], pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals
| |
| | |
| === Chess ===
| |
| * [[Allumwandlung]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of chess#Blitz chess|Blitz chess]], from German ''Blitzschach'', literally "lightning chess", also known as [[Fast chess]]
| |
| * Fingerfehler: slip of the finger
| |
| * [[Glossary of chess#Kibitz|Kibitz]], from German ''Kiebitz'' (see [[:de:Kiebitz (Spielbeobachter)]]), a spectator making comments on the game that can be heard by the players
| |
| * [[Luft]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of chess#Patzer|Patzer]]
| |
| * Sitzfleisch: patience during slow play
| |
| * [[Time trouble|Zeitnot]]
| |
| * [[Zugzwang]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of chess#Zwischenschach|Zwischenschach]]
| |
| * [[Zwischenzug]]
| |
| | |
| === Economics ===
| |
| *[[Energiewende]], stands for Energy transition
| |
| *[[Freigeld]]
| |
| *[[Freiwirtschaft]]
| |
| *K: In economics, the letter K, from the German word ''Kapital'', is used to denote [[Capital (economics)|Capital]]<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url = http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch10_e.htm
| |
| |title = Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors
| |
| |accessdate = 10 April 2008
| |
| |year = 2007
| |
| |work = BLS Handbook of Methods
| |
| |publisher = U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url = http://www.gamsworld.org/mpsge/debreu/shock/
| |
| |title = Modeling Unanticipated Shocks: An Illustrative GAMS/MCP Model
| |
| |accessdate = 10 April 2008
| |
| |last = Rutherford
| |
| |first = Prof. Thomas F.
| |
| |publisher = [[General Algebraic Modeling System|MPSGE Forum]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url = http://lofi.forum.physorg.com/Economic-Curiosity.-%5BSolow-model%5D_4864.html
| |
| |title = Economic Curiosity. [Solow model]
| |
| |accessdate = 10 April 2008
| |
| |author = "Drude"
| |
| |date = 9 February 2006
| |
| |publisher = PhysOrg.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| |
| |last = Lequiller
| |
| |first = François
| |
| |coauthors = Derek Blades
| |
| |others = Translator: F. Wells
| |
| |title = Understanding National Accounts
| |
| |url = http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/12/38451313.pdf
| |
| |format = PDF (4MB)
| |
| |accessdate = 11 April 2008
| |
| |series = Economica
| |
| |year = 2006
| |
| |publisher = [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]
| |
| |location = Paris
| |
| |isbn = 92-64-02566-9
| |
| |pages = 160
| |
| |chapter = ch. 6
| |
| |quote = “K” (for the German word “kapital”) indicates capital accumulation items.}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Lumpenproletariat]]
| |
| *[[Mittelstand]]
| |
| *[[Takt time|Takt]]
| |
| *[[Wirtschaftswunder]]<!--Please do not re-enter the list of "Genes of names in drosophila melanogaster" as it was an orig vandalism by an anon contributor -->
| |
| | |
| === Geography ===
| |
| * [[Hinterland]]
| |
| * [[Monadnock|Inselberg]]
| |
| * [[Knickpoint]] (German ''Knickpunkt'', from ''knicken'' "to bend sharply, fold, kink"), a point where the slope of a river changes suddenly
| |
| * [[Massenerhebung effect]]
| |
| * [[Mitteleuropa]]
| |
| * [[Schlatt (landform)|Schlatt]] (also ''Flatt''; from Low German)
| |
| * [[Thalweg]] (written "Talweg" in Germany today)
| |
| | |
| === Geology ===
| |
| * [[Bergschrund]]
| |
| * [[Dreikanter]]
| |
| * [[Firn]]
| |
| * [[Gneiss]] (German ''Gneis'')
| |
| * [[Graben]]
| |
| * [[Horst (geology)|Horst]]
| |
| * [[Karst]]
| |
| * [[Loess]] ({{lang-de|Löss}})
| |
| * [[:de:Randkluft|Randkluft]]
| |
| | |
| Minerals including:
| |
| * [[Feldspar]] (German ''Feldspat'')
| |
| * [[Hornblende]]
| |
| * [[Meerschaum]]
| |
| * [[Quartz]] (German ''Quarz'')
| |
| | |
| === History ===
| |
| (Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.)
| |
| | |
| ==== The Third Reich ====
| |
| {{Main|Glossary of the Weimar Republic|Glossary of Nazi Germany}}
| |
| | |
| ==== Other historical periods ====
| |
| * [[Alltagsgeschichte]], literally 'everyday history', a type of [[microhistory]]
| |
| * [[Age of Enlightenment|Aufklarung]], in German: ''Aufklärung'', "enlightenment", short for ''Zeitalter der Aufklärung'', "age of enlightenment"
| |
| * [[Biedermeier]], era in early 19th century [[Germany]]
| |
| * [[Diktat]]
| |
| * [[Gründerzeit]], the period in German history of great artistic and economic developments
| |
| * [[Junker]]
| |
| * [[Kaiser]], "emperor" (derived from the title "''[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]''")
| |
| * [[Kleinstaaterei]], the territorial fragmentation of Germany in the early modern period
| |
| * [[Cultural history|Kulturgeschichte]]
| |
| * [[Kulturkampf]], literally the 'struggle for culture'; Bismarck's campaign for [[secularity]] which mostly went against Catholics in the newly formed German state, ostensibly a result of Bismarck's suspicion of Catholic loyalty
| |
| * [[Kulturkreis]], a theory in anthropology and ethnology
| |
| * [[Trans-cultural diffusion#Theories|Kulturkugel]], literally "culture bullet" or "cultural bullet", a [[neologism]] coined by archaeologist [[J. P. Mallory]] for his model of cultural diffusion
| |
| * [[Landflucht]]
| |
| * [[Landnahme]]
| |
| * [[Nordpolitik]]
| |
| * [[Ostflucht]]
| |
| * [[Ostpolitik]]
| |
| * [[Ostalgie]] (nostalgia for the former [[Eastern Bloc]], specifically for the [[East Germany|DDR]])
| |
| * [[wikt:quellenforschung|Quellenforschung]], "research of sources", the study of the sources of, or influences upon, a literary work
| |
| * [[Realpolitik]] (political science: "real politics"); usually implies the way politics really works, i.e. via the influence of power and money, rather than a principled approach that the public might expect to be aligned with a party's or nation's values, or rather than a political party's given interpretation.
| |
| * Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see [[Reichstag building]], [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]], [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]], and the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag of the Weimar Republic]])
| |
| * [[Sammlungspolitik]]
| |
| * [[Urmonotheismus]]
| |
| * [[Urreligion]]
| |
| * Völkerschlacht — the [[Battle of Leipzig|Battle of Nations]]
| |
| * [[Völkerwanderung]] — the migration (and invasions) of the Germanic peoples in the 4th century
| |
| * [[Weltpolitik]] — the politics of global domination; contemporarily, "the current climate in [[global politics]]".
| |
| | |
| === Military terms ===
| |
| {{Main|Glossary of German military terms}}
| |
| | |
| * [[Blitzkrieg]] (literally "lightning war")
| |
| * [[Fingerspitzengefühl]] (literally "''finger-tip feeling''", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact"): The ability of certain military commanders to understand and master a situation in detail thanks to intuition and a capability that allows having all relevant tactical information available in the mind, presumably in the form of a mental map.
| |
| * [[Flak]] ('''''Fl'''ug'''a'''bwehr'''k'''anone''), anti-aircraft gun (for derived meanings see under [[List of German expressions in English#Other aspects of everyday life|Other aspects of everyday life]])
| |
| * Fliegerhorst, another word for a military airport
| |
| * [[carbine|Karabiner]], a carbine. For the climbing hardware, see [[#Sports and recreation|carabiner]] above
| |
| * [[Kriegsspiel (wargame)|Kriegsspiel]], in English also written ''Kriegspiel'', war game (different meanings)
| |
| * [[Luftwaffe]], air force (WW II and later, with [[East Germany]] and the earlier [[German Empire]] using the term ''[[Luftstreitkräfte]]'' instead for their air services)
| |
| * [[Panzer]] refers to [[tank]]s and other armoured vehicles, or formations of such vehicles
| |
| * [[Panzerfaust]], "''tank fist''": anti-tank weapon, a small one-man launcher and projectile.
| |
| * [[Strafe]], punishment
| |
| * [[U-boat|U-Boot]] (abbreviated form of ''Unterseeboot'' — submarine, but commonly called ''U-Boot'' in Germany as well)
| |
| * [[Vernichtungsgedanke]] (thought of annihilation)
| |
| | |
| === Linguistics ===
| |
| * [[Ablaut]]
| |
| * [[Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache#Abstandsprache|Abstandsprache]]
| |
| * [[Lexical aspect|Aktionsart]]
| |
| * [[Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache#Ausbausprache|Ausbausprache]]
| |
| * [[Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache#Dachsprache|Dachsprache]]
| |
| * [[Dreimorengesetz]], "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in [[Latin]]
| |
| * [[:de:Einzelsprache|einzelsprachlich]] (belonging to a single language; in historical linguistics, referring to single dialects or branches within a language family, or a relatively recent period in language development as opposed to the proto-language stage of a family)
| |
| * [[Gleichsetzung]], "equation" (of [[cognate]]s, in [[etymology]])
| |
| * [[Grammatischer Wechsel]], "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic nouns
| |
| * [[Grenzsignal]], "boundary signal"
| |
| * [[Neogrammarian|Junggrammatiker]], literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century
| |
| * [[Loanword]] (ironically not a loanword but rather a [[calque]] from German ''Lehnwort'')
| |
| * [[Mischsprache]], mixed language
| |
| * [[Germanic spirant law|Primärberührung]], "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
| |
| * [[Germanic umlaut#False ablaut in verbs|Rückumlaut]], "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of Germanic weak verbs
| |
| * [[wiktionary:Sitz im Leben|Sitz im Leben]] (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of [[Pragmatics]] has a similar approach)
| |
| * [[Sprachbund]], "language union", a group of languages that have become similar because of geographical proximity
| |
| * [[Sprachgefühl]], the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language
| |
| * [[Sprachraum]]
| |
| * [[sprachwirklich]] (said of words and structures: actually attested as opposed to e. g. merely postulated on theoretical grounds, or as opposed to artificial coinages and inventions by ancient grammarians that were never used in reality)
| |
| * [[Sprechbund]], "speech bond", a term from sociolinguistics
| |
| * [[Tree model|Stammbaumtheorie]], also ''Stammbaum'' alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages
| |
| * [[Suffixaufnahme]]
| |
| * [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]]
| |
| * [[Urheimat]], "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language
| |
| * [[Ursprache]], "proto-language"
| |
| * [[Wanderwort]], "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others
| |
| * [[Winkelhaken]], a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script
| |
| | |
| === Literature ===
| |
| * [[Bildungsroman]]
| |
| * [[Knittelvers]]
| |
| * [[Künstlerroman]]
| |
| * [[Leitmotif|Leitmotiv]], a recurring theme
| |
| * [[Theme (literature)#Leitwortstil|Leitwortstil]]
| |
| * [[Fictitious entry|Nihilartikel]], a fake entry in a reference work
| |
| * [[Source criticism|Quellenkritik]], source criticism
| |
| * [[Sturm und Drang]], an 18th-century literary movement; "storm and stress" in English, although the literal translation is closer to "storm and urge".
| |
| * [[Urtext edition|Urtext]], "original text"
| |
| * [[Vorlage]], original or mastercopy of a text on which derivates are based
| |
| * [[Wahlverwandtschaft]] (pronounced with a [v]) (from [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Elective Affinities|Die Wahlverwandtschaften]]'')
| |
| * [[Q document|Q]], abbreviation for ''Quelle'' ("source"), a postulated lost document in [[Biblical criticism]]
| |
| | |
| === Mathematics and formal logic ===
| |
| * [[Ansatz]] (lit. "set down," roughly equivalent to "approach" or "where to begin", a starting assumption) - one of the most used German loan words in the English-speaking world of science.
| |
| * "Eigen-" in composita such as [[eigenfunction]], [[eigenvector]], [[eigenvalue]], [[eigenform]]; in English "self-" or "own-". They are related concepts in the fields of [[linear algebra]] and [[functional analysis]].
| |
| * [[Entscheidungsproblem]]
| |
| * [[Grossencharakter]] (German spelling: Größencharakter)
| |
| * [[Hauptmodul]] (the generator of a modular curve of genus 0)
| |
| * [[Hilbert's Nullstellensatz]] (without apostrophe in German)
| |
| * [[Ideal (ring theory)|Ideal]] (originally "[[Ideal number|ideale Zahlen]]", defined by [[Ernst Kummer]])
| |
| * [[Krull's principal ideal theorem|Krull's Hauptidealsatz]] (without apostrophe in German)
| |
| * [[Möbius strip|Möbius band]] (Ger.: Möbiusband)
| |
| * [[Positivstellensatz]]
| |
| * [[quadratfrei]]
| |
| * [[Stützgerade]]
| |
| * [[Klein four-group|Vierergruppe]] (also known as Klein four-group)
| |
| * "Neben-" in composita such as [[Nebentype]]
| |
| * <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> from (ganze) Zahlen ((whole) numbers), the [[integer]]s
| |
| | |
| === Medicine ===
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Anwesenheit|Anwesenheit]]
| |
| * [[Diener]], autopsy assistant
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Entgleisen|Entgleisen]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Gedankenlautwerden|Gedankenlautwerden]]
| |
| * [[Gegenhalten]]
| |
| * [[Kernicterus]] (German spelling: ''Kernikterus'')
| |
| * [[Kleeblattschädel]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Mitgehen|Mitgehen]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Mitmachen|Mitmachen]]
| |
| * [[Mittelschmerz]] ("middle pain", used to refer to ovulation pain)
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Pfropfschizophrenie|Pfropfschizophrenie]]
| |
| * [[Rinderpest]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Schnauzkrampf|Schnauzkrampf]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Sensitiver beziehungswahn|Sensitiver Beziehungswahn]]
| |
| * [[Spinnbarkeit]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Verstimmung|Verstimmung]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Vorbeigehen; Vorbeireden|Vorbeigehen]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Vorbeigehen; Vorbeireden|Vorbeireden]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Wahneinfall|Wahneinfall]]
| |
| * [[Witzelsucht]]
| |
| * [[Glossary of psychiatry#Wurgstimme|Wurgstimme]]
| |
| | |
| === Philosophy ===
| |
| * [[An sich]], ''in itself''
| |
| * [[Dasein]]
| |
| * [[Noumenon|Ding an sich]], ''thing in itself'' from [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]
| |
| * [[Geist]], mind, spirit or ghost
| |
| * [[God is dead|Gott ist tot!]], a popular phrase from [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English.
| |
| * [[Übermensch]], also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a [[Superhuman]] or Overman.
| |
| * [[Weltanschauung]], calqued into English as ''[[world view]]''; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe
| |
| * [[World riddle|Welträtsel]], "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist [[Ernst Haeckel]] concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of life
| |
| * [[Wertfreiheit]], [[Max Weber]]'s postulate: statements of science should be kept separate from value judgments (value neutrality)
| |
| * [[Will to power|Wille zur Macht]], "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy
| |
| | |
| === Physical sciences ===
| |
| * [[Ansatz]], an assumption for a function that is not based on an underlying theory
| |
| * [[Anti-lock braking system|Antiblockiersystem]]
| |
| * [[Aufbau principle]] ([[physical chemistry]]) (German spelling: ''Aufbauprinzip'')
| |
| * [[Bremsstrahlung]]
| |
| * [[Entgegen]] and its opposite [[zusammen]] ([[organic chemistry]])
| |
| * [[F-Center|Farbzentrum]] ([[Solid-state physics]])
| |
| * [[Foehn wind]], also ''foehn'', (German spelling ''Föhn''), a warm wind which sometimes appears on the northern side of the Alps in south Germany and Austria.
| |
| * [[Gedanken experiment]] (German spelling: ''Gedankenexperiment''; more commonly referred to as a "thought experiment" in English.)
| |
| * [[Gegenschein]], a faint brightening of the night sky in the region of the antisolar point
| |
| * [[Gemisch]] (chemistry: a randomized mixture of components)
| |
| * [[Gerade]] and its opposite [[ungerade]] ([[quantum mechanics]])
| |
| * [[Graupel]], a form of precipitation
| |
| * [[Heiligenschein]]
| |
| * [[Hohlraum]], a radiation cavity used in [[Teller–Ulam design|thermonuclear weapons]] design
| |
| * [[Kirchweger condenser|Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung]]
| |
| * [[Kugelblitz (astrophysics)|Kugelblitz]] (the German term for [[ball lightning]]), in [[theoretical physics]]: a concentration of light so intense that it forms an [[event horizon]] and becomes self-trapped
| |
| * [[Mischmetall]], alloy
| |
| * Rocks and minerals like [[Quartz]] (German spelling: ''Quarz''), [[Gneiss]] and [[Feldspar]] (originally ''Gneis'' and ''Feldspat'' respectively), [[Meerschaum]]
| |
| * [[Reststrahlen]] (residual rays)
| |
| * [[Cassegrain reflector#Off-axis configurations|Schiefspiegler]], special type of telescope
| |
| * [[Schlieren]], inhomogeneities in transparent material
| |
| * Sollbruchstelle, predetermined breaking point
| |
| * [[Spiegeleisen]]
| |
| * [[Trommel]]
| |
| * [[Umpolung]] ([[organic chemistry]])
| |
| * [[Vierbein]], and variations such as '''[[vielbein]]'''
| |
| * [[Zitterbewegung]]
| |
| * [[Zwitterion]]
| |
| | |
| === Politics ===
| |
| * [[Berufsverbot]]
| |
| * [[Kritik]], a type of argument in policy debates
| |
| * [[Lumpenproletariat]]
| |
| * [[Machtpolitik]], power politics
| |
| * [[Putsch]], overthrow of those in power by a small group, coup d'etat. (Although commonly understood and used in contemporary High German, too, the word ''putsch'' originates from [[Swiss German]] and is etymologically related to English "push".)
| |
| * [[Realpolitik]], "politics of reality": foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than ideology or ethics.
| |
| * [[Rechtsstaat]], concept of a state based on law and human rights
| |
| * [[Siegerjustiz]]
| |
| * [[Überfremdung]]
| |
| * [[Vergangenheitsbewältigung]]
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| === Psychology ===
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| * [[Insight|Aha-Erlebnis]], literally ''aha experience'', a sudden insight or [[wikt:epiphany|epiphany]], compare ''[[eureka (word)|eureka]]''
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| * [[Angst]], feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object
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| * [[Eigengrau]], literally "intrinsic grey", or also [[Eigenlicht]], "intrinsic light", the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness
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| * [[Einstellung effect]], from ''Einstellung'', which means "attitude" here
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| * [[Erlebnis]], from 'Erleben' experience, meaning a lived through conscious experience
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| * [[Ganzfeld effect]], from German ''Ganzfeld'' for "complete field", a phenomenon of visual perception
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| * [[Gestalt psychology]], (German spelling: ''Gestaltpsychologie''), holistic psychology
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| * [[Consciousness#Merkwelt|Merkwelt]], English: "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness"
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| * [[Schadenfreude]], gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others
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| * [[wikt:Sorge|Sorge]], a state of worry, but (like ''Angst'') in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc.
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| * [[Umwelt]], environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world"
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| * [[Zeitgeber]] (lit. time-giver), something that resets the circadian clock found in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]]
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| * [[Child prodigy|Wunderkind]], child prodigy
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| === Sociology ===
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| * [[Gemeinschaft]], community
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| * [[Gesellschaft]], society
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| * [[Herrschaft (sociology)|Herrschaft]], reign
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| * [[Männerbund]], secret male society
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| * [[Verstehen]], understanding
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| * [[Zeitgeist]], spirit of the times or age
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| === Theology ===
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| * Gattung, genre <ref name="Browning2004">{{cite book|author=W. R. F. Browning|title=A dictionary of the Bible|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lKsdAtPUoRgC&pg=PA148|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-860890-5|page=148}}</ref><ref name="DeMoss2001">{{cite book|author=Matthew S. DeMoss|title=Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OrkWI8Rh8nMC&pg=PA59|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=1 August 2001|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-1464-0|page=59}}</ref><ref name="Barton1984">{{cite book|author=John Barton|title=Reading the Old Testament: method in biblical study|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WBHRJ_BRrKQC&pg=PA31|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=October 1984|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24555-9|pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name="SoulenSoulen2001">{{cite book|author1=Richard N. Soulen|author2=R. Kendall Soulen|title=Handbook of biblical criticism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ooGh9TTe0jUC&pg=PA66|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=November 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22314-4|page=66}}</ref>
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| * [[Heilsgeschichte]] (salvation history, God's positive saving actions throughout history)
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| * Kunstprosa, artistic prose<ref name="DeMoss2001_2">{{cite book|author=Matthew S. DeMoss|title=Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OrkWI8Rh8nMC&pg=PA77|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=1 August 2001|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-1464-0|page=77}}</ref><ref name="SoulenSoulen2001_2">{{cite book|author1=Richard N. Soulen|author2=R. Kendall Soulen|title=Handbook of biblical criticism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ooGh9TTe0jUC&pg=PA97|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=November 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22314-4|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Petersen2002">{{cite book|author=David L. Petersen|title=The prophetic literature: an introduction|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z9zLXRhNl9MC&pg=PA140|accessdate=9 March 2010|date=April 2002|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25453-7|page=140}}</ref><ref name="Whitters2003">{{cite book|author=Mark F. Whitters|title=The Epistle of Second Baruch: a study in form and message|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L9KTyCCbeXcC&pg=PA58|accessdate=9 March 2010|year=2003|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-6216-9|page=58}}</ref>
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| * [[Sitz im Leben]] (setting in life, context)
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| == German terms mostly used for literary effect ==
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| There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context:
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| | |
| * [[Autobahn]] — particularly common in [[British English]] and [[American English]] referring specifically to German [[motorway]]s.
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| * [[wiktionary:Achtung|Achtung]] — Literally, "attention" in English.
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| * [[wiktionary:Frau|Frau]] and [[Fräulein]] — Woman and young woman or girl, respectively in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau — Mrs. and ''Fräulein'' — Miss; in Germany, however, the diminutive ''Fräulein'' lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now commonly referred to as ''Frau'', because from 1972 the term ''Fräulein'' has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned.
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| * [[Führer]] (umlaut is usually dropped in English) — always used in English to denote [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] or to connote a Fascistic leader — never used, as is possible in German, simply and unironically to denote a (non-Fascist) leader or guide, (e.g. Bergführer: [[mountain guide]], Stadtführer: city guide (book), Führerschein: [[driving licence]], Geschäftsführer: [[managing director]], Flugzeugführer: [[Pilot in command]])
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| * [[Gott mit uns]] (means "God be with us" in German), the motto of the Prussian king, it was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars, derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds.
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| * [[wiktionary:Hände hoch|Hände hoch]] — hands up
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| * [[wiktionary:Herr|Herr]] In modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. ''Sein eigener Herr sein'': to be his own master). Derived from the adjective ''hehr'', meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title, equivalent to "Lord". (''Herr der Fliegen'' is the German title of ''[[Lord of the Flies]]''.) In a religious context it refers to God.
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| * [[Ich bin ein Berliner]], famous quotation by [[John F. Kennedy]]
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| * [[Leitmotif]] (German spelling: ''Leitmotiv'') Any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.
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| * [[Meister]] — used as a suffix to mean expert (''Maurermeister''), or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports (''Weltmeister'', ''Europameister'', ''Landesmeister'')
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| * [[wiktionary:Nein|Nein]] — no
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| * [[Raus]] — meaning ''Out!'' — shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = ''hinaus'', if on the outside "come out!" = ''heraus''). It is the [[Imperative mood|imperative]] form of the German [[verb]] ''herauskommen'' (coming out (of a room/house/etc.) as in the imperative "''komm raus''"!).<ref>http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-german/out%20+%20hand Hinaus or Heraus</ref>
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| * [[Reich]] — from the Middle High German "rich", as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf the English word "bishopric". In titles as part of a compound noun, for example "Deutsche Reichsbahn", it is equivalent to the English word "national" (German National Railway), or "Reichspost" (National Postal Service). To some English speakers, ''Reich'' strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest Fascism or authoritarianism, e.g., "Herr Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician.
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| * Ja — yes
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| * [[wiktionary:Jawohl|Jawohl]] a German term that connotes an emphatic ''yes'' — "Yes, Indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes sir" in Anglo-American military films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military.
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| * Schnell! — ''Quick!'' or ''Quickly!''
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| * [[Kommandant]] — commander (in the sense of ''person in command'' or [[Commanding officer]], regardless of [[military rank]]), used often in the military in general (''Standortkommandant'': [[Military base|Base]] commander), on battleships and [[U-Boat]]s (Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant), sometimes used on civilian ships and aircraft.
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| * [[Schweinhund]] (German spelling: Schweinehund) — literally: Schwein = [[pig]], Hund = [[dog]], [[vulgarism]] like in ''der verdammte Schweinehund (the damned pig-dog)''. But also used to describe the lack of motivation (for example to quit a bad habit) ''Den [[:de:innerer Schweinehund|inneren Schweinehund]] bekämpfen.'' = to battle the inner ''pig-dog''.
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| * [[Weltschmerz]], world-weariness/world-pain, angst; despair with the world (often used ironically in German)
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| * Wunderbar — wonderful
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| ==Terms rarely used in English==
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| <!-- If a term in this list is common in a particular academic discipline, then please move it to one of the lists above. --> | |
| * [[Ampelmännchen]]
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| * [[Know-it-all|Besserwisser]] – someone who always "knows better"
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| * [[wikt:eierlegende Wollmilchsau|Eierlegende Wollmilchsau]] – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a [[multi-tool]] or exceptionally versatile person (jack of all trades)
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| * [[Fahrvergnügen]] – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a [[Volkswagen]] advertising campaign
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| * [[Gastarbeiter]] – "guest worker", foreign-born worker
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| * [[Götterdämmerung]] – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events
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| * [[Kobold]] – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp"
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| * [[Ordnung muss sein]] – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order.
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| * [[wikt:Schmutz|Schmutz]] – smut, dirt, filth
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| * [[wiktionary:über alles|... über alles]] – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of [[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben|Hoffmann von Fallersleben]]'s poem "[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]" (The Song of the Germans); see also [[Über Alles (disambiguation)]].
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| * [[Vorsprung durch Technik]] – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by [[Audi]]
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| * [[Zweihänder]] – two-handed sword
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| == Quotations ==
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| Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition.
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| | |
| * ''Muss es sein? Es muss sein!'': "Must it be? It must be!" — [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]
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| * ''Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln'': "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means") — [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]]
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| * ''Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa — das Gespenst des Kommunismus'': "A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of communism" — ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''
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| * ''Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!'': "[[Workers of the world, unite!]]" — ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''
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| * ''Gott würfelt nicht'': "God does not play dice" — [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]
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| * ''Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht'': "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" — [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]
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| * ''Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen'': "We must know, we will know" — [[David Hilbert]]
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| * ''Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch?'': "What can I know? What shall I do? What may I hope? What is Man?" — [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]
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| * ''Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk'': "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man" — [[Leopold Kronecker]]
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| * ''Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen!'': "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" — attributed to [[Martin Luther]]
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| * ''Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen'': "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" — [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]
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| * ''Einmal ist keinmal'': "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" — theme of ''[[The Unbearable Lightness of Being]]'' by [[Milan Kundera]]
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| * ''Es lebe die Freiheit'': "Long live freedom" — [[Hans Scholl]]
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of pseudo-German words adapted to English]]
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| * [[List of English words of Dutch origin]]
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| * [[List of English words of Yiddish origin]]
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| * [[Denglisch]]
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| * [[Yinglish]]
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| * [[Anglish]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Literature==
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| *J. Alan Pfeffer, Garland Cannon, ''German Loanwords in English: An Historical Dictionary'', [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1994.
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.germanenglishwords.com Dictionary of Germanisms]
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| * [http://spreadgermanisms.com User-generated collection of Germanisms], including images of spottings.
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| * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Mathematical%20Words.htm Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources] (John Aldrich, University of Southampton) See Section on Contribution of German.
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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| * [http://germanic.zxq.net/HGEngloans.html High German loanwords in English]
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| [[Category:Germany-related lists|Expressions]]
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| [[Category:German language]]
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| [[Category:German words and phrases| ]]
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| [[Category:Lists of English words of foreign origin|German]]
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| [[Category:Lists of loanwords of Germanic origin|English]]
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| [[es:Germanismo]]
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| [[hr:Germanizam]]
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| [[nl:Germanisme]]
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| [[no:Germanisme]]
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| [[pl:Germanizm]]
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| [[ru:Германизм]]
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