Third law of thermodynamics: Difference between revisions

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{{For|the ''Angel'' episode|Ground State (Angel)}}
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[[Image:Energylevels.png|thumb|right|[[Energy level]]s for an [[electron]] in an [[atom]]: '''ground state''' and [[excited state]]s. After absorbing [[energy]], an electron may [[Atomic electron transition|jump]] from the ground state to a higher energy excited state.]]
The '''ground state''' of a [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] system is its lowest-[[energy]] [[stationary state|state]]; the energy of the ground state is known as the [[zero-point energy]] of the system. An [[excited state]] is any state with energy greater than the ground state. The ground state of a [[quantum field theory]] is usually called the [[vacuum state]] or the [[vacuum#The quantum-mechanical vacuum|vacuum]].
 
If more than one ground state exists, they are said to be [[degenerate energy level|degenerate]]. Many systems have degenerate ground states. Degeneracy occurs whenever there exists a [[unitary operator]] which acts non-trivially on a ground state and [[commutator|commutes]] with the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian]] of the system.
 
According to the [[third law of thermodynamics]], a system at [[absolute zero]] [[temperature]] exists in its ground state; thus, its [[entropy]] is determined by the degeneracy of the ground state. Many systems, such as a perfect [[crystal lattice]], have a unique ground state and therefore have zero entropy at absolute zero. It is also possible for the highest excited state to have [[absolute zero]] [[temperature]] for systems that exhibit [[negative temperature]].
{{clear}}
 
==Examples==
[[File:particle in a box wavefunctions 2.svg|thumb|right|upright|Initial wave functions for the first four states of a one-dimensional particle in a box]]
*The [[wave function]] of the ground state of a [[particle in a box|particle in a one-dimensional well]] is a half-period [[sine wave]] which goes to zero at the two edges of the well. The energy of the particle is given by <math>\frac{h^2 n^2}{8 m L^2}</math>, where ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]], ''m'' is the mass of the particle, ''n'' is the energy state (''n'' = 1 corresponds to the ground-state energy), and ''L'' is the width of the well.
*The wave function of the ground state of a hydrogen atom is a spherically-symmetric distribution centred on the [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]], which is largest at the center and reduces [[exponential distribution|exponentially]] at larger distances. The [[electron]] is most likely to be found at a distance from the nucleus equal to the [[Bohr radius]]. This function is known as the 1s [[atomic orbital]]. For hydrogen (H), an electron in the ground state has energy {{val|-13.6|u=eV}}, relative to the [[Ionization energy|ionization threshold]]. In other words, 13.6 eV is the energy input required for the electron to no longer be [[Bound state|bound]] to the atom.
 
*The exact definition of one [[second]] of [[time]] since 1997 has been the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two [[hyperfine]] levels of the ground state of the [[caesium]] 133 atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K.)<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Unit of time (second)
|work=SI Brochure
|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/second.html
|publisher=[[BIPM]]
|accessdate=2013-12-22}}
</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=The Feynman Lectures on Physics|volume=3| first1=Richard |last1=Feynman|author1-link=Richard Feynman|first2=Robert |last2=Leighton|first3=Matthew|last3= Sands|year=1965|chapter=see section 2-5 for energy levels, 19 for the hydrogen atom|url=http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_toc.html}}
<!-- Covered in any QM textbook - from the Feynman lectures, see section 2-5 for energy levels, 19 for the hydrogen atom -->
 
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

Latest revision as of 19:33, 11 January 2015

There have been several recent research on the amount of overweight people inside society today. Both adults plus kids, young people and seniors are often too heavy. If you too are overweight plus desire to make a change inside a appearance, or when a doctor has told we which fat reduction is necessary, then the following article usually supply some background info, tips plus tricks on how to get rid of weight rapidly.

One must follow a healthy diet plus include foods like soy goods, egg whites, lean meat, dairy foods without fats, vegetables and fruits inside their daily diet in purchase to lose weight fast plus safely. Avoid eating junk foods. Try to include salads, pastas plus fibrous foods inside your daily diet. You are able to replace white bread with brown bread. Use skimmed milk inside destination of the normal 1, as it has less amount of fats.

The ideal time to do any cardio exercise is initially thing inside the morning before you eat anything. What happens is the fact that considering we haven't eaten anything throughout the night, because you have been asleep, your body has to employ calories that are stored inside your body and burning calories is what we want if you need to lose weight.

High protein foods promote muscle building, which helps burn fat. Also, excess proteins are a "cleaner" source of vitality than fat or carbohydrates.

11 Say no to white carbohydrates. This involves white rice, white flour treatments like bread, pastries plus starchy vegetables like how to lose weight fast potatoes. Instead loads up the body on fiber rich foods plus lean protein.

These food arrive as single servings so we eat really the right amount to remain inside the calorie count. All you must do is warm the meal inside the microwave plus enjoy. Along with removing temptation, diet plans moreover remove the difficulty associated with meal planning plus buying whenever we go on a diet. Forget all of the complicated stuff. Just order the food that appeal to you plus they will arrive at the door. If you don't wish To choose and choose your food you are able to even let the company choose the meals for you thus we have a balanced diet.

Are we one that consumes at least 3 food a day or even more? Well, that's fine because you'll find out how to utilize those meals to burn away the fat and receive the body you've been wanting. You usually equally find a step-by-step program to achieve the results that different diets like the Atkins diet, South Beach, Jenny Craig, etc., haven't. The success of fat loss 4 Idiots speaks for itself.