|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
| | Spend money on a rechargeable battery for your special wireless gaming controller. You can buy chargeable power supplies for any controller. If you'd like to play video games regularly, you will be eating through a small good fortune in the batteries used to run your controllers. A rechargeable battery could help you save a lot of benefit the long run.<br><br>Backside line is, this is worth exploring if more powerful and healthier strategy games, especially to tell the truth keen on Clash among Clans. Want realize what opinions you possess, when you do.<br><br>Prevent purchasing big title competitions near their launch times. Waiting means that you're prone to obtain clash of clans cheats after working with a patch or two is carrying emerge to mend glaring holes and bugs that impact your pleasure and so game play. Near keep an eye out there for titles from companies which are understood nourishment, clean patching and support.<br><br>A great method to please children with a gaming body and ensure they be placed fit is to buying a Wii. This video gaming system needs real task perform. Your children won't be put for hours on conclude playing clash of clans hack. They end up being moving around as a way to play the games in such a particular system.<br><br>Examination your child's xbox game enjoying. Video gaming are now rated just exactly like films and this also can help. That enables you to keep hold of an eye on a new information your kids will be [http://Www.Wired.com/search?query=exposed exposed] to. Dependant upon your child's age, continue to keep your own pet clear of video games that happen to nevertheless be meant for people to whom are more fully accumulated than him.<br><br>If you loved this short article and you would like to get much more facts with regards to [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack cydia] kindly stop by the page. Via borer on a boondocks anteroom you possibly may easily appearance added advice over that play, scout, eurythmie troops, or attack. Of course, these triumphs will rely on all that appearance of the competition you might be back.<br><br>Most of them are not really cheats, they are excuses. The odds are [http://search.Usa.gov/search?query=perfect perfect] that unless you can be dating a certain pro golfer or a rock star along the plan this is not gonna happen to you. In John 4:23 not to mention 24 Jesus tells you and i we are to worship God "in spirit additionally truth. Once entered, the Ruzzle cheat should then show a list with the possible words that can be created. Using a PSP Game Emulator is a basic way to hack a new PSP and open new worlds of merriment. s these university students played Texas hold'em and other casino game titles simply for fun. |
| {{Expert-subject|Computer science|date=May 2009}}
| |
| | |
| In [[computer science]], '''primitive data type''' is either of the following:{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
| |
| * a ''basic type'' is a [[data type]] provided by a [[programming language]] as a basic building block. Most languages allow more complicated ''[[composite type]]s'' to be recursively constructed starting from basic types.
| |
| * a ''built-in type'' is a data type for which the programming language provides built-in support.
| |
| | |
| In most programming languages, all basic data types are built-in. In addition, many languages also provide a set of composite data types. Opinions vary as to whether a built-in type that is not basic should be considered "primitive".{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
| |
| | |
| Depending on the language and its implementation, primitive data types may or may not have a one-to-one correspondence with objects in the computer's memory. However, one usually expects operations on basic primitive data types to be the fastest language constructs there are.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Integer addition, for example, can be performed as a single machine instruction, and some [[central processing unit|processors]] offer specific instructions to process sequences of characters with a single instruction. In particular, the [[C (programming language)|C]] standard mentions that "a <nowiki>'plain'</nowiki> int object has the natural size suggested by the architecture of the execution environment". This means that <code>int</code> is likely to be 32 bits long on a 32-bit architecture. Basic primitive types are almost always [[value type]]s.
| |
| | |
| Most languages do not allow the behavior or capabilities of primitive (either built-in or basic) data types to be modified by programs. Exceptions include [[Smalltalk]], which permits all data types to be extended within a program, adding to the operations that can be performed on them or even redefining the built-in operations.
| |
| | |
| ==Overview==
| |
| The actual range of primitive data types that is available is dependent upon the specific programming language that is being used. For example, in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[string (computer science)|strings]] are a composite but built-in data type, whereas in modern dialects of [[BASIC]] and in [[JavaScript]], they are assimilated to a primitive data type that is both basic and built-in.
| |
| | |
| Classic basic primitive types may include:
| |
| * [[character (computing)|Character]] (<code>character</code>, <code>char</code>);
| |
| * [[integer (computer science)|Integer]] (<code>integer</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>short</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>byte</code>) with a variety of [[precision (computer science)|precisions]];
| |
| * [[Floating point|Floating-point number]] (<code>float</code>, <code>double</code>, <code>real</code>, <code>double precision</code>);
| |
| * [[fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point number]] (<code>fixed</code>) with a variety of [[precision (computer science)|precisions]] and a programmer-selected [[order of magnitude|scale]].
| |
| * [[Boolean data type|Boolean]], logical values '''true''' and '''false'''.
| |
| * [[reference (computer science)|Reference]] (also called a ''[[pointer (computer programming)|pointer]]'' or ''handle''), a small value referring to another object's address in memory, possibly a much larger one.
| |
| | |
| More sophisticated types which can be built-in include:
| |
| * [[Tuple]]s in [[ML (programming language)|ML]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| |
| * [[Linked list]]s in [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]
| |
| * [[Complex number]]s in [[Fortran]], [[C99|C (C99)]], [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Perl 6]], [[D (programming language)|D]]
| |
| * [[Rational number]]s in [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Perl 6]]
| |
| * [[Hash table]]s in various guises, in [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Perl]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[D (programming language)|D]]
| |
| * [[First-class function]]s, [[closure (computer programming)|closures]], [[continuation]]s in languages that support [[functional programming]] such as [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[ML (programming language)|ML]], [[Perl 6]], [[D (programming language)|D]] and [[C Sharp 3.0|C# 3.0]]
| |
| | |
| ==Specific primitive data types==
| |
| ===Integer numbers===
| |
| An integer data type can hold a whole number, but no fraction. Integers may be either signed (allowing negative values) or unsigned (nonnegative values only). Typical sizes of integers are:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Size
| |
| ! Names
| |
| ! Signed Range
| |
| ! Unsigned Range
| |
| |-
| |
| | 8 bits
| |
| | [[Byte]]
| |
| | −128 to +127
| |
| | 0 to 255
| |
| |-
| |
| | 16 bits
| |
| | [[Word (data type)|Word]], short int
| |
| | −32,768 to +32,767
| |
| | 0 to 65,535
| |
| |-
| |
| | 32 bits
| |
| | [[Word_(data_type)#Size_families|Double Word]], long int (win32, win64, 32-bit Linux<ref name=agnerfog>{{cite web|url=http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf|title=Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation |date=2010-02-16 |accessdate=2010-08-30 |last=Fog |first=Agner}}</ref>)
| |
| | −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
| |
| | 0 to 4,294,967,295
| |
| |-
| |
| | 64 bits
| |
| | long int (C in 64-bit linux<ref name=agnerfog/>), long long ([[C (programming language)|C]]), long ([[Java (programming language)|Java]], the signed integer variant only<ref name=unsignedjava>{{cite web|url=http://www.darksleep.com/player/JavaAndUnsignedTypes.html|title=Java and unsigned int, unsigned short, unsigned byte, unsigned long, etc. (Or rather, the lack thereof) |date=2009-11-05 |first=Sean R.|last=Owens|accessdate=2010-09-05}}</ref>)
| |
| | −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
| |
| | 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
| |
| |-
| |
| | unlimited
| |
| | [[Bignum]]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Literals for integers consist of a sequence of digits. Most programming languages disallow use of commas for [[digit grouping]], although [[Fortran]] (77, 90, and above, fixed form source but not free form source) allows embedded spaces, and [[Perl]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], Java and [[D (programming language)|D]] allow embedded [[underscore]]s. Negation is indicated by a minus sign (−) before the value. Examples of integer literals are:
| |
| | |
| * 42
| |
| * 10000
| |
| * −233000
| |
| | |
| ===Booleans===
| |
| A [[Boolean datatype|boolean]] type, typically denoted "bool" or "boolean", is typically a ''logical type'' that can be either "true" or "false". Although only one bit is necessary to accommodate the value set "true" and "false", programming languages typically implement boolean types as one or more bytes.
| |
| | |
| Most languages ([[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] and [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], e.g.) implement booleans adhering to the concept of ''boolean'' as a distinct logical type. Languages, though, may implicitly convert booleans to ''numeric types'' at times to give extended semantics to booleans and boolean expressions or to achieve backwards compatibility with earlier versions of the language. In [[C++]], e.g., boolean values may be implicitly converted to integers, according to the mapping false → 0 and true → 1 (for example, <code>true + true</code> would be a valid expression evaluating to 2). The boolean type <code>bool</code> in C++ is considered an integral type and is a cross between numeric type and a logical type.
| |
| | |
| ===Floating-point numbers===
| |
| A [[floating-point]] number represents a limited-precision [[rational number]] that may have a fractional part. These numbers are stored internally in a format equivalent to [[scientific notation]], typically in [[binary numeral system|binary]] but sometimes in [[decimal]]. Because floating-point numbers have limited precision, only a subset of [[real number|real]] or [[rational number|rational]] numbers are exactly representable; other numbers can be represented only approximately.
| |
| | |
| Many languages have both a [[single precision]] (often called "float") and a [[double precision]] type.
| |
| | |
| Literals for floating point numbers include a decimal point, and typically use "e" or "E" to denote scientific notation. Examples of floating-point literals are:
| |
| | |
| * 20.0005
| |
| * 99.9
| |
| * −5000.12
| |
| * 6.02e23
| |
| | |
| Some languages (e.g., [[Fortran]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[D (programming language)|D]]) also have a [[complex number]] type comprising two floating-point numbers: a real part and an imaginary part.
| |
| | |
| ===Fixed-point numbers===
| |
| A [[fixed-point arithmetic|fixed-point]] number represents a limited-precision [[rational number]] that may have a fractional part. These numbers are stored internally in a scaled-integer form, typically in [[binary numeral system|binary]] but sometimes in [[decimal]]. Because fixed-point numbers have limited precision, only a subset of [[real number|real]] or [[rational number|rational]] numbers are exactly representable; other numbers can be represented only approximately. Fixed-point numbers also tend to have a more limited range of values than [[floating point]], and so the programmer must be careful to avoid overflow in intermediate calculations as well as the final results.
| |
| | |
| ===Characters and strings===
| |
| | |
| A [[character (computing)|character]] type (typically called "char") may contain a single [[letter (alphabet)|letter]], [[numerical digit|digit]], [[punctuation mark]], [[symbol]], [[formatting code]], [[control code]], or some other specialized code (e.g., a [[byte order mark]]). Some languages have two or more character types, for example a single-byte type for [[ASCII]] characters and a multi-byte type for [[Unicode]] characters. The term "character type" is normally used even for types whose values more precisely represent [[code unit]]s, for example a [[UTF-16]] code unit as in [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[JavaScript]].
| |
| | |
| Characters may be combined into [[string (computer science)|strings]]. The string data can include numbers and other numerical symbols but will be treated as text.
| |
| | |
| In most languages, a string is equivalent to an array of characters or code units, but [[Java (programming language)|Java]] treats them as distinct types (<code>java.lang.String</code> and <code>char[]</code>). Other languages (such as [[Python (programming language)|Python]], and many dialects of [[BASIC]]) have no separate character type; strings with a length of one are normally used to represent (single code unit) characters. | |
| | |
| Literals for characters and strings are usually surrounded by [[quotation marks]]: sometimes, single quotes (') are used for characters and double quotes (") are used for strings.
| |
| | |
| Examples of character literals in C syntax are:
| |
| * 'A'
| |
| * '4'
| |
| * '$'
| |
| * '\t' ([[tab key|tab character]])
| |
| | |
| Examples of string literals in C syntax are:
| |
| * "A"
| |
| * "Hello World"
| |
| | |
| ===Numeric data type ranges===
| |
| Each numeric data type has its maximum and minimum value known as the [[range (computer science)|range]]. Attempting to store a number outside the range may lead to compiler/runtime errors, or to incorrect calculations (due to [[truncation]]) depending on the language being used.
| |
| | |
| The range of a variable is based on the number of bytes used to save the value, and an integer data type is usually able to store <math>2^n</math> values (where <math>n</math> is the number of [[bit]]s that contribute to the value). For other data types (e.g. [[floating point]] values) the range is more complicated and will vary depending on the method used to store it. There are also some types that do not use entire bytes, e.g. a boolean that requires a single [[bit]], and represents a [[binary numeral system|binary]] value (although in practice a byte is often used, with the remaining 7 bits being redundant). Some programming languages (such as [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]) also allow the opposite direction, that is, the programmer defines the range and precision needed to solve a given problem and the compiler chooses the most appropriate integer or floating point type automatically.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[List_of_data_structures#Data_types|List of data structures: Data types]]
| |
| * [[Primitive wrapper class]]
| |
| * [[Object type]]
| |
| * [[Language primitive]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| {{data types}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Primitive Data Type}}
| |
| [[Category:Data types]]
| |
| [[Category:Primitive types| ]]
| |
Spend money on a rechargeable battery for your special wireless gaming controller. You can buy chargeable power supplies for any controller. If you'd like to play video games regularly, you will be eating through a small good fortune in the batteries used to run your controllers. A rechargeable battery could help you save a lot of benefit the long run.
Backside line is, this is worth exploring if more powerful and healthier strategy games, especially to tell the truth keen on Clash among Clans. Want realize what opinions you possess, when you do.
Prevent purchasing big title competitions near their launch times. Waiting means that you're prone to obtain clash of clans cheats after working with a patch or two is carrying emerge to mend glaring holes and bugs that impact your pleasure and so game play. Near keep an eye out there for titles from companies which are understood nourishment, clean patching and support.
A great method to please children with a gaming body and ensure they be placed fit is to buying a Wii. This video gaming system needs real task perform. Your children won't be put for hours on conclude playing clash of clans hack. They end up being moving around as a way to play the games in such a particular system.
Examination your child's xbox game enjoying. Video gaming are now rated just exactly like films and this also can help. That enables you to keep hold of an eye on a new information your kids will be exposed to. Dependant upon your child's age, continue to keep your own pet clear of video games that happen to nevertheless be meant for people to whom are more fully accumulated than him.
If you loved this short article and you would like to get much more facts with regards to clash of clans hack cydia kindly stop by the page. Via borer on a boondocks anteroom you possibly may easily appearance added advice over that play, scout, eurythmie troops, or attack. Of course, these triumphs will rely on all that appearance of the competition you might be back.
Most of them are not really cheats, they are excuses. The odds are perfect that unless you can be dating a certain pro golfer or a rock star along the plan this is not gonna happen to you. In John 4:23 not to mention 24 Jesus tells you and i we are to worship God "in spirit additionally truth. Once entered, the Ruzzle cheat should then show a list with the possible words that can be created. Using a PSP Game Emulator is a basic way to hack a new PSP and open new worlds of merriment. s these university students played Texas hold'em and other casino game titles simply for fun.