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| {{Blacklisted-links|1=
| | Start off in a pair for the lovely island where your amazing peaceful village is experiencing beaches and woods till the enemies known mainly because the BlackGuard led by Lieutenant Hammerman invades your area. After managing to guard against a little invasion force, he provides avenge his loss throughout battle.<br><br>When you are locating a definite handle system tough on use, optimize the settings within your activity. The default manage strategy might not be for everyone. Some different people prefer a better let you know screen, a set within more sensitive management otherwise perhaps an [http://www.dict.cc/englisch-deutsch/inverted+develop.html inverted develop]. If you have any sort of questions regarding where and how you can make use of [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hacks], you could contact us at our web-page. In several video recordings gaming, you may master these from the setting's area.<br><br>Okazaki, japan tartan draws incentive through your country's fascination with cherry blossom and carries pink, white, green while brown lightly colours. clash of clans cheats. Determined by is called Sakura, asia for cherry blossom.<br><br>On the internet games acquire more to offer your son nor daughter than only a method to capture points. Try deciding on dvds that instruct your teen some thing. As an example, sports outings video games will make it possible to your youngster learn guidelines for game titles, and exactly how web-based games are played from. Check out some testimonials in discover game titles it supply a learning skill instead of just mindless, repeated motion.<br><br>Desktop pc games are a wonderful of fun, but the businesses could be very tricky, also. If your company are put on a game, go on generally web and also desire for cheats. A great number of games have some model of cheat or cheats that can make associated with a lot easier. Only search in your favorite search engine and even you can certainly hit upon cheats to get you're action better.<br><br>By - borer on a boondocks anteroom you possibly can appearance added advice over that play, scout, union troops, or attack. Of course, these results will rely on all that appearance of the fights you might be in.<br><br>In which to conclude, clash of clans hack tool no survey must not be legal to get in during of the bigger question: what makes we here? Putting this aside its of great importance. It replenishes the self, provides financial security and also always chips in. |
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| *:''Triggered by <code>\bmathsball\.blogspot\.com\.es</code> on the global blacklist''|bot=Cyberbot II}}
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| {{refimprove|date=November 2011}}
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| {{Electoral systems}}
| |
| | |
| The '''largest remainder method''' (also known as '''[[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Hare]]-Niemeyer method''' or as Vinton's method<ref>{{cite book|last=Tannenbaum|first=Peter|title=Excursions in Modern Mathematics|year=2010|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=New York|isbn=978-0-321-56803-8|pages=128|url=http://www.mypearsonstore.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=9780321568038}}</ref>) is one way of [[Apportionment (politics)|allocating seats proportionally]] for representative assemblies with [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]] [[voting systems]]. It contrasts with the [[highest averages method]].
| |
| | |
| ==Method==
| |
| | |
| The ''largest remainder method'' requires the numbers of votes for each party to be divided by a quota representing the number of votes ''required'' for a seat (i.e. usually the total number of votes cast divided by the number of seats, or some similar formula). The result for each party will usually consist of an [[integer]] part plus a [[fraction (mathematics)|fractional]] [[remainder]]. Each party is first allocated a number of seats equal to their integer. This will generally leave some seats unallocated: the parties are then ranked on the basis of the fractional remainders, and the parties with the largest remainders are each allocated one additional seat until all the seats have been allocated. This gives the method its name.
| |
| | |
| ==Quotas==
| |
| | |
| There are several possibilities for the quota. The most common are:
| |
| the [[Hare quota]] and the [[Droop quota]].
| |
| | |
| The Hare (or simple) Quota is defined as follows
| |
| | |
| :<math>\frac{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{votes}}{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{seats}}</math>
| |
| | |
| The '''Hamilton method of apportionment''' is actually a largest-remainder method which uses the Hare Quota. It is named after [[Alexander Hamilton]], who invented the largest-remainder method in 1792. It is used for legislative elections in [[Russia]] (with a 7% exclusion threshold since 2007), [[Ukraine]] (3% threshold), [[Namibia]] and [[Hong Kong]]. It was historically applied for [[United States Congressional Apportionment|congressional apportionment]] in the [[United States]] during the 19th century.
| |
| | |
| The [[Droop quota]] is the integer part of
| |
| :<math>1+\frac{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{votes}}{1+\mbox{total} \; \mbox{seats}}</math>
| |
| and is applied in elections in South Africa. The [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]] is virtually identical, being
| |
| :<math>\frac{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{votes}}{1+\mbox{total} \; \mbox{seats}}</math>
| |
| either used as a fraction or rounded up.
| |
| | |
| The Hare quota tends to be slightly more generous to less popular parties and the Droop quota to more popular parties, and can arguably be considered more proportional than Droop quota<ref>See the following references: [http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp334-e.pdf] [http://polmeth.wustl.edu/polanalysis/vol/8/PA84-381-388.pdf] [http://www.dur.ac.uk/john.ashworth/EPCS/Papers/Suojanen.pdf] [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sann2300/041102-ceg-electoral-consequences-lijphart.shtml] [http://janda.org/c24/Readings/Lijphart/Lijphart.html].</ref> although it is more likely to give fewer than half the seats to a list with more than half the vote.
| |
| | |
| The [[Imperiali quota]]
| |
| :<math>\frac{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{votes}}{2+\mbox{total} \; \mbox{seats}}</math>
| |
| is rarely used since it suffers from the defect that it might result in more seats being allocated than there are available (this can also occur with the [[Hagenbach-Bischoff quota]] but it is very unlikely, and it is impossible with the Hare and Droop quotas). This will certainly happen if there are only two parties. In such a case, it is usual to increase the quota until the number of candidates elected is equal to the number of seats available, in effect changing the voting system to the Jefferson apportionment formula (see [[D'Hondt method]]).
| |
| | |
| == Examples==
| |
| | |
| These examples take an election to allocate 10 seats where there are 100,000 votes.
| |
| | |
| ===Hare quota===
| |
| <table border=1>
| |
| <tr>
| |
| <td >Party</td>
| |
| <td >Yellows</td>
| |
| <td >Whites</td>
| |
| <td >Reds</td>
| |
| <td >Greens</td>
| |
| <td >Blues</td>
| |
| <td >Pinks</td>
| |
| <td >Total</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes</td>
| |
| <td >47,000</td>
| |
| <td >16,000</td>
| |
| <td >15,800</td>
| |
| <td >12,000</td>
| |
| <td >6,100</td>
| |
| <td >3,100</td>
| |
| <td >100,000</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Seats</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >10</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Hare Quota</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >10,000</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes/Quota</td>
| |
| <td >4.70</td>
| |
| <td >1.60</td>
| |
| <td >1.58</td>
| |
| <td >1.20</td>
| |
| <td >0.61</td>
| |
| <td >0.31</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Automatic seats</td>
| |
| <td >4</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Remainder</td>
| |
| <td >0.70</td>
| |
| <td >0.60</td>
| |
| <td >0.58</td>
| |
| <td >0.20</td>
| |
| <td >0.61</td>
| |
| <td >0.31</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Highest Remainder Seats </td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >3</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Total Seats </td>
| |
| <td >5</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >10</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| </table>
| |
| | |
| ===Droop quota===
| |
| <table border=1>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Party</td>
| |
| <td >Yellows</td>
| |
| <td >Whites</td>
| |
| <td >Reds</td>
| |
| <td >Greens</td>
| |
| <td >Blues</td>
| |
| <td >Pinks</td>
| |
| <td >Total</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes</td>
| |
| <td >47,000</td>
| |
| <td >16,000</td>
| |
| <td >15,800</td>
| |
| <td >12,000</td>
| |
| <td >6,100</td>
| |
| <td >3,100</td>
| |
| <td >100,000</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Seats</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >10</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Droop Quota</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >9,091</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes/Quota </td>
| |
| <td >5.170</td>
| |
| <td >1.760</td>
| |
| <td >1.738</td>
| |
| <td >1.320</td>
| |
| <td >0.671</td>
| |
| <td >0.341</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Automatic seats </td>
| |
| <td >5</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >8</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Remainder</td>
| |
| <td >0.170</td>
| |
| <td >0.760</td>
| |
| <td >0.738</td>
| |
| <td >0.320</td>
| |
| <td >0.671</td>
| |
| <td >0.341</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Highest Remainder Seats </td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Total Seats </td>
| |
| <td >5</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >10</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| </table>
| |
| | |
| ===Pros and cons===
| |
| :It is relatively easy for a voter to understand how the largest remainder method allocates seats. The Hare quota gives an advantage to smaller parties while the Droop quota favours larger parties.<ref>See for example the [[Hong Kong legislative election, 2012#Geographical_constituencies_.2835_seats.29|2012 election in Hong Kong Island]] where the DAB ran as two lists and gained twice as many seats as the single-list Civic despite receiving fewer votes in total: [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/world/asia/hong-kong-voting-for-legislature-is-heavy.html?pagewanted=all New York Times report]</ref> However, whether a list gets an extra seat or not may well depend on how the remaining votes are distributed among other parties: it is quite possible for a party to make a slight percentage gain yet lose a seat if the votes for other parties also change. A related feature is that increasing the number of seats may cause a party to lose a seat (the so-called [[Alabama paradox]]). The [[highest averages method]]s avoid this latter paradox but since no apportionment method is entirely free from paradox<ref>
| |
| {{cite book |title=Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote |last=Balinski |first=Michel |author2=H. Peyton Young |year=1982 |publisher=Yale Univ Pr |isbn=0-300-02724-9 }}</ref>, they introduce others like quota violation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rangevoting.org/Apportion.html|title=RangeVoting: Apportionment and rounding schemes|author=Messner et al.|accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref>.
| |
| | |
| ==Technical evaluation and paradoxes==
| |
| The largest remainder method is the only apportionment that satisfies the [[quota rule]]; in fact, it is designed to satisfy this criterion. However, it comes at the cost of [[Apportionment paradox|paradoxical behaviour]]. The [[Alabama paradox]] is exhibited when an increase in seats apportioned leads to a decrease in the number of seats allocated to a certain party. Suppose 25 seats are to be apportioned between 6 parties with votes cast in the proportions 1500:1500:900:500:500:200. The two parties with 500 votes get three seats each. Now allocate 26 seats, and it will be found that the these parties get only two seats apiece.
| |
| | |
| With 25 seats, we get:
| |
| | |
| <table border=1> | |
| <tr>
| |
| <td >Party</td>
| |
| <td >A</td>
| |
| <td >B</td>
| |
| <td >C</td>
| |
| <td >D</td>
| |
| <td >E</td>
| |
| <td >F</td>
| |
| <td >Total</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes</td>
| |
| <td >1500</td>
| |
| <td >1500</td>
| |
| <td >900</td>
| |
| <td >500</td>
| |
| <td >500</td>
| |
| <td >200</td>
| |
| <td >5100</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Seats</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >25</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Hare Quota</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >204</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Quotas Received</td>
| |
| <td >7.35</td>
| |
| <td >7.35</td>
| |
| <td >4.41</td>
| |
| <td >2.45</td>
| |
| <td >2.45</td>
| |
| <td >0.98</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Automatic seats</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >4</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >22</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Remainder</td>
| |
| <td >0.35</td>
| |
| <td >0.35</td>
| |
| <td >0.41</td>
| |
| <td >0.45</td>
| |
| <td >0.45</td>
| |
| <td >0.98</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Surplus seats</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >3</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Total Seats </td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >4</td>
| |
| <td >3</td>
| |
| <td >3</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >25</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| </table>
| |
| | |
| With 26 seats, we have:
| |
| <table border=1>
| |
| <tr>
| |
| <td >Party</td>
| |
| <td >A</td>
| |
| <td >B</td>
| |
| <td >C</td>
| |
| <td >D</td>
| |
| <td >E</td>
| |
| <td >F</td>
| |
| <td >Total</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Votes</td>
| |
| <td >1500</td>
| |
| <td >1500</td>
| |
| <td >900</td>
| |
| <td >500</td>
| |
| <td >500</td>
| |
| <td >200</td>
| |
| <td >5100</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Seats</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >26</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Hare Quota</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| <td >196</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Quotas Received</td>
| |
| <td >7.65</td>
| |
| <td >7.65</td>
| |
| <td >4.59</td>
| |
| <td >2.55</td>
| |
| <td >2.55</td>
| |
| <td >1.02</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Automatic seats</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >7</td>
| |
| <td >4</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >23</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Remainder</td>
| |
| <td >0.65</td>
| |
| <td >0.65</td>
| |
| <td >0.59</td>
| |
| <td >0.55</td>
| |
| <td >0.55</td>
| |
| <td >0.02</td>
| |
| <td > </td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Surplus seats</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >0</td>
| |
| <td >3</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| <tr >
| |
| <td >Total Seats </td>
| |
| <td >8</td>
| |
| <td >8</td>
| |
| <td >5</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >2</td>
| |
| <td >1</td>
| |
| <td >26</td>
| |
| </tr>
| |
| </table>
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/SocialScience/AHamilton.shtml Hamilton method experimentation applet] at [[cut-the-knot]]
| |
| * [http://mathsball.blogspot.com.es/2013/11/the-amazing-case-of-extra-car.html A practical example of the Hamilton's method]
| |
| [[Category:Party-list PR]]
| |
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