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{{about|the Philippine president|the province|Quirino|the train station|Quirino LRT Station|the [[grandstand]]|Quirino Grandstand|the municipality|Quirino, Ilocos Sur}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name          = Elpidio Quirino
|image        = Elpidio R Quirino.jpg
|office        = [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|6th]] [[President of the Philippines]] <br><small>[[Third Republic of the Philippines|2nd President of the Third Republic]]</small>
|term_start    = April 17, 1948
|term_end      = December 30, 1953
|vicepresident = ''None'' <small>(1948–1949)</small><br>[[Fernando López]] <small>(1949–1953)</small>
|predecessor  = [[Manuel Roxas]]
|successor    = [[Ramon Magsaysay]]
|office2      = [[List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines|3rd]] [[Vice President of the Philippines]]
|president2    = [[Manuel Roxas]]
|term_start2  = May 28, 1946
|term_end2    = April 17, 1948
|predecessor2  = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|successor2    = [[Fernando López]]
|office3      = [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
|term_start3  = September 16, 1946
|term_end3    = April 17, 1948
|president3    = [[Manuel Roxas]]
|predecessor3  = Post established
|successor3    = Vacant<br><small>Post later held by [[Joaquín Miguel Elizalde]]</small>
|office4      = [[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]
|term_start4  = May 28, 1946
|term_end4    = November 24, 1946
|president4    = [[Manuel Roxas]]
|predecessor4  = [[Jaime Hernandez]]
|successor4    = [[Miguel Cuaderno]]
|term_start5  = July 25, 1934
|term_end5    = February 18, 1936
|president5    = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
|predecessor5  = [[Vicente Encarnacion]]
|successor5    = [[Antonio de Las Alas]]
|office6      = [[Secretary of Interior and Local Government (Philippines)|Secretary of Interior]]
|term_start6  = 1935
|term_end6    = 1938
|president6    = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
|predecessor6  = [[Severino de las Alas]]
|successor6    = [[Rafael Alunan]]
|office7      = 4th [[President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines]]
|president7  = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|term_start7  = July 9, 1945
|term_end7    = May 28, 1946
|predecessor7 = [[José Avelino]] (acting)
|successor7  = Melecio Arranz
|office8      = [[Senator of the Philippines]]
|term_start8  = July 9, 1945
|term_end8    = May 28, 1946
|office9      = [[Senator of the Philippines]] from the [[Senatorial_districts_of_the_Philippines#First_District|First Senatorial District]]
|term_start9  = 1925
|term_end9    = November 15, 1935 <br>Served with:<br> [[Isabelo de los Reyes]] <small>(1925–1928)</small> <br>Melecio Arranz <small>(1928–1935)</small>
|predecessor9  = Santiago Fonacier
|successor9    = Position abolished 
|office10      = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Sur]]'s [[Legislative_districts_of_Ilocos_Sur#1st_District|1st]] District
|term_start10  = 1919
|term_end10    = 1925
|predecessor10  = Alberto Reyes
|successor10    = Vicente Singson Pablo
|birth_name    = Elpidio Rivera Quirino
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1890|11|16}}
|birth_place  = [[Vigan City|Vigan]], [[Spanish East Indies]] (now [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]])
|death_date    = {{death date and age|1956|2|29|1890|11|16}}
|death_place  = [[Quezon City]], [[Philippines]]
|resting_place = [[Manila South Cemetery]], [[Makati City]], Philippines
|party        = [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]<br>[[Nacionalista Party]]
|spouse        = Alicia Syquia (widowed)
|children      = Tomas Quirino<br>Armando Quirino<br>[[Victoria Quirino-Delgado]]<br>Fe Angela Quirino<br>Louie Quirino
|profession    = Lawyer
|alma_mater    = [[University of the Philippines College of Law]]
|religion      = Roman Catholicism
|signature    = Quirino Sig.png
}}
'''Elpidio Rivera Quirino''' (November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a [[Philippines|Filipino]] politician, and the sixth [[President of the Philippines]].
 
A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of [[Ilocos Sur]] from 1919 to 1925. He was then elected as senator from 1925–1931. In 1934, he became a member of the Philippine independence commission that was sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] to [[American Congress]]. In 1935, he was also elected to become member of the convention that will write the draft of then [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines|1935 constitution]] for the newly established [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]]. At the new government, he served as secretary of the interior and finance under [[Manuel Quezon|Quezon]]'s cabinet.
 
After the war, Quirino was elected vice-president in [[Philippine general election, 1946|1946 election]], consequently the second and last for the Commonwealth and first for the [[Third Republic of the Philippines|third republic]]. After the death of the incumbent president [[Manuel Roxas]] in 1948, he succeeded the presidency. In what was claimed to be a dishonest and fraudulent<ref name="quirino-phil-arch">{{cite web|url=http://philippines-archipelago.com/people/presidents/elpidio_quirino.html|title=Elpidio Quirino|accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> [[Philippine general election, 1949|1949 presidential election]], he won the president's office under [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party ticket]], defeating [[Nacionalista]] vie and former president [[José P. Laurel]] as well as fellow ''Liberalista'' and former [[Senate President of the Philippines|Senate President]] [[José Avelino]].
 
The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the [[Hukbalahap]]s, who ransacked towns and barrios.<ref name="quirino-phil-arch"/> Quirino ran for president again in the [[Philippine general election, 1953|1953 presidential election]], but was defeated by [[Nacionalista]] [[Ramon Magsaysay]].
 
After his term, he retired to his new country home in [[Quezon City#Novaliches|Novaliches, Quezon City]], where he died of a heart attack on February 29, 1956.
 
==Early life and career==
Elpidio Quirino was a native of [[Caoayan]], [[Ilocos Sur province|Ilocos Sur]] although born in [[Vigan City|Vigan]], [[Ilocos Sur]] to [[Don Mariano Quirino]] of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and [[Doña Gregoria Mendoza Rivera]] of [[Agoo]], [[La Union]]. Quirino spent his early years in [[Aringay]], [[La Union]]. He studied and graduated his elementary education to his native Caoayan, where he became a barrio teacher. He received secondary education at Vigan High School, then went to Manila where he worked as junior computer technician at the Bureau of Lands and as property clerk in the Manila police department. He graduated from Manila High School in 1911 and also passed the civil service examination, first-grade.
 
Quirino attended the [[University of the Philippines]]. In 1915, he earned his law degree from the university's [[University of the Philippines College of Law|College of Law]], and was admitted to the bar later that year. He was engaged in the private practice of law.
 
==Personal life==
Quirino was married to [[Alicia Syquia]],  on January 16, 1921 the couple had 5 children namely Tomas Quirino, Armando Quirino, [[Victoria Quirino-Delgado]] (1931–2006), Fe Angela Quirino and Louie Quirino.
 
Several of Quirino's relatives became public figures in their own rights:
*[[Antonio Quirino]], brother of the former President, owner of Alto Broadcsting System, which later merged with Chronicle Broadcasting Network to form [[ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation]].
*[[Poncy Quirino]], grandson of the former President and a dance instructor.
*[[Cory Quirino]], granddaughter of the former President and a tri-media health and fitness guru.
 
==Congressional career==
 
===House of Representatives===
He was engaged in the private practice of law until he was elected as member of the [[Philippine House of Representatives]] from 1919 to 1925 succeeding Alberto Reyes. In 1925 he was succeed as Congressman by Vicente Singson Pablo.
 
===Senate===
He was later elected as [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] from 1925 to 1931 representing the [[Senatorial_districts_of_the_Philippines#First_District|First Senatorial District]]. He then served as Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the Interior in the Commonwealth government.
 
In 1934, Quirino was a member of the Philippine Independence mission to Washington, D.C., headed by [[Manuel L. Quezon]] that secured the passage in the United States Congress of the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]. This legislation set the date for Philippine independence by 1945. Official declaration came on July 4, 1946.
 
Before the Second World War, Quirino was re-elected to the Senate but was not able to serve until 1945. During the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]] in World War II, his wife, [[Alicia Quirino|Alicia Syquia]], and three of his five children were killed as they were fleeing their home.
 
After the war, the Philippine Commonwealth Government was restored. The Congress was likewise re-organized and in the Senate Quirino was installed was [[President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President pro tempore]].
 
==Vice-Presidency==
[[File:Elpidio Quirino during Manuel Roxas wake.jpg|thumb|President Elpidio Quirino weeps beside the coffin of his predecessor, Manuel Roxas during the latter's wake in 1948|left|200px]]
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth Government in 1945 Senators [[Manuel Roxas]], Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for the holding on an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December, 1945 the House Insular Affairs of the [[United States Congress]] approved the joint resolution setting the election date at not later than April 30, 1946.
 
Prompted by this congressional action, President [[Sergio Osmeña]] called the [[Congress of the Philippines|Philippine Congress]] to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election on April 23, 1946, and was approved by President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.
 
Senate President pro tempore Elpidio Quirino was nominated as the running mate by newly formed Liberal Party of presidential candidate and then-Senate President [[Manuel Roxas]]. The tandem won the election. Vice-President Quirino was later appointed as Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
 
==Presidency==
{{Infobox President styles
|name=Elpidio R. Quirino
|dipstyle= His Excellency
|offstyle= Your Excellency
|altstyle= Mr. President
}}
Elpidio Quirino's six years as president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption.
 
===Administration and Cabinet===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="center"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[President of the Philippines|President]] || '''Elpidio Quirino''' || 1948–1953
|-
|[[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] || '''Fernando López''' || 1949–1953
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] || '''Elpidio Quirino''' (acting) || April 17, 1948-January 6, 1950
|-
| ||'''Felino Neri'''||January 6, 1950-May 1950
|-
| ||'''[[Carlos P. Romulo]]'''||May 1950 – 1951
|-
| ||'''Joaquín Miguel Elizalde'''|| April 18, 1952-December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Secretary of the Interior]] || '''[[Sotero Baluyut]]''' || September 21, 1948 – 1951
|-
|[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]] || '''[[Miguel Cuaderno]]''' || April 17, 1948-January 2, 1949
|-
| || '''[[Pío Pedrosa]]''' || January 5, 1949 – September 12, 1951
|-
| || '''[[Aurelio Montinola, Sr.]] || April 18, 1952 – December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Secretary of Justice]] || '''Roman Ozaeta''' || May 28, 1946 – September 1948
|-
| || '''[[Sabino Padilla]]''' || September 17, 1948 – June 1949
|-
| || '''[[Ricardo Nepomuceno]]''' || July 1949 – July 1950
|-
| || '''[[Jose Bengzon]]''' || December 15, 1950 – September 1951
|-
| || '''[[Oscar Castelo]]''' || April 18, 1952  – August 1953
|-
| || '''[[Roberto Gianzon]]''' || August 1953 – December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources]] || '''[[Plácido Mapa]]''' || September 21, 1948 – 1950
|-
| ||'''[[Fernando López]]''' || December 14, 1950&ndash;1953
|-
|[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works and Communications]] || '''[[Ricardo Nepumoceno]]''' || April 17, 1948 – 1949
|-
| ||'''[[Prospero Sanidad]]''' || February 21, 1950 -1951
|-
| ||'''[[Sotero Baluyot]]''' || January 6, 1951 – 1952
|-
|[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works, Transportation and Communications]] || '''[[Pablo Lorenzo]]''' || May 6, 1952 – 1953
|-
|[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports]] || '''[[Prudencio Langcauon]]''' || September 1948 – September 13, 1950
|-
| ||'''[[Pablo Lorenzo]]''' || September 14, 1950 – April 3, 1951
|-
| ||'''[[Teodoro Evangelista]]''' || May 18, 1951 – September 30, 1951
|-
| ||'''[[Cecilio Putong]]''' || April 18, 1952 – December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)|Secretary of Labor]] || '''[[Primitivo Lovina]]''' || September 21, 1948-December 21, 1950
|-
| ||'''[[Jose Figueras]]''' || December 21, 1950 – December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] || '''[[Ruperto Kangleon]]''' || April 17, 1948-August 31, 1950
|-
|||'''[[Ramon Magsaysay]]'''|| December 14, 1950 – February 28, 1953
|-
|||'''[[Oscar T. Castelo]]'''|| March 1, 1953 – December 19, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Health (Philippines)|Secretary of Health and Public Welfare]] || '''[[Antonio Villarama]]''' || April 17, 1948 – December 31, 1949
|-
|||'''[[Juan S. Salcedo]]'''|| December 14, 1950 – November 10, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines)|Administrator of Social Services]] || '''[[Asunción A. Pérez]]''' || May 6, 1952 – 1953
|-
|[[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Secretary of Trade and Industry]] || '''[[Cornelio Balmaceda]]''' || September 21, 1948 - February 12, 1949
|-
|||'''[[Placido L. Mapa]]'''|| February 12, 1949 - December 30, 1953
|-
|[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]] || '''[[Emilio Abello]]''' ||  April 21, 1948 – September 14, 1948
|-
| || '''[[Teodoro Evangelista]]''' || September 16, 1948 – May 8, 1951
|-
| ||'''[[Marciano Roque]]'''|| February 2, 1952 – December 29, 1953
|-
|[[Department of Budget and Management|Budget Commissioner]] || '''[[Pío Joven]]''' || 1948–1953
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
===First term (1948–1949)===
 
====Accession====
[[File:Qurinoinugration1948.jpg|thumb|right|Vice-President Elpidio Quirino was inaugurated as the 6th President of the Philippines on April 17, 1948 at the Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañan Palace.]]
Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948, taking his oath of office two days after the death of [[Manuel Roxas]]. His first official act as the President was the proclamation of a [[state funeral|state mourning]] throughout the country for Roxas' death. Since Quirino was a widower, his surviving daughter [[Victoria Quirino Delgado|Vicky]] would serve as the official hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the [[First Lady of the Philippines|First Lady]].
 
====New capital city====
On July 17, 1948, the Congress approved Republic Act No. 333, amending Commonwealth Act No. 502, declaring [[Quezon City]] the capital of the [[Philippines]] in place of [[Manila]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref> Nevertheless, pending the official transfer of the government offices to the new capital site, Manila remained to be such for all effective purposes.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====HukBaLaHap====
 
With the expiration of the Amnesty deadline on August 15, 1948, the government found out that the [[HUKBALAHAP|Huks]] had not lived up to the terms of the Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, after having been seated in Congress and collecting his back pay allowance.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> [[Luis Taruc]] surreptitiously fled away from Manila, even as a measly number of his followers had either submitted themselves to the conditions of the Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their arms. In the face of counter charges from the Huk from to the effect that the government had not satisfied the conditions agreed upon, President Quirino ordered a stepped-up campaign against dissidents, restoring once more to the mailed-fist policy in view of the failure of the friendly attitude previously adopted.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====Fireside chats====
Moreover, to bring the government closer to the people, he revived [[Manuel L. Quezon|President Quezon]]'s "fireside chats", in which he enlightened the people on the activities of the Republic by the periodic radio broadcasts from the [[Malacañan Palace]].
 
====Impeachment attempt====
Riding on the crest of the growing wave of resentment against the Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict President Quirino himself.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Led by Representative Agripino Escareal a committee, composed of seven members of the House of Representatives, prepared a five-count accusation ranging from [[nepotism]] to gross expenditures. [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker]] Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee of seven, headed by Representative [[Lorenzo Sumulong]] to look into the charges preparatory to their filing with the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], acting as an impeachment body. [[Office of the Solicitor General (Philippines)|Solicitor General]] Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance as defense counsel for the chief executive.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Following several hearings, on April 19, 1949, after a rather turbulent session that lasted all night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating the President. Realizing the heavy undertone of politicking behind the move, the exoneration decision was received favorable by the nation at large.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====Romulo becomes UN President====
Great honor<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> was paid the [[Philippines]] when, in September 1949, the Fourth General Assembly of the United Nations elected delegate [[Carlos P. Romulo]] as President. The first<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Oriental to hold the position, Romulo was strongly supported<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> by the [[Anglo-Saxon]] bloc, as well as by the group of Spanish-speaking nations,<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> thus underscoring the hybrid nature of the Filipino people's culture and upringing.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====1949 Presidential election====
{{main|Philippine presidential election, 1949}}
Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino won a full term as [[President of the Philippines]] after the untimely death of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Manuel Roxas]] in 1948. His running mate, [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Fernando López]] won as [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]].  Despite factions created in the administration party, Quirino won a satisfactory vote from the public. It was the only time in Philippine history where the duly elected president, vice president and senators all came from the same party, the Liberal Party. [[Carlos P. Romulo]] and Marvin M. Gray, publisher of the ''[[Manila Evening News]]'', accuse Quirino in their book ''The Magsaysay Story'' (The John Day Company, 1956, updated – with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death – re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957) of widespread fraud and intimidation of the opposition by military action, calling it the "dirty election".
 
===Second term (1949–1953)===
[[File:Qurinoinaguration1949.jpg|thumb|right|President Elpidio Quirino was inaugurated for his first full term as President of the Philippines on December 30, 1949 at the Independence Grandstand (now Quirino Grandstand), Manila.]]
 
====Baguio Conference====
In May 1950, upon the invitation of President Qurino, through the insistent suggestion of United Nations President [[Carlos P. Romulo]], official representatives of India, Pakistan, [[Ceylon]], Thailand, [[Indonesia]], and Australia met in the city of [[Baguio]] for a regional conference sponsored by the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> China and [[Korea]] did not attend the conference because the latter did not contemplate the formation of a military union of the [[Southeast Asian]] nations. On the other hand, Japan, Indonesia, China, and others were not invited because, at the time, they were not free and independent states. Due to the request of India and Indonesia, no political questions were taken up the conference.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Instead, the delegates discussed economic and, most of all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough however, the Baguio Conference ended with an official [[communiqué]] in which the nations attending the same expressed their united agreement in supporting the right to self-determination of all peoples the world over. This initial regional meet held much promise of a future alliance of these neighboring nations for common protection and aid.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====HukBaLaHap continued re-insurgence====
Quirino's administration faced a serious threat in the form of the communist [[Hukbalahap|HukBaLaHap]]  movement. Though the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and when Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander [[Luis Taruc]] broke down in 1948, Taruc openly declared himself a Communist and called for the overthrow of the government.
 
====Peace campaign====
With the Communist organization here estimated to still have more than forty thousand duly registered members by March 1951, the government went on with its sustained campaign to cope with the worsening peace and order problem.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> The 1951 budget included the use of a residue fund for the land resettlement program in favor of the surrendered HUKS. The money helped maintain the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), with its settlements of six thousand five hundred hectares in Kapatagan ([[Lanao (province)|Lanao]]) and twenty five thousand hectares in Buldon ([[Cotabato]]). In each group taken to these places there was a nucleus of former Army personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing factor and ensured the success of the program. Indeed, less than ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave up this new lease in life offered them by the government.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
To promote the smooth restructuring of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], the military were made to undergo a reorganization.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Battalion combat teams of one thousand men each were established. Each operated independently of the High Command, except for overall coordination in operational plans. A total of twenty six Battalion Combat Teams were put up. New army units were also established, such was the first [[Airborne forces|Airborne]] Unit, the [[1st Scout Ranger Regiment|Scout Rangers]], the [[domestic dog|Canine]] Unit, and the [[Cavalry]] Unit. Their mental showing offered much promise.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====1951 midterm election====
{{main|Philippine general election, 1951}}
After a sweep by the Liberals in 1949, many Filipinos doubted the election result. This brought a sweep by the Nacionalistas in the 1951 elections. There was a special election for the vacated senate seat of [[Fernando Lopez]], who won as Vice President in 1949. The Liberals won no seats in the senate.
 
====1953 Presidential election====
{{main|Philippine presidential election, 1953}}
Quirino ran for re-election for presidency with [[José Yulo]] as vice president in 1953 despite his ill health.  His [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|defense secretary]] [[Ramon Magsaysay]], unable to bear further iniquities from Quirino, resigned his office and joined the [[Nacionalista Party]]. Other prominent [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberalists]], like Vice President [[Fernando López]], Ambassador [[Carlos P. Romulo]], Senators [[Tomás Cabili]] and [[Juan Sumulong]], also bolted Quirino's party.
 
On August 22, 1953, [[Nacionalista]] and [[Democratic Party (Philippines)|Democratic Parties]] formed a coalition to ensure Quirino's full defeat. On the election day, Quirino was defeated by [[Ramon Magsaysay]] with a majority vote of 1.5&nbsp;million.
 
===Domestic policies===
{{Infobox
|name        =
|bodystyle    =
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br>President Elpidio Quirino<br><small>1948–1953</small>
|titlestyle  =
|above        =
|abovestyle  =
|imagestyle  =
|captionstyle =
|image        =
|caption      =
|image2      =
|caption2    =
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2  = '''1948'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 19.23&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product
|label4  = '''1948'''
|data4    =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 99,628 million
|label5  = '''1953'''
|data5 =  {{increase}}[[Philippine peso|Php]] 146,070 million
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1948–53'''
|data6 = 9.43 %
|header7 = Per capita income
|label8 = '''1948'''
|data8 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 5,180
|label9 = '''1953'''
|data9 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 7,596
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1948'''
|data11 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 35,921 million
|label12 = '''1953'''
|data12 =  {{decrease}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 34, 432 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 US US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.00<br> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US US$ 0.50
|data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=13 Philippine Presidency Project]<br>{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|coauthors=Eduardo Malaya|title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
}}
 
====Economy====
Upon assuming the reins of government, Quirino announced two main objectives of his administration: first, the economic reconstruction of the nation and second, the restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government. In connection to the first agenda, he created the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration or PACSA to mitigate the sufferings of indigent families, the Labor Management Advisory Board to advise him on labor matters, the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration or ACCFA to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines to facilitate credit utilities in rural areas.
 
====Social program====
Enhancing President [[Manuel Roxas]]' policy of social justice to alleviate the lot of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, started a series of steps calculated to effectively ameliorate the economic condition of the people.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> After periodic surprise visits to the slums of [[Manila]] and other backward regions of the country, President Quirino officially made public a seven-point program for social security, to wit:<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
#  Unemployment insurance
#  Old-age insurance
#  Accident and permanent disability insurance
#  Health insurance
#  Maternity insurance
#  State relief
#  Labor opportunity
 
President Quirino also created the Social Security Commission, making Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez chairman of the same.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> This was followed by the creation of the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration, charges with extending aid, loans, and relief to the less fortunate citizens. Both the policy and its implementation were hailed by the people as harbingers of great benefits.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====Agrarian reform====
{{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}
 
As part of his Agrarian Reform agenda, President Quirino issued on October 23, 1950 Executive Order No. 355 which replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.<ref>[http://www.dar.gov.ph/ar_history.html Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart]</ref>
 
====Integrity Board====
To cope with the insistent clamor for government improvement, President Quirino created the Integrity Board to probe into reports of graft and corruption in high government places. Vice-President [[Fernando Lopez]] was most instrumental, through his courageous exposes, in securing such a decision from President Quirino.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
===Foreign policies===
[[File:Truman Quirino.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Photograph of President Truman in the Oval Office, evidently receiving a cane as a gift from the President of the Philippines, Elpidio Quirino, as another man (most likely ambassador Joaquín Elizalde) looks on.]]
Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states and world statesmen by his intelligence and culture. In his official travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Asia, he represented the Philippines with flying colors. During his six years of administration, he with his [[Foreign Secretary]] [[Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett|Helen Cutaran Bennett]] was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other nations of the [[Free World]]. Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines–President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China]] in July 1949 and President [[Achmed Sukarno]] of [[Indonesia]] in January 1951.
 
In 1950, at the onset of the [[Korean War]], Quirino authorized the deployment of over 7,450 Filipino soldiers to Korea, under the designation of the [[Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea]] or PEFTOK.
{{Vquote|left|width=35%|
While I recognise the United States as a great builder in this country, I have never
surrendered the sovereignty, much less the dignity and future of our country.| Elpidio Quirino<ref name="quirino-phil-arch"/>}}
 
====Korean War====
On June 25, 1950, the world was astonished to hear the [[North Korean]] aggression against the independent [[South Korea]]. The United Nations immediately took up this challenge to the security of this part of the world. [[Carlos P. Romulo]] soon stood out as the most effective spokesman for the South Korean cause.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> On behalf of our government, Romulo offered to send a Philippine military contingent to be under the overall command of General [[Douglas MacArthur]], who had been named United Nations Supreme Commander for the punitive expedition. The Philippines, thus, became the first country to join the United States in the offer of military assistance to beleaguered South Korea.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
President Quirino took the necessary steps to make the Philippine offer. On a purely voluntary basis, the first contingent – the tenth Combat Battalion Team – was formed under Col. Azurin, and dispatched to Korea, where its members quickly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. The name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in action, stands out as a symbol of our country's contribution to the cause of freedom outside native shores. Other Philippine Combat Teams successively replaced the first contingent sent, and they all built a name for discipline, tenacity, and courage, until the truce that brought the conflict to a halt.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
====Quirino-Foster Agreement====
By the time of the creation of the integrity board, moreover, the Bell Mission, led by Daniel W. Bell, an American banker, and composed of five members, with a staff of twenty workers, following their period of stay in the [[Philippines]], beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its report on October of the same year.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> The Report made several proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States should give the Philippines 250,000,000 dollars over a period of five years, but the Philippines, in return, ought to reform its tax structure, enact a minimum wage law for agricultural and industrial labor, initiate social and land reforms, as well as a sound planning for economic development, For all the strong language of the Report, which, in some quarters merited bitter opposition, President Quirino gamely and patriotically,<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus in November 1950, President Quirino and [[William Foster]], representing the [[United States Government]], signed an agreement by virtue of which the former pledged to obtain the necessary Philippine legislation, in  keeping with the Bell Mission Report, while envoy Foster promised the necessary by the same Report.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
 
However, much as he tried to become a good president, Quirino failed to win the people's affection. Several factors caused the unpopularity of his administration, namely:<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised|volume=2|pages=25|chapter=25}}</ref>
{{quote|
:*Unabated rampage of [[graft and corruption]] in his government, as revealed in the [[Tambobong-Buenavista scandal]], the [[Import Control Anomalies]], the [[Caledonia Pile Mess]] and the [[Textbook Racket]];
:* Wasteful spending of the people's money in extravagant junkets abroad;
:* Failure of government to check the [[Hukbalahap|Huk]] menace which made travel in the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the killing of former [[First Lady of the Philippines|First Lady]] [[Aurora Quezon]] and her companions on April 28, 1949 by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler road, Baler, Tayabas (now part of [[Aurora province]]);
:* Economic distress of the times, aggravated by rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade. Quirino's vaunted "Total Economic Mobilization Policy" failed to give economic relief to the suffering nation.
:* Frauds and terrorism committed by the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] moguls in the [[Philippine general election, 1947|1947]], [[Philippine general election, 1949|1949]] and [[Philippine general election, 1951|1951 elections]].}}
 
==Post-presidency and death==
 
Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired from politics to private life in 1953. He offered his dedication to serve the [[Filipino people]], he became the Father of [[diplomatic service|Foreign Service]].
 
He died of a [[heart attack]] during the leap year day on February 29, 1956. He was buried at [[Manila South Cemetery]] in [[Makati]].
 
==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
*[http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
* {{cite web| coauthors =| title =''QUIRINO IS DEAD; FILIPINO LEADER; President, 1948–54, Avoided Extremes in Guiding New Nation After the War''|work=New York Times| date =1956-03-01| url =http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A1FFA3E58157B93C3A91788D85F428585F9| accessdate = 2008-01-08}}
*[http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_quirino.asp Malacañang Museum – Elpidio Quirino]
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
* {{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised}}
*{{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of the Philippines]]|years=May 28, 1946 – April 17, 1948}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Fernando López]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Manuel Roxas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years=April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramon Magsaysay]]}}
{{s-end}}
 
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Elpidio Quirino
|list1=
{{Philippine presidents}}
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{{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1946}}
{{Quirino cabinet}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
 
{{Persondata
| NAME              = Quirino, Elpidio
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Filipino politician
| DATE OF BIRTH    = November 16, 1890
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Vigan City|Vigan]], [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = February 29, 1956
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Quezon City]], Philippines
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Quirino, Elpidio}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:Filipino anti-communists]]
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[[Category:People from Ilocos Sur]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Philippines]]
[[Category:University of the Philippines alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Ilocano people]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]]
[[Category:Secretaries of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in the Philippines]]

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