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| | The author is called Irwin. To collect badges is what her family members and her appreciate. South Dakota is her beginning location but she needs to transfer because of her family members. Managing people is his profession.<br><br>Also visit my site; std testing at home; [http://kbb.wpstaging.co.uk/members/eddiescrymgeo/activity/111597/ More methods], |
| A '''stative verb''' is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a [[dynamic verb]] which describes an action. The difference can be categorized by saying that stative verbs are static or unchanging throughout their entire duration, whereas dynamic verbs describe a process that changes over time.<ref>Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: a Guide to Tense and Aspect''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> Many languages distinguish between these two types in terms of how they can be used grammatically.<ref>Michaelis, Laura A. 2011. Stative by Construction. ''[[Linguistics (journal)|Linguistics]]'' 49: 1359-1400.</ref>
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| == Difference from dynamic ==
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| The same verb may act as stative or dynamic. An English phrase like "he plays the piano" may be either stative or dynamic, according to context.
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| Some languages use the same verbs for dynamic and stative situations, while other use different (but often etymologically related) verbs with some kind of qualifiers to distinguish between the usages. A stative verb is often intransitive, while a corresponding one would be transitive. Compare, for example, modern English with modern Swedish and German.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| !colspan=2|Swedish
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| !colspan=2|English
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| !colspan=2|German
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| |-
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| ! dynamic/transitive
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| ! stative/intransitive
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| ! dynamic/transitive
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| ! stative/intransitive
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| ! dynamic/transitive
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| ! stative/intransitive
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| |-
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| | lägga
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| | ligga
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| | lay<br />(someone/something down)
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| | lie<br />(down)
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| | legen
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| | liegen
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| |-
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| | sätta
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| | sitta
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| | set, seat<br />(someone/something)
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| | sit<br />(down)
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| | (sich) setzen
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| | sitzen
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| |-
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| | ställa
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| | stå
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| | stand<br />(someone/something<br />in an upright position)
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| | stand<br />(up)
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| | stellen
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| | stehen
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| |-
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| | bränna
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| | brinna
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| | burn<br />(someone/something)
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| | burn<br />(i.e., be on fire)
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| | verbrennen
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| | brennen
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| |}
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| Some languages even make distinction when dealing with stative and dynamic verbs in sentences. In German, for instance, several prepositions (''Wechselpräpositionen'' - "changing prepositions") take different [[noun cases]] when accompany stative and dynamic verbs. For stative verbs, [[dative]] case is taken, whereas the [[accusative]] case is taken by the preposition when describing a dynamic verb. For example:
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| *''Ich'' lege ''den Stift auf '''den''' Tisch.'' (I lay the pen on(to) the table.) - '''''Den''''' here is masculine definite article in accusative case. [''lege'' - infinitive: ''legen'']
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| :BUT
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| *''Der Stift'' liegt ''auf '''dem''' Tisch.'' (The pen lies on the table.) - '''''Dem''''' here is masculine definite article in dative case. [''liegt'' - infinitive: ''liegen'']
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| The same scheme also applies in stative and dynamic verbs in general, i.e. when the verb is stative (albeit the dynamic counterpart is non-existent), the preposition will always take dative, and vice versa.
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| *''Ich'' bin ''in '''der''' Schule.'' (I am at school. - literally ''I am in the school.'') - '''''Der''''' here is feminine definite article in dative case, since the verb ''bin'' (infinitive: ''sein'' - to be) is a stative verb.
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| *''Ich'' gehe ''in '''die''' Schule.'' (I go to school. - literally ''I go in the school.'') - '''''Die''''' here is feminine definite article in accusative case, since the verb ''gehe'' (infinitive: ''gehen'' - to go) is a dynamic verb.
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| :'''BUT'''
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| :''Ich'' gehe ''zu'''r''' Schule.'' [''zur'' = ''zu'' + '''der'''] (I go to school. - literally ''I go to the school.'') - '''''Der''''' here is feminine definite article in dative case. Note that '''''zu''''' is not a ''Wechselpräposition'' and always takes dative case.
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| *''{{underline|Wo}}'' bist ''du?'' - ''I'''m''' Kino.'' [''im'' = ''in'' + '''dem'''] (Where are you? - In the cinema.) - '''''Dem''''' here is neuter definite article in dative case. [''bist'' - infinitive: ''sein'']
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| *''{{underline|Wohin}}'' gehst ''du?'' - ''In'''s''' Kino.'' [''ins'' = ''in'' + '''das'''] (Where are you going? - To the cinema.) - '''''Das''''' here is neuter definite article in accusative case. [''gehst'' - infinitive: ''gehen'']
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| Additionally, in English and many other languages, stative and dynamic verbs differ in whether or not they can use the progressive aspect. Dynamic verbs such as "go" can be used in the progressive (''I am going to school'') whereas stative verbs such as "know" cannot (*''I am knowing the answer''). In other languages statives can be used in the progressive as well: in Korean, for example, the sentence 미나가 인호를 사랑하고있다 (''Mina is loving Inho'') is perfectly valid.<ref>Lee, EunHee. 2006. "Stative Progressives in Korean and English." ''Journal of Pragmatics'' 38 (5) (May): 695–717.</ref>
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| In some languages stative and dynamic verbs will use entirely different morphological markers on the verbs themselves. For example, in the Mantauran dialect of [[Rukai language|Rukai]], an indigenous language of Taiwan, the two types of verbs take different prefixes in their finite forms, with dynamic verbs taking ''o-'' and stative verbs taking ''ma-''. Thus, the dynamic verb "jump" is ''o-coroko'' in the active voice, while the stative verb "love" is ''ma-ðalamə''. This sort of marking is characteristic of other [[Formosan languages]] as well.<ref>Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2000. "Dynamic Vs Stative Verbs in Mantauran (Rukai)." ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 39 (2) (December): 415–427.</ref>
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| ==Difference from inchoative==
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| In English, a verb that expresses a state can also express the entrance into a state. This is called [[inchoative aspect]]. The [[simple past (English)|simple past]] is sometimes inchoative. For example, the present-tense verb in the sentence "He understands his friend" is stative, while the past-tense verb in the sentence "Suddenly he understood what she said" is inchoative, because it means "He began to understand". On the other hand, the past-tense verb in "At one time, he understood her" is stative.
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| Likewise, in [[Ancient Greek]], a verb whose [[imperfect]] expresses a state (e.g., ''ebasíleuon'' "I was king") may use the [[aorist (Ancient Greek)|aorist]] to express entrance into the state (e.g., ''ebasíleusa'' "I became king"). But the aorist can also simply express the state as a whole, with no focus on the beginning of the state (''eíkosi étē ebasíleusa'' "I ruled for twenty years").
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| == Formal definitions ==
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| In some theories of formal [[semantics]], including [[David Dowty]]'s, stative verbs have a [[logic]]al form that is the [[Lambda-calculus|lambda]] expression
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| :<math>\lambda (x): \ [\operatorname{STATE} \ x]</math>
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| Apart from Dowty, Z. Vendler and C. S. Smith<ref> Smith, Carlota S. 1991
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| ″The parameter of aspect″ Kluwer Academic Publisher Dordrecht ; Boston : </ref> have also written influential work on aspectual classification of verbs.
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| == English ==
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| {{Grammar series}}
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| === Dowty's analysis ===
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| Dowty gives some tests to decide whether an English verb is stative.<ref>Dowty, David R. 1979. ''Word Meaning and Montague Grammar : the Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ''. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company.</ref> They are as follows:
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| * Statives do not occur in the progressive (the * before a sentence means that it is [[Grammar|ungrammatical]] or absurd to most native English speakers):
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| ** ''John is running.'' (non-stative)
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| ** ''*John is knowing the answer.''
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| * They cannot be complements of "force":
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| ** ''I forced John to run.''
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| ** ''*I forced John to know the answer.''
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| * They do not occur as imperatives.
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| **''Run!''
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| ** ''*Know the answer!''
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| (The phrase "Know thyself!" is imperative, but it uses the archaic "know" as a dynamic verb.)
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| * They cannot appear in the ''[[cleft sentence|pseudo-cleft construction]]'':
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| ** ''What John did was run.''
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| ** ''*What John did was know the answer.''
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| ===Categories===
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| Stative verbs are often divided into sub-categories, based on their semantics or syntax.
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| Semantic divisions mainly involve verbs that express someone's state of mind, or something's properties (of course, things can also be expressed via other language mechanisms as well, particularly adjectives). The precise categories vary by linguist. Huddleston and Pullum, for example, divide stative verbs into the following semantic categories: verbs of perception and sensation (''see, hear''), verbs of hurting (''ache, itch''), stance verbs (''stand, sit''), and verbs of cognition, emotion, and sensation (''believe, regret'').<ref>Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K Pullum. 2002. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Novakov, meanwhile, uses the slightly different categories: verbs denoting sensations (''feel, hear''), verbs denoting reasoning and mental attitude (''believe, understand''), verbs denoting positions/stance (''lie, surround''), and verbs denoting relations (''resemble, contain'').<ref>Novakov, Predrag. 2009. "Dynamic-stative Distinction in English Verbs." ''Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Filologiju i Lingvistiku'' 52 (2): 187–195.</ref>
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| Syntactic divisions involve the types of [[clause]] structures a verb may be used in ("*" indicates ungrammatical sentences):
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| John believes that Fido is a dog.
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| *John believes on Fido barking.
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| John believes Fido to bark.
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| *Joan depends that Fido is a dog.
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| Joan depends on Fido barking.
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| *Joan depends Fido to bark.
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| Jim loathes that Fido is a dog.
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| *Jim loathes on Fido barking.
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| *Jim loathes Fido to bark.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Lexical aspect]]
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| * [[copula (linguistics)|Copula]]
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| * [[Dynamic verb]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}
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| [[Category:Verb types]]
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The author is called Irwin. To collect badges is what her family members and her appreciate. South Dakota is her beginning location but she needs to transfer because of her family members. Managing people is his profession.
Also visit my site; std testing at home; More methods,