|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Refimprove|date=August 2010}}
| | The writer is known by the name of Figures Lint. To gather cash is a thing that I'm completely addicted to. Years ago he moved to North Dakota and his family loves it. My day occupation is a meter reader.<br><br>My webpage; at home std test - [http://www.siccus.net/blog/15356 mouse click the up coming article] - |
| {{Expert-subject|date=December 2011}}
| |
| '''Bimetric theory''' refers to a class of modified mathematical theories of gravity (or gravitation) in which two [[metric tensor]]s are used instead of one. Often the second metric is introduced at high energies, with the implication that the [[speed of light]] may be energy-dependent. There are several different bimetric theories, such as those attributed to [[Nathan Rosen]] (1909–1995)<ref name=NR/><ref name=Tech/> or [[Mordehai Milgrom]] with [[Modified Newtonian Dynamics]] (MOND).<ref name=Moff/>
| |
| | |
| == Explanation ==
| |
| In [[general relativity]] (GR), it is assumed that the distance between two points in [[spacetime]] is given by the [[metric tensor]]. [[Einstein's field equation]] is then used to calculate the form of the metric based on the distribution of energy and momentum.
| |
| | |
| Rosen (1940) has proposed that at each point of space-time, there is a [[Euclidean]] metric [[tensor]] <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> in addition to the Riemannian metric tensor <math>g_{ij}</math> . Thus at each point of space-time there are two metrics:
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| 1.~~~~ds^{2}=g_{ij}dx^{i}dx^{j}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| 2.~~~~d\sigma^{2}=\gamma_{ij} dx^{i} dx^{j}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| The first metric tensor, <math>g_{ij}</math> describes the geometry of space-time and thus the gravitational field. The second metric tensor, <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> refers to the flat space-time and describes the inertial forces. The Christoffel symbols formed from <math>g_{ij}</math> and <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> are denoted by <math>\{^{i}_{jk}\}</math> and <math>\Gamma^{i}_{jk}</math> respectively. The quantities <math>\Delta</math> are defined such that
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| \Delta^{i}_{jk}=\{^{i}_{jk}\}-\Gamma^{i}_{jk}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(1)
| |
| </math>
| |
|
| |
| Two kinds of covariant differentiation then arises: <math>g</math>-differentiation based on <math>g_{ij}</math> (denoted by semicolon) and 3-differentiation based on <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> (denoted by a slash). Ordinary partial derivatives are represented by a comma. Let <math>R^{\lambda}_{ij \sigma}</math> and <math>P^{\lambda}_{ij \sigma}</math> be the [[Riemann curvature tensor]]s calculated from <math>g_{ij}</math> and <math>\gamma_{ij}</math>, respectively. In the above approach the curvature tensor <math>P^{\lambda}_{ij \sigma}</math> is zero, since <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> is the flat space-time metric.
| |
| | |
| From (1) one finds that though {:} and <math>\Gamma</math> are not tensors, but <math>\Delta</math> is a tensor having the same form as {:} except that the ordinary partial derivative is replaced by 3-covariant derivative. A straightforward calculation yields the [[Riemann curvature tensor]]
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| R^{h}_{ijk}=-\Delta^{h}_{ij/k}+\Delta^{h}_{ik/j}+\Delta^{h}_{mj}\Delta^{m}_{ik}-\Delta^{h}_{mk}\Delta^{m}_{ij}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| Each term on right hand side is a tensor. It is seen that from GR one can go to new formulation just by replacing {:} by <math>\Delta</math>, ordinary differentiation by 3-covariant differentiation, <math>\sqrt {-g}</math> by <math>\sqrt{\frac{g}{\gamma}}</math>, integration measure <math>d^{4}x</math> by <math>\sqrt {-\gamma}d^{4}x</math>, where <math>g = det(g_{ij})</math>, <math>3 = det(\gamma_{ij})</math> and <math>d^{4}x = dx^{1}dx^{2}dx^{3}dx^{4}</math>. It is necessary to point out that having once introduced <math>\gamma_{ij}</math> into the theory, one has a great number of new tensors and scalars at one's disposal. One can set up other field equations other than Einstein's. It is possible that some of these will be more satisfactory for the description of nature.
| |
| | |
| The geodesic equation in bimetric relativity (BR) takes the form
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| \frac{d^2x}{ds^2}+\Gamma^{i}_{jk}\frac{dx^{j}}{ds}\frac{dx^{k}}{ds}+\Delta^{i}_{jk}\frac{dx^{j}}{ds}\frac{dx^{k}}{ds}=0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2)
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| It is seen from equation (1) and (2) that <math>\Gamma</math> can be regarded as describing the inertial field because it vanishes by a suitable coordinate transformation.
| |
| | |
| The quantity <math>\Delta</math>, being a tensor, is independent of any coordinate system and hence may be regarded as describing the permanent gravitational field.
| |
| | |
| Rosen (1973) has found BR satisfying the covariance and equivalence principle. In 1966, Rosen showed that the introduction of the space metric into the framework of general relativity not only enables one to get the energy momentum density tensor of the gravitational field, but also enables one to obtain this tensor from a variational principle.
| |
| The field equations of BR derived from the variational principle are
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| K^{i}_{j}= N^{i}_{j}-\frac{1}{2}\delta^{i}_{j}N = -8 \pi \kappa T^{i}_{j}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(3)
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| where
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| N^{i}_{j}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma^{\alpha \beta}(g^{hi} g_{hj /\alpha})/ \beta
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| or
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| N^{i}_{j}= \gamma^{\alpha \beta}\left\{(g^{hi}g_{hj, \alpha}),\beta
| |
| - <br />(g^{hi}g_{mj}\Gamma^{m}_{h\alpha}),\beta\right\} -\gamma^{\alpha \beta}(\Gamma^{i}_{j\alpha}) ,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| :::<math>
| |
| \beta+ \Gamma^{i}_{\lambda \beta}[g^{h\lambda}g_{hj},\alpha - g^{h\lambda}g_{mj}\Gamma^{m}_{h\alpha}
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| :::<math>
| |
| - \Gamma^{\lambda}_{j\alpha}]-\Gamma^{\lambda}_{j\beta}[g^{hi}g_{h\lambda},\alpha - g^{hi}g_{m\lambda}\Gamma^{m}_{h\alpha} -\Gamma^{i}_{\lambda\alpha}]
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| :::<math>
| |
| + \Gamma^{\lambda}_{\alpha \beta}[g^{hi}g_{hj},\lambda - g^{hi}g_{mj}\Gamma^{m}_{h\lambda} -\Gamma^{i}_{j\lambda}]
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| N= g^{ij}N_{ij}, \kappa=\sqrt{\frac{g}{\gamma}},
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| and <math>T^{i}_{j}</math> is the energy-momentum tensor.
| |
| | |
| The variational principle also leads to the relation
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| T^{i}_{j;i}=0.
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| Hence from (3)
| |
| | |
| :<math>
| |
| K^{i}_{j;i}=0,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| which implies that in a BR, a test particle in a gravitational field moves on a [[geodesic]] with respect to <math>g_{ij}.</math>
| |
| | |
| It is found that the theories BR and GR differ in the following cases:
| |
| | |
| :* propagation of electromagnetic waves
| |
| :* an external field of high density star
| |
| :* the behaviour of the intense gravitational waves propagation through strong static gravitational field.
| |
| | |
| Note that other bimetric gravitational theories exist.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|refs=
| |
| <ref name="NR">
| |
| ''The New Physics'', Paul Davies, 1992, 526 pages, web:
| |
| [http://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11 Books-Google-ak].
| |
| </ref>
| |
| <ref name="Tech">
| |
| "Nathan Rosen — The Man and His Life-Work", Technion.ac.il, 2011, web:
| |
| [http://physics.technion.ac.il/extras/history/memoriam//rosen/Israelit.pdf Technion-rosen].
| |
| </ref>
| |
| <ref name="Moff">
| |
| ''Reinventing gravity: a physicist goes beyond Einstein'',
| |
| John W. Moffat, 2008, 272 pages, p.103, webpage:
| |
| [http://books.google.com/books?id=6KitQxqyJ4oC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103 BG-6K].
| |
| </ref>
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| Bimetric Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field in Riemannian and in Finsler-Lagrange Approximation
| |
| Authors: J.Foukzon, S.A.Podosenov, A.A.Potapov, E.Menkova
| |
| * http://arxiv.org/abs/1007.3290
| |
| {{theories of gravitation}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Theories of gravitation]]
| |
The writer is known by the name of Figures Lint. To gather cash is a thing that I'm completely addicted to. Years ago he moved to North Dakota and his family loves it. My day occupation is a meter reader.
My webpage; at home std test - mouse click the up coming article -