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'''Yttria-stabilized zirconia''' (YSZ) is a [[zirconium dioxide|zirconium-oxide]] based ceramic, in which the particular crystal structure of zirconium oxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of [[yttrium oxide]]. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" ([[zirconium|Zr]][[oxide|O]]<sub>2</sub>) and "yttria" ([[yttrium|Y]]<sub>2</sub>[[oxide|O]]<sub>3</sub>), hence the name.
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== Stabilization ==
{{See also|Zirconium_dioxide#Engineering_properties}}
[[File:YSZ.jpg|thumb|right]]
Pure zirconium dioxide undergoes a phase transformations from monoclinic (stable at the room temperature) to tetragonal (at about 1000 °C) and then to cubic (at about 2370 °C), according to the scheme:
 
monoclinic (1173&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> tetragonal (2370&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> cubic (2690&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> melt
 
Obtaining stable sintered zirconia ceramic products is difficult because of the large volume change accompanying the transition from tetragonal to monoclinic (about 9%). Stabilization of the cubic polymorph of zirconia over wider range of temperatures is accomplished by substitution of some of the Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions (ionic radius of 0.82 Å, too small for ideal lattice of [[fluorite]] characteristic for the tetragonal zirconia) in the crystal lattice with slightly larger ions, e.g., those of Y<sup>3+</sup> (ionic radius of 0.96  Å). The resulting doped zirconia materials are termed ''stabilized zirconias''.<ref name="Yan">H. Yanagida, K. Koumoto, M. Miyayama, "The Chemistry of Ceramics", John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0 471 95627 9.</ref>
 
Materials related to YSZ include [[calcia]]-, [[magnesium oxide|magnesia]]-, [[ceria]]- or [[alumina]]-stabilized zirconias, or partially stabilized zirconias (PSZ). [[Hafnium(IV) oxide|Hafnia]] stabilized Zirconia is also known{{Citation needed|reason=Hf has nearly same size, electronegativity, and same electron count as Zr, such a surprising statement deserves a reference|date=September 2013}}.
 
Some of the abbreviations used in conjunction with stabilized zirconias are as follow:
* Partly stabilized zirconia ZrO<sub>2</sub>:
** PSZ - ''Partially Stabilized Zirconia''
** TZP -''Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal''
** 4YSZ: with 4&nbsp;mol-% Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> partially Stabilized ZrO<sub>2</sub>, ''Yttria Stabilized Zirconia''
* Fully stabilized zirconias ZrO<sub>2</sub>:
** FSZ - ''Fully Stabilized Zirconia''
** CSZ - ''Cubic Stabilized Zirconia''
** 8YSZ - with 8&nbsp;mol-% Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Fully Stabilized ZrO<sub>2</sub>
 
== Thermal expansion coefficient ==
The [[thermal expansion coefficient]]s depends on the modification of zirconia as follows:
* Monoclinic: 7&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb">Matweb: [http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=05e29689151440d3904052baa788ae22 CeramTec 848 Zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>)] & [http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=0742ddaddf80467fb6532e025c694e89 Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia, ZrO<sub>2</sub>]</ref>
* Tetragonal: 12&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb"/>
* Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> stabilized: 10.5&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb"/>
 
== Effect of stabilization of ionic conductivity ==
The addition of yttria to pure zirconia replaces some of the Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions in the zirconia lattice with Y<sup>3+</sup> ions. This produces oxygen vacancies, as three O<sup>2-</sup> ions replace four O<sup>2-</sup> ions. It also permits yttrium stabilized zirconia to conduct O<sup>2-</sup> ions (and thus conduct an electrical current), provided there is sufficient vacancy site mobility, a property that increases with temperature. This ability to conduct O<sup>2-</sup> ions makes yttria-stabilized zirconia well suited to use in solid oxide fuel cells, although it requires that they operate at high enough temperatures.
 
The ionic conductivity of the stabilized zirconias increases with increasing dopant concentration (linearly for low dopant concentrations), then saturates, and then starts to decrease. The maximum ionic conductivity is obtained at Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> concentration of about 8% (1000 °C).<ref name="Yan"/>
 
==Applications==
[[File:Metallfreie Brücke Zirkoniumdioxid 2012 PD 1.JPG|thumb|right|Metal-free dental bridge]]
YSZ has a number of applications:
*For its hardness and chemical inertness (e.g., [[Crown (dentistry)|tooth crowns]]).
*As a [[refractory]] (e.g., in jet engines).
*As a [[thermal barrier coating]] in [[gas turbines]]
*As an [[electroceramics|electroceramic]] due to its ion-conducting properties (e.g., to [[Oxygen sensor|determine oxygen content]] in exhaust gases, to measure pH in high-temperature water, in fuel cells).
*Used in the production of a [[solid oxide fuel cell]] (SOFC). YSZ is used as the solid [[electrolyte]], which enables oxygen ion conduction while blocking electronic conduction. In order to achieve sufficient ion conduction, an SOFC with a YSZ electrolyte must be operated at high temperatures (800 °C-1000 °C). While it is advantageous that YSZ retains mechanical robustness at those temperatures, overall the high temperature necessary is a disadvantage of current SOFCs, and is one of the major barriers to successful commercialization. The high density of YSZ is also necessary in order to physically separate the gaseous fuel from oxygen, or else the electrochemical system would produce no electrical power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minh |first1=N.Q. |year=1993 |title=Ceramic Fuel-Cells |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=563–588  | doi = 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb03645.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Guire |first1=Eileen |year=2003 |title=Solid Oxide Fuel Cells |publisher=CSA |url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/fuecel/overview.php}}</ref>
*For its hardness and optical properties in monocrystal form (see "[[cubic zirconia]]"), it is used as jewelry.
*As a material for [[ceramic knife|non-metallic knife]] blades, produced by Boker and Kyocera companies.
*In water-based pastes for ''do-it-yourself'' ceramics and cements. These contain microscopic YSZ milled fibers or sub-micrometer particles, often with potassium silicate and zirconium acetate binders (at mildly acidic pH). The cementation occurs on removal of water. The resulting ceramic material is suitable for very high temperature applications.
*YSZ doped with rare-earth materials can act as a [[Phosphor thermometry|thermographic phosphor]] and a luminescent material.<ref>{{cite book|author=American Ceramic Society|title=Progress in Thermal Barrier Coatings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dqCNlgDsu0EC&pg=PA139|accessdate=23 October 2011|date=29 May 2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-40838-4|pages=139–}}</ref>
*Historically used for glowing rods in [[Nernst lamp]]s.
*As a high precision alignment sleeve for optical fiber connector ferrules.<ref>http://www.diamond-fo.com/en/products_catalogue_details.asp?section=2&group=e2000&source=Assemblies&family=10101</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Cubic zirconia]]
*[[Sintering]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book| last = Green| first = D.J.| coauthors = Hannink, R.; Swain, M.V. | year = 1989| title = Transformation Toughening of Ceramics|location = Boca Raton|publisher = CRC Press|isbn = 0-8493-6594-5}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia}}
[[Category:Zirconium compounds]]
[[Category:Refractory materials]]
[[Category:Electrochemistry]]
 
[[de:Zirconium(IV)-oxid#Stabilisierung]]

Revision as of 10:33, 18 February 2014

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