Ancestral relation: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>AnomieBOT
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
In [[statistics]], '''best linear unbiased prediction''' ('''BLUP''') is used in linear [[mixed model]]s for the estimation of [[random effects model|random effects]]. BLUP was derived by [[Charles Roy Henderson]] in 1950 but the term "best linear unbiased predictor" (or "prediction") seems not to have been used until 1962.<ref name=Robinson>{{cite journal
There is actually a craze to build up sneakers of all major brands and Nike jordan is the same. People have over time got into this habit through magazines like Kicks and this has also been promoted by songs their own favorite rap artists. Very good always browsing to get ahold of the latest in sneakers and also possess any special launches that happen regularly.<br><br>Sock the socks somewhere - An individual have see a grown man with tube socks think of Michael Cooper from your LA Los angeles lakers air jordan shoes ?? They make socks that are barely visible so that you just can still enjoy the benefits of sweat absorption, therefore. Use them.<br><br>When people lace up a new pair of Jordan's they also feel better about on their own. The new Jordan's give them the skill to "be like Mike". another genius tagline used during early marketing deals.<br><br>Yes Mister. Sometimes you get these ignorant men and women who just be sure to educate you about the air jordan Shoes game advertise you be a mess. But then you just laugh at such non sense. Anyone know enhanced.But any how.<br><br>If in comparison to look for a kind of shoes that combines comfort, style and fashion together, Nike Air Max shoes will be your most suitable option. Why are nike air max shoes so hot from a long season? The reason is that their fashion look and the total comfort for the users. It is known to us that comfort will be the first and important element to the wearers. Designer Nike is actually the form of shoes. Additionally to comfort, fashion design also is yet key point people to captivate persons and attract people's vision. It is obvious that Nike has been the well-known brand in the whole world, due to people factors.<br><br>In operates time, running is more effective than walk in shedding pounds and high-intensity running works better than jogging. The performance on the exercise decide impact this has of fat. If the exercise and skills improve, your effect of fat reduction will be increased, but if not, things will start the counter. It's easy to get that in switching the time, the long you run, the better effect observing get, and also the more fast you run in the unit time, he better effect you get your piece of your weight loosing.<br><br>If you adored this article therefore you would like to receive more info with regards to [http://www.plongeeo.com/chaussure-air-jordan-pas-cher/ chaussure jordan pas cher] i implore you to visit our web-site.
| last=Robinson |first=G.K.
| year = 1991
| title = That BLUP is a Good Thing: The Estimation of Random Effects
| journal = [[Statistical Science]]
| volume = 6  | issue = 1  | pages = 15–32
| doi = 10.1214/ss/1177011926
| mr=1108815
| zbl=0955.62500
| jstor=2245695
}}
</ref> "Best linear unbiased predictions" (BLUPs) of random effects are similar to best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) (see [[Gauss–Markov theorem]]) of fixed effects. The distinction arises because it is conventional to talk about ''estimating'' fixed effects but ''predicting'' random effects, but the two terms are otherwise equivalent. (This is a bit strange since the random effects have already been "realized" − they already exist. The use of the term "prediction" may be because in the field of animal breeding in which Henderson worked, the random effects were usually genetic merit, which could be used to predict the quality of offspring (Robinson<ref name=Robinson/> page 28). However, the equations for the "fixed" effects and for the random effects are different.
 
In practice, it is often the case that the parameters associated with the random effect(s) term(s) are unknown; these parameters are the variances of the random effects and residuals. Typically the parameters are estimated and plugged into the predictor, leading to the [[Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor]] (EBLUP). Notice that by simply plugging in the estimated parameter into the predictor, additional variability is unaccounted for, leading to  overly optimistic prediction variances for the EBLUP.
 
Best linear unbiased predictions are similar to [[empirical Bayes]] estimates of random effects in linear mixed models, except that in the latter case, where weights depend on unknown values of components of variance, these unknown variances are replaced by sample-based estimates.
 
==Example==
 
Suppose that the model for observations {''Y''<sub>''j''</sub>; ''j'' = 1, ..., ''n''} is written as
 
:<math>Y_j= \mu + x_j^T\beta +\xi_j + \varepsilon_j, \, </math>
 
where ''&xi;<sub>j</sub>'' and ''&epsilon;<sub>j</sub>'' represent the random effect and observation error for observation ''j'', and suppose they are uncorrelated and have known variances ''σ<sub>ξ</sub>''<sup>2</sup> and ''σ<sub>ε</sub>''<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Further, ''x<sub>j</sub>'' is a vector of [[dependent and independent variables|independent variables]] for the ''j''th observation and ''β'' is a vector of regression parameters.  The BLUP problem of providing an estimate of the observation-error-free value for the ''k''th observation,
 
:<math>\tilde{Y_k}= \mu + x_k^T\beta +\xi_k    ,</math>
 
can be formulated as requiring that the coefficients of a linear predictor, defined as
 
:<math>\widehat{Y_k}= \sum_{j=1}^n c_{j,k} Y_j  ,</math>
 
should be chosen so as to minimise the variance of the prediction error,
 
:<math>V= \operatorname{Var}(\tilde{Y_k}- \widehat{Y_k}), </math>
 
subject to the condition that the predictor is unbiased,
 
:<math>\operatorname{E}(\tilde{Y_k}- \widehat{Y_k})=0 . </math>
 
In contrast to the case of [[Best linear unbiased estimator|best linear unbiased estimation]], the "quantity to be estimated", <math>\tilde{Y_k}</math>, not only has a contribution from a random element but one of the observed quantities, specifically <math>Y_k</math> which contributes to <math>\widehat{Y_k}</math>, also has a contribution from this same random element.
 
==See also==
*[[Minimum mean square error]]
 
==Tutorials==
* [http://www.extension.org/pages/61006/the-solcap-tomato-phenotypic-data:-estimating-heritability-and-blups-for-traits#.Ui4zjWRgYXc Estimating BLUPs and Heritability Using R]
* [http://www.extension.org/pages/68019/genomic-relationships-and-gblup Genomic Relationships and GBLUP]
* [http://www.extension.org/pages/66590/rrblup-package-in-r-for-genomewide-selection Ridge Regression, rrBLUP for Genome-Wide Selection]
==References==
<references />
* {{cite journal
|last=Henderson |first=C.R. |authorlink=Charles Roy Henderson
|year=1975
|title=Best linear unbiased estimation and prediction under a selection model
|journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]]
|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=423&ndash;447
|doi=10.2307/2529430 |pmid=1174616
|jstor=2529430
}}
*Xu-Qing Liu, Jian-Ying Rong, Xiu-Ying Liu (2008). "Best linear unbiased prediction for linear combinations in general mixed linear models", Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 99 (8),1503&ndash;1517. {{doi|10.1016/j.jmva.2008.01.004}}.
 
[[Category:Statistical methods]]
[[Category:Estimation theory]]

Latest revision as of 12:19, 4 June 2014

There is actually a craze to build up sneakers of all major brands and Nike jordan is the same. People have over time got into this habit through magazines like Kicks and this has also been promoted by songs their own favorite rap artists. Very good always browsing to get ahold of the latest in sneakers and also possess any special launches that happen regularly.

Sock the socks somewhere - An individual have see a grown man with tube socks think of Michael Cooper from your LA Los angeles lakers air jordan shoes ?? They make socks that are barely visible so that you just can still enjoy the benefits of sweat absorption, therefore. Use them.

When people lace up a new pair of Jordan's they also feel better about on their own. The new Jordan's give them the skill to "be like Mike". another genius tagline used during early marketing deals.

Yes Mister. Sometimes you get these ignorant men and women who just be sure to educate you about the air jordan Shoes game advertise you be a mess. But then you just laugh at such non sense. Anyone know enhanced.But any how.

If in comparison to look for a kind of shoes that combines comfort, style and fashion together, Nike Air Max shoes will be your most suitable option. Why are nike air max shoes so hot from a long season? The reason is that their fashion look and the total comfort for the users. It is known to us that comfort will be the first and important element to the wearers. Designer Nike is actually the form of shoes. Additionally to comfort, fashion design also is yet key point people to captivate persons and attract people's vision. It is obvious that Nike has been the well-known brand in the whole world, due to people factors.

In operates time, running is more effective than walk in shedding pounds and high-intensity running works better than jogging. The performance on the exercise decide impact this has of fat. If the exercise and skills improve, your effect of fat reduction will be increased, but if not, things will start the counter. It's easy to get that in switching the time, the long you run, the better effect observing get, and also the more fast you run in the unit time, he better effect you get your piece of your weight loosing.

If you adored this article therefore you would like to receive more info with regards to chaussure jordan pas cher i implore you to visit our web-site.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Ancestral_relation&oldid=260039"