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{{Infobox scientist
|birth_name=Leon Max Lederman
|name          = Leon M. Lederman
|image        = Leon M. Lederman.jpg
|image_size    =
|caption=Lederman on May 11, 2007
|birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1922|07|15|mf=yes}}
|birth_place  = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S.
|residence    = United States
|nationality  = [[United States]]
|field        = [[Physics]]
|known_for    = Seminal contributions to [[Neutrino]]s, [[bottom quark]]
|awards        = [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1988)<br/>[[Wolf Prize in Physics]] (1982)<br/>[[National Medal of Science]] (1965)<br/>[[Vannevar Bush Award]] (2012)<br/>[[William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement]] (1991)
|workplaces    = [[Columbia University]]<br>[[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]<br>[[Illinois Institute of Technology]]
|alma_mater    = [[City College of New York]]<br />[[Columbia University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|spouse=Florence Gordon (3 children)<br>Ellen Carr<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=00r9waSNv1cC&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=Ellen+Carr+LEON+Lederman&source=bl&ots=zUA83Uq5F-&sig=WUdROhA1GZs1QrPOK6ZhS6pa0UI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PIcXUdLZKOmkyQGs4IGYCg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAw American Scientists - Charles W. Carey - Google Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
}}
 
'''Leon Max Lederman''' (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist who received, along with [[Martin Lewis Perl]], the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]] in 1982, for their research on [[quarks]] and [[leptons]], and the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1988, along with [[Melvin Schwartz]] and [[Jack Steinberger]], for their research on [[neutrinos]]. He is Director Emeritus of [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]] (Fermilab) in [[Batavia, Illinois]], USA.  He founded the [[Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy]], in [[Aurora, Illinois]] in 1986, and has served in the capacity of Resident Scholar since 1998.<ref name=Nobel_biography>{{cite journal|last=Lederman|first=Leon M.|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman.html|journal=[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/index.html Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990]|year=1988|accessdate=22 May 2012|editor1-first=Tore|editor1-last=Frängsmyr|editor2-first=Gösta |editor2-last=Ekspång|publisher=[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing Co.]]|location=Singapore}}</ref> In 2012, he was awarded the [[Vannevar Bush Award]] for his extraordinary contributions to understanding the basic forces and particles of nature.<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/bush_recipients.jsp#a2012 National Science Board - Honorary Awards - Vannevar Bush Award Recipients<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==Early life and career==
Lederman was born in New York City, New York, the son of Minna (née Rosenberg) and Morris Lederman, a laundryman.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=UXUbesKLjBoC&pg=PA229&dq=Minna+Rosenberg+Morris+Lederman&hl=en&redir_esc=y Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience - Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne W. Kolb, Catherine Westfall - Google Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lederman graduated from the [[James Monroe High School (New York)|James Monroe High School]] in the [[South Bronx]]. He received his [[bachelor's degree]] from the [[City College of New York]] in 1943, and received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Columbia University]] in 1951.  He then joined the Columbia faculty and eventually became [[Eugene Higgins]] Professor of Physics. He took an extended leave of absence from Columbia in 1979 to become director of Fermilab. Resigning from Columbia (and retiring from Fermilab) in 1989 to teach briefly at the [[University of Chicago]], he then moved to the [[IIT Physics Department|physics department]] of the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], where he currently serves as the Pritzker Professor of Science. In 1991, Lederman became President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
 
Lederman is also one of the main proponents of the "[[Physics First]]" movement. Also known as "Right-side Up Science" and "Biology Last," this movement seeks to rearrange the current high school science curriculum so that physics precedes chemistry and biology.
 
A former president of the [[American Physical Society]], Lederman also received the [[National Medal of Science]], the [[Wolf Prize]] and the [[Ernest O. Lawrence Medal]]. Lederman serves as President of the Board of Sponsors of The [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as [[Society for Science & the Public]], from 1989 to 1992.
 
Among his achievements are the discovery of the [[muon|muon neutrino]] in 1962 and the [[bottom quark]] in 1977. These helped establish his reputation as among the top particle physicists.
 
In 1977, a group of physicists led by Leon Lederman announced that a particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator. The particle's initial name was the [[greek letter]] [[Upsilon]] (<math>\Upsilon\,</math>). After taking further data, the group discovered that this particle did not actually exist, and the "discovery" was named "[[Oops-Leon]]" as a pun on the original name ([[English pronunciation of Greek letters|mispronounced]] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|juː|p|s|ɨ|l|ɒ|n}}) and Lederman's first name.
 
As the director of [[Fermilab]] and subsequent [[Nobel Prize for physics|Nobel physics prizewinner]], Leon Lederman was a very prominent early supporter – some sources say the architect<ref name="SSC LA Times">{{cite news|last=ASCHENBACH|first=JOY|title=No Resurrection in Sight for Moribund Super Collider : Science: Global financial partnerships could be the only way to salvage such a project. But some feel that Congress delivered a fatal blow.|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-05/news/mn-64100_1_superconducting-super-collider|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1993-12-05|quote=Disappointed American physicists are anxiously searching for a way to salvage some science from the ill-fated superconducting super collider ... "We have to keep the momentum and optimism and start thinking about international collaboration," said Leon M. Lederman, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was the architect of the super collider plan}}</ref> or proposer<ref name='"HoddesonKolb2003"'>{{cite web|title=Vision to reality: From Robert R. Wilson's frontier to Leon M. Lederman's Fermilab|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.0486|work=arXiv:1110.0486|accessdate=16 January 2013|author=Lillian Hoddeson (Professor of History at the University of Illinois) and Adrienne Kolb (Fermilab archivist and author)|quote=Lederman also planned what he saw as Fermilab's next machine, the Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC)}} direct link: [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1110.0486v1]</ref> – of the [[Superconducting Super Collider]] project, which was endorsed around 1983, and was a major proponent and advocate throughout its lifetime.<ref name="Illinois Issues 1987">{{cite news|last=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Illinois Issues journal, June 1987|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/1987/ii8706tc.html|date=June 1987|page=18|quote=Lederman, who considers himself an unofficial propagandist for the super collider, said the SSC could reverse the physics brain drain in which bright young physicists have left America to work in Europe and elsewhere.}} (direct link to article: [http://www.lib.niu.edu/1987/ii870618.html])</ref><ref name="Caltech">{{cite journal|last=Kevles|first=Dan|journal=[[California Institute of Technology]] "Engineering & Science"|volume=58 no. 2|issue=Winter 1995|pages=16–25|title=Good-bye to the SSC|url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/568/1/ES58.2.1995.pdf|accessdate=16 January 2013|quote=Lederman, one of the principal spokesmen for the SSC, was an accomplished high-energy experimentalist who had made Nobel Prize-winning contributions to the development of the Standard Model during the 1960s (although the prize itself did not come until 1988). He was a fixture at congressional hearings on the collider, an unbridled advocate of its merits []}}</ref> Lederman later wrote his 1993 [[popular science]] book ''[[The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?]]'' – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of such a project – in the context of the project's last years and the changing political climate of the 1990s.<ref name="Calder 2005">{{cite book|last=Calder|first=Nigel|title=Magic Universe:A Grand Tour of Modern Science|year=2005|pages=369–370|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E4NfZ9FDcc8C&pg=PA370&lpg=PA370&source=bl&ots=Z2tZ4UAN_B&sig=ce9IGzd2ZdqJZw60HuX_mb2qRfM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GlL2UOjvL4bN0QW8vYDoAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=title%20of%20a%20book&f=false|quote=The possibility that the next big machine would create the Higgs became a carrot to dangle in front of funding agencies and politicians. A prominent American physicist, Leon lederman, advertised the Higgs as The God Particle in the title of a book published in 1993 ...Lederman was involved in a campaign to persuade the US government to continue funding the Superconducting Super Collider... the ink was not dry on Lederman's book before the US Congress decided to write off the billions of dollars already spent}}</ref> The increasingly moribund project was finally shelved that same year after some $2 billion of expenditure.<ref name="SSC LA Times" />
 
In 1988, Lederman received the Nobel Prize for Physics along with [[Melvin Schwartz]] and [[Jack Steinberger]] "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".<ref name=Nobel_biography/> Lederman also received the National Medal of Science (1965), the [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] for Physics (1976), the Wolf Prize for Physics (1982) and the [[Enrico Fermi Award]] (1992).
 
In 1995, he received the [[Chicago History Museum]] "Making History Award" for Distinction in Science Medicine and Technology.
 
Lederman was an early supporter of [[Science Debate 2008]], an initiative to get the then-candidates for president, [[Barack Obama]] and [[John McCain]], to debate the nation's top science policy challenges. In October 2010, Lederman participated in the [[USA Science and Engineering Festival]]'s Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students got to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch.<ref>[http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> Lederman was also a member of the [[USA Science and Engineering Festival]]'s Advisory Board <ref>[http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors USA Science and Engineering Festival - Advisors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[CRDF Global]].
 
==Personal life==
Lederman was born in [[New York]] to a family of [[Jewish]]{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} immigrants from [[Russia]]. His father operated a hand laundry while encouraging Leon to pursue his education. He went to elementary school in New York City, continuing on to college and his doctorate in the city.<ref>Lederman, Leon M. "Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography." http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-autobio.html Retrieved 06 April 2009. Published 1988, The Nobel Foundation.</ref>
 
In his book,''[[The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?]]'', Lederman writes that, although he was a chemistry major, he became fascinated with physics, because of the clarity of the logic and the unambiguous results from experimentation. His best friend during his college years, [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/nyregion/02klein.html?_r=1 Martin Klein], convinced him of "the splendors of physics during a long evening over many beers." After that conversation he became resolute and unwavering regarding his desire to pursue physics. When he [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/led0bio-1 joined the Army]  with a B.S. in Chemistry, he was determined to become a physicist following his service.<ref name="autogenerated5">The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 5 <br />''by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi'' (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company</ref>
 
After three years in the U.S. Army during World War II, he took up [http://search.columbia.edu/search?q=lederman&site=Columbia&client=columbia&proxystylesheet=columbia&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch=www.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fphysics physics]
at [http://www.columbia.edu/ Columbia University], and received his Masters in 1948.
Lederman began his Ph.D research working with Columbia's Nevis [[Synchrocyclotron|synchro-cyclotron]],<ref>see '''High Energy Physics''' section on this page: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/news/DeptHistory/index/</ref> which was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world at that time.<ref name="autogenerated5"/>  [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], then the president of Columbia University, and future president of the United States, cut the ribbon dedicating the synchro-cyclotron in June 1950.<ref>Eisenhower at ribbon cutting for the dedication of the Nevis syncho-cyclotron http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/images/columbia-cyclotron.jpeg</ref> These atom smashers were just coming of age at this time and created the new discipline of particle physics.<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
 
After receiving his Ph.D and then becoming a faculty member at Columbia University he was promoted to full professor in 1958.<ref>The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 296 <br />''by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi'' (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company</ref>
 
In "The God Particle" he once wrote "The history of atomism is one of reductionism – the effort to reduce all the operations of nature to a small number of laws governing a small number of primordial objects." <ref>The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 87 <br />''by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi'' (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company</ref> And this was the quest he undertook. This book shows that he pursued the quark, and hopes to find the Higgs boson. The top quark, which he and other physicists realized must exist according to the standard model, was, in fact, produced at Fermilab not long after this book was published.<ref>Observation of Top Quark Production in [anti-p][and][p] Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v74/i14/p2626_1</ref>
 
He is known for his sense of humor in the physics community.<ref>The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 17 – by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company</ref> On August 26, 2008 Lederman was video-recorded by a science focused organization called ScienCentral, on the street in a major U.S. city, answering questions from passersby.<ref>Street Corner Science with Leon Lederman, <br />http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman</ref> He answered questions such as "What is the strong force?" and "What happened before the Big Bang?".
 
He has three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and now lives with his second wife, Ellen (Carr), in Batavia, Illinois.<ref>Lederman, Leon M. "Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography." http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-autobio.html Retrieved 29.7.2008. Published 1988, The Nobel Foundation.</ref>
 
He is an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=It’s the Atheist Particle, actually|url=http://archive.is/Et4cP|publisher=Postnoon News|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Babu Gogineni|date=July 10, 2012|quote=Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!}}</ref>
 
 
==Publications==
* ''[[The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?]]'' by Leon M. Lederman, [[Dick Teresi]] (ISBN 0-385-31211-3)
* ''From Quarks to the Cosmos'' by Leon Lederman and [[David Schramm (astrophysicist)|David N. Schramm]] (ISBN 0-7167-6012-6)
* ''Portraits of Great American Scientists'' Leon M. Lederman, et al. (ISBN 1-57392-932-8)
* ''Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe'' Leon M. Lederman and [[Christopher T. Hill]] (ISBN 1-59102-242-8)
*  [http://www.newsweek.com/id/157516 ''What We'll Find Inside the Atom'']{{dead link|date=October 2013}} by Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek
* "Quantum Physics for Poets" Leon M. Lederman and [[Christopher T. Hill]] (ISBN 978-1616142339)
 
==Honorary degrees and awards==
* Election to the [[National Academy of Sciences]], 1965.
*
* U.S. National Medal of Science, 1965.
*
* Member, [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 13 May 1970.
*
* Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York, 1973.
*
* Elliot Cresson Prize of the Franklin Institute, 1976.
*
* President Jimmy Carter's Committee on the National Medal of Science, 21 March 1979.
*
* Wolf Foundation Prize in Physics, Israel, 1982.
*
* Doctor of Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1983.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters and Science, IIT, Chicago, Illinois, 17 May 1987.
*
* Doctor of Science, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, 7 May 1988.
*
* Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15 May 1988.
*
* Department of Energy Distinguished Associate Award, May 1988.
*
* Doctor of Science, City College of New York, New York, New York, 8 June 1988.
*
* Nobel Prize in Physics, December 1988.
*
* La laurea honoris causa in Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, 21 March 1989.
*
* Member, [[American Philosophical Society]], 21 April 1989.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causae, Aurora University, Aurora, Illinois, 20 May 1989.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, Columbia College, Chicago, Illinois, 3 June 1989.
*
* Citation on the occasion of the dedication of IMSA (founded 1985) to the State of Illinois in honor of Leon Lederman and Gov. James Thompson, IMSA, Aurora, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
*
* Doctor of Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1989.
*
* Doctor en Filosofia – Fisica, Honoris Causa, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 2 August 1989.
*
* Honorary Degree, Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 November 1989.
*
* Doctor of Philosophy of Physics, honoris causa, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1989.
*
* Appointment as member of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 15 February 1990.
*
* Laureate of the Lincoln Academy, State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, 21 April 1990.
*
* Doctor of Science, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, 19 May 1990.
*
* Doctor of Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, 26 September 1990.
*
* Public Affairs Committee Award, American Chemical Society, 22 March 1991.
*
* 1991 William Proctor Prize, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1991.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The City University of New York, New York City, New York, 11 May 1992.
*
* Doctor of Science, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York, 17 May 1992.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois, 23 May 1992.
*
* Doctor of Science – honoris causa, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, 10 July 1992.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Drury College, Springfield, Missouri, 14 October 1992.
*
* Enrico Fermi Prize of the U.S. Department of Energy, 1992.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, State University of New York, Geneseo, New York, 15 May 1993.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 23 May 1993.
*
* President's Medal, The City College, The City University of New York, New York, New York, 28 May 1993.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Marywood College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 15 October 1993.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Illinois Benedictine College, Lisle, Illinois, 21 May 1994.
*
* Appointment as a Tetelman Fellow at Jonathan Edwards College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 7 November 1994.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 15 November 1994.
*
* The first Enrico Fermi History Maker Award, for distinction in Science, Medicine and Technology, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois, 8 June 1995.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1995.
*
* Ordem Nacional do Merito Cientifico, Brasilia, Brazil, 13 June 1995.
*
* Universitario de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Cusco, Peru, Doctor, honoris causa, 16 August 1995.
*
* University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Doctor of Science, honoris causa, 18 May 1997.
*
* Doctor of Science, Bethany College, Bethany, Virginia, 24 May 1997.
*
* Doctor of Science, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, 17 May 1998.
*
* Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 17 May 1998.
*
* Doctor of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, December 1998.
*
* Doctor, honoris causa, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia, 15 July 1998.
*
* Member, President Bill Clinton's Commission on White House Fellowships, 13 April 1999.
*
* Diploma, Miembro Correspondiente, La Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, October 1999.
*
* 1999 Medallion, Division of Particles and Fields, Mexican Physical Society, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, 11 November 1999.
*
* Honorary Professor, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 5 November 2000.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, 21 January 2001.
*
* Doctor of Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, May 2004.
*
* Doctor of Public Service, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 16 May 2004.
*
* Doctor of Science Education, honoris causa, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 12 December 2004.
*
* Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, 6 May 2006.
*
* Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota, 24 October 2008.
*
* Vannevar Bush Prize, 2012.<ref>[http://history.fnal.gov/honorary.html Fermilab History and Archives Project | Leon M. Lederman Honorary Degrees and Awards<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/robert Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm] ''The Science Network'' interview with Leon Lederman
* [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/lederman.html Biography and Bibliographic Resources], from the [[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]], [[United States Department of Energy]]
* [http://www-ed.fnal.gov/samplers/hsphys/people/lederman.html Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage]
* [http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1988/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988]
* [http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=411 Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation]
* [http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-autobio.html Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography]
* [http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/leon_max_lederman.html Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman]
* [http://www-ed.fnal.gov/lml/Leon_life.html ''Story of Leon'' by Leon Lederman]
* [http://www.honeywellscience.com/  Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio]
* [http://www.fi.edu/winners/1976/lederman_leon.faw?winner_id=3329 1976 Cresson Medal recipient] from The [[Franklin Institute]].
 
{{Wolf Prize in Physics}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976–2000}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=7451165}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              =Lederman, Leon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American mathematician and physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH    =July 15, 1922
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =[[New York]]
| DATE OF DEATH    =
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lederman, Leon}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American mathematicians]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Enrico Fermi Award recipients]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Particle physicists]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates]]
[[Category:Jewish inventors]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]

Revision as of 03:08, 29 January 2014

Template:Infobox scientist

Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist who received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982, for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos. He is Director Emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois, USA. He founded the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, in Aurora, Illinois in 1986, and has served in the capacity of Resident Scholar since 1998.[1] In 2012, he was awarded the Vannevar Bush Award for his extraordinary contributions to understanding the basic forces and particles of nature.[2]

Early life and career

Lederman was born in New York City, New York, the son of Minna (née Rosenberg) and Morris Lederman, a laundryman.[3] Lederman graduated from the James Monroe High School in the South Bronx. He received his bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1943, and received a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1951. He then joined the Columbia faculty and eventually became Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics. He took an extended leave of absence from Columbia in 1979 to become director of Fermilab. Resigning from Columbia (and retiring from Fermilab) in 1989 to teach briefly at the University of Chicago, he then moved to the physics department of the Illinois Institute of Technology, where he currently serves as the Pritzker Professor of Science. In 1991, Lederman became President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Lederman is also one of the main proponents of the "Physics First" movement. Also known as "Right-side Up Science" and "Biology Last," this movement seeks to rearrange the current high school science curriculum so that physics precedes chemistry and biology.

A former president of the American Physical Society, Lederman also received the National Medal of Science, the Wolf Prize and the Ernest O. Lawrence Medal. Lederman serves as President of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1989 to 1992.

Among his achievements are the discovery of the muon neutrino in 1962 and the bottom quark in 1977. These helped establish his reputation as among the top particle physicists.

In 1977, a group of physicists led by Leon Lederman announced that a particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator. The particle's initial name was the greek letter Upsilon (Υ). After taking further data, the group discovered that this particle did not actually exist, and the "discovery" was named "Oops-Leon" as a pun on the original name (mispronounced Template:IPAc-en) and Lederman's first name.

As the director of Fermilab and subsequent Nobel physics prizewinner, Leon Lederman was a very prominent early supporter – some sources say the architect[4] or proposer[5] – of the Superconducting Super Collider project, which was endorsed around 1983, and was a major proponent and advocate throughout its lifetime.[6][7] Lederman later wrote his 1993 popular science book The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of such a project – in the context of the project's last years and the changing political climate of the 1990s.[8] The increasingly moribund project was finally shelved that same year after some $2 billion of expenditure.[4]

In 1988, Lederman received the Nobel Prize for Physics along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".[1] Lederman also received the National Medal of Science (1965), the Elliott Cresson Medal for Physics (1976), the Wolf Prize for Physics (1982) and the Enrico Fermi Award (1992).

In 1995, he received the Chicago History Museum "Making History Award" for Distinction in Science Medicine and Technology.

Lederman was an early supporter of Science Debate 2008, an initiative to get the then-candidates for president, Barack Obama and John McCain, to debate the nation's top science policy challenges. In October 2010, Lederman participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students got to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch.[9] Lederman was also a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board [10] and CRDF Global.

Personal life

Lederman was born in New York to a family of JewishPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. immigrants from Russia. His father operated a hand laundry while encouraging Leon to pursue his education. He went to elementary school in New York City, continuing on to college and his doctorate in the city.[11]

In his book,The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?, Lederman writes that, although he was a chemistry major, he became fascinated with physics, because of the clarity of the logic and the unambiguous results from experimentation. His best friend during his college years, Martin Klein, convinced him of "the splendors of physics during a long evening over many beers." After that conversation he became resolute and unwavering regarding his desire to pursue physics. When he joined the Army with a B.S. in Chemistry, he was determined to become a physicist following his service.[12]

After three years in the U.S. Army during World War II, he took up physics at Columbia University, and received his Masters in 1948. Lederman began his Ph.D research working with Columbia's Nevis synchro-cyclotron,[13] which was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world at that time.[12] Dwight D. Eisenhower, then the president of Columbia University, and future president of the United States, cut the ribbon dedicating the synchro-cyclotron in June 1950.[14] These atom smashers were just coming of age at this time and created the new discipline of particle physics.[12]

After receiving his Ph.D and then becoming a faculty member at Columbia University he was promoted to full professor in 1958.[15]

In "The God Particle" he once wrote "The history of atomism is one of reductionism – the effort to reduce all the operations of nature to a small number of laws governing a small number of primordial objects." [16] And this was the quest he undertook. This book shows that he pursued the quark, and hopes to find the Higgs boson. The top quark, which he and other physicists realized must exist according to the standard model, was, in fact, produced at Fermilab not long after this book was published.[17]

He is known for his sense of humor in the physics community.[18] On August 26, 2008 Lederman was video-recorded by a science focused organization called ScienCentral, on the street in a major U.S. city, answering questions from passersby.[19] He answered questions such as "What is the strong force?" and "What happened before the Big Bang?".

He has three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and now lives with his second wife, Ellen (Carr), in Batavia, Illinois.[20]

He is an atheist.[21]


Publications

Honorary degrees and awards

  • Election to the National Academy of Sciences, 1965.
  • U.S. National Medal of Science, 1965.
  • Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 13 May 1970.
  • Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York, 1973.
  • Elliot Cresson Prize of the Franklin Institute, 1976.
  • President Jimmy Carter's Committee on the National Medal of Science, 21 March 1979.
  • Wolf Foundation Prize in Physics, Israel, 1982.
  • Doctor of Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1983.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters and Science, IIT, Chicago, Illinois, 17 May 1987.
  • Doctor of Science, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, 7 May 1988.
  • Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15 May 1988.
  • Department of Energy Distinguished Associate Award, May 1988.
  • Doctor of Science, City College of New York, New York, New York, 8 June 1988.
  • Nobel Prize in Physics, December 1988.
  • La laurea honoris causa in Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, 21 March 1989.
  • Member, American Philosophical Society, 21 April 1989.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causae, Aurora University, Aurora, Illinois, 20 May 1989.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, Columbia College, Chicago, Illinois, 3 June 1989.
  • Citation on the occasion of the dedication of IMSA (founded 1985) to the State of Illinois in honor of Leon Lederman and Gov. James Thompson, IMSA, Aurora, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
  • Doctor of Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1989.
  • Doctor en Filosofia – Fisica, Honoris Causa, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 2 August 1989.
  • Honorary Degree, Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 November 1989.
  • Doctor of Philosophy of Physics, honoris causa, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1989.
  • Appointment as member of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 15 February 1990.
  • Laureate of the Lincoln Academy, State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, 21 April 1990.
  • Doctor of Science, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, 19 May 1990.
  • Doctor of Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, 26 September 1990.
  • Public Affairs Committee Award, American Chemical Society, 22 March 1991.
  • 1991 William Proctor Prize, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1991.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The City University of New York, New York City, New York, 11 May 1992.
  • Doctor of Science, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York, 17 May 1992.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois, 23 May 1992.
  • Doctor of Science – honoris causa, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, 10 July 1992.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Drury College, Springfield, Missouri, 14 October 1992.
  • Enrico Fermi Prize of the U.S. Department of Energy, 1992.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, State University of New York, Geneseo, New York, 15 May 1993.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 23 May 1993.
  • President's Medal, The City College, The City University of New York, New York, New York, 28 May 1993.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Marywood College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 15 October 1993.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Illinois Benedictine College, Lisle, Illinois, 21 May 1994.
  • Appointment as a Tetelman Fellow at Jonathan Edwards College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 7 November 1994.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 15 November 1994.
  • The first Enrico Fermi History Maker Award, for distinction in Science, Medicine and Technology, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois, 8 June 1995.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1995.
  • Ordem Nacional do Merito Cientifico, Brasilia, Brazil, 13 June 1995.
  • Universitario de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Cusco, Peru, Doctor, honoris causa, 16 August 1995.
  • University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Doctor of Science, honoris causa, 18 May 1997.
  • Doctor of Science, Bethany College, Bethany, Virginia, 24 May 1997.
  • Doctor of Science, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, 17 May 1998.
  • Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 17 May 1998.
  • Doctor of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, December 1998.
  • Doctor, honoris causa, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia, 15 July 1998.
  • Member, President Bill Clinton's Commission on White House Fellowships, 13 April 1999.
  • Diploma, Miembro Correspondiente, La Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, October 1999.
  • 1999 Medallion, Division of Particles and Fields, Mexican Physical Society, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, 11 November 1999.
  • Honorary Professor, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 5 November 2000.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, 21 January 2001.
  • Doctor of Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, May 2004.
  • Doctor of Public Service, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 16 May 2004.
  • Doctor of Science Education, honoris causa, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 12 December 2004.
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, 6 May 2006.
  • Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota, 24 October 2008.
  • Vannevar Bush Prize, 2012.[22]

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

Property growth may be attributed as the enhancement of a given space by an individual or a marketing consultant or by a corporation as a whole. Any particular person or organization involved in the above activity will possible be known as a Property Developer. Singapore is admittedly well-known in Asia for its booming property.

As a Singapore citizen and in case you are eligible for the backed loans you may benefit from the backed mortgage rates of the HDB. The HDB can grant a sponsored mortgage to first time house patrons and also to second time house consumers who upgrade to another HDB flats. Beginning of January 2008 ,the Singapore Inter financial institution offered rate (Sibor) has fallen again and is at its lowest since three years. Analysts consider it's going to sink additional throughout 2008. The Sibor is the speed at which bank lend to one another and influences what you pay for a mortgage. Statistics exhibits nonetheless, that local and foreign banks in Singapore don't go on the savings without delay but fairly in a time-frame from about two months. Read Extra Do rising Singapore bankruptcies signal hassle ahead?

One in every of Asia's premier property companies, Keppel Land is recognised for its sterling portfolio of award-profitable residential developments and investment-grade commercial properties in addition to excessive requirements of corporate governance and transparency. Keppel Land is likely one of the largest listed property companies by whole belongings on the Singapore Change. The Group's complete assets amounted to about $13.eight billion as at 31 March 2014. It is usually a element of several stock indices together with the FTSE ST Actual Estate Index, FTSE ST China High Index, FTSE All-World Index, FTSE Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index, FTSE EPRA/NAREIT World Real Property Index and EPRA/NAREIT Index. WOODSVALE PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO WOODSVALE SHUT, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT thirteen) Industrial

The rise within the nominal value index pales as compared with the 38.2% value hike (34% in actual terms) throughout the 12 months to Q2 2010, a period which noticed the fastest value-rises of the recent increase. Measures were introduced in October 2012 to limit mortgage tenure to 35 years, and to lower to 60% the LTV ratio for loans longer than 30 years, or mortgage durations extending past age sixty five. Client Worth Index for Households in Completely different Revenue Teams Domestic Provide Price Index Home Wholesale Commerce Index Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product at 2005 Market Costs Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices Food & Beverage Services Index Authorities Improvement Expenditure Gross Home Product at 2005 Market Costs Gross Home Product at Current Market Prices

Thinking of buying property in Singapore and wish to know extra about particular property launches in Singapore, or to attend their VIP Previews ? If you've ever had the experience of paying for an uncompleted property elsewhere only to see the developer vanish halfway by construction of the venture, you'd be glad to know this isn't one thing that's more likely to occur should you're shopping for property in Singapore. That's as a result of new Singapore property gross sales are very high regulated. This page covers some temporary data on the procedures to buy or purchase property in Singapore. Tips for foreigners or buyers buying condominium, home or other properties in Singapore. the title of the big property developers in singapore; Landed Property Builders step by step raising property prices HDB HUB

Only Singapore citizens and accepted persons should buy Landed 'residential property'as outlined in the Residential Properties Act. Foreigners are eligible to purchaseunits in condominiums or flats which aren't landed dwelling homes. Foreignerswho wish to buy landed property in Singapore should first search the approval ofthe Controller of Residential Property. Your Lawyer's Function in a Property Purchase Pending completion of your buy, your lawyer will lodge a caveat towards the title to the property - this serves to notify the general public (and any third social gathering fascinated in the property) that you've a sound curiosity or declare to the title of the property arising from the contract for the sale and buy. Property was all the time on his thoughts Property

Non-public residential properties investment shall be thought of for software for Everlasting Resident software. A foreigner will be considered for PR status if he invests at the least S$2 million in business set-ups, other funding autos such as venture capital funds, foundations or trusts, and/or private residential properties. Up to 50% of the funding may be in personal residential properties, topic to foreign ownership restrictions underneath the Residential Property Act (RPA). That is to attract and anchor foreign expertise in Singapore.

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Template:Wolf Prize in Physics Template:Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976–2000

In the event you've just lately been requested by your employer to be posted to Singapore, then this website is for you. Whether or not you're single or married with kids, whether or not you are looking for a condominium, a bungalow, a semi-detached or a public condo, residing and renting a house in Singapore at this time is straightforward when you recognize the ins and outs, the dos and don'ts.

He is a rip-off!! Severely trust me he's on of the scammer agent. He made me believe that I've a spot to remain then when I was about to move the place isn't out there. Then he just took my deposit and agent's charge. By the best way he's also the landlord of the place i am presupposed to lease. He took my money and ran away. However I went to the HDB and complain him, additionally I complain straight to the police. Then the police called him and he got scared. Finally each penny that I gave him, he give it again since HDB and police office is supporting me. Don't be lazy to complain. Go straight to the police and complain these individuals.

i imagine there are good ethical brokers in Singapore. But i have encounter unhealthy experiencing the Christina Fong from realty master. She is admittedly an unprofessional and never moral one. Only considering of undercutiing and squeezing money from ptther people without defending interest of her personal shopper. Proceed to the section Training and look at a map of all worldwide colleges in Singapore or visit the section residential areas for detailed data on the place to stay and why. Information District and Location Have completed no less than 30 property transactions up to now three years. At least 10 of these transactions will have to be for private properties, and at the very least one other 10 needs to be for HDB flats (also known as public housing); Singapore-Indonesia Commercial Affiliation

Agents need to be very resourceful and so they have to work doubly onerous to succeed in out to extra consumers as a result of when the market swings, it turns into very aggressive," said PropNex Chief Executive Mohamed Ismail. "Beforehand, an agent might focus on one space, comparable to HDB, however at this time you may't." An motion for misrepresentation arises beneath the law of tort. A Misrepresentation happens when the Representor (Property Agent) makes a false assertion of existing truth with data of its falsity and with the intention that the Representee (Buyer or Seller) ought to act on it with the consequence that the Representee does act on it to his detriment. Metropolis & South West (D01-08) Tiong Bahru MRT Quiet C/Room F/Furnished w AC No Agent Price

On February 19 we had an appointment with the proprietor and his agent (A and H!) at the condominium to hand over the keys. They went by means of all the things with a wonderful tooth comb. An important lesson we learned over all this is that you simply MUST ENGAGE YOUR PERSONAL AGENT and never rely on the homeowners agent as his priority is to the proprietor not you. Nevertheless, last night time my own agent called me and informed me suddenly that ECG instructed them a buyer goes handy them a check within the morning, so we higher act fast or we may lose the property. Stamp responsibility is to be paid inside 14 days from the date of acceptance of the OTP or Sale and buy a house in singapore (click hyperlink) (S&P) Settlement. For more information, please go to www.iras.gov.sg - Gown Up Your House Woodlands East Industrial & Industrial Affiliation

There may also be a Code of Ethics and a Skilled Conduct Commonplace, as well as the introduction of disciplinary motion in opposition to errant brokers/businesses and dispute decision mechanisms. Preparations shall be made to manage the transition of existing agencies and agents to these new standards, which have but to be finalized. The Proposed Enchancment in High quality for Actual Property Businesses Wheelock Properties put up 95 items of The Panorama in Ang Mo Kio for balloting. With a reduction of 12 p.c, they claimed to promote 80 to eighty five units. Whereas developers are clearing their existing stock, every month there are new projects acquiring their HIGH and new sites released by the government to construct more private housing. The due date of each rental payment; or

To know who pays actual property commissions - whether or not it's sellers or buyers or both or if it is Landlord's or Tenant's or both Divisions vary. All Brokers work on a commission scheme that is determined by the experience, efficiency and various other elements equivalent to recruitment and many others. New brokers can receive from a range of 60%-70% of the full fee received by them from the closure of a deal. High producing brokers would possibly obtain 100% and pay the company (broker) a desk fee. Everybody else falls somewhere in between. Kindly discuss with the FAQ part of the CEA web site-www.cea.gov.sg Co-Broking / sharing of fee There isn't a set formulation. This is based on the demand and supply circumstances in the market. present agents have tertiary education.

Template:Persondata

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  2. ↑ National Science Board - Honorary Awards - Vannevar Bush Award Recipients
  3. ↑ Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience - Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne W. Kolb, Catherine Westfall - Google Books
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Cite news
  5. ↑ Template:Cite web direct link: [1]
  6. ↑ Template:Cite news (direct link to article: [2])
  7. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  8. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  9. ↑ [3]Template:Dead link
  10. ↑ USA Science and Engineering Festival - Advisors
  11. ↑ Lederman, Leon M. "Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography." http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-autobio.html Retrieved 06 April 2009. Published 1988, The Nobel Foundation.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 5
    by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company
  13. ↑ see High Energy Physics section on this page: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/news/DeptHistory/index/
  14. ↑ Eisenhower at ribbon cutting for the dedication of the Nevis syncho-cyclotron http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/images/columbia-cyclotron.jpeg
  15. ↑ The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 296
    by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company
  16. ↑ The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 87
    by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company
  17. ↑ Observation of Top Quark Production in [anti-p][and][p] Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v74/i14/p2626_1
  18. ↑ The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question – page 17 – by Leon Lederman with Dick Teresi (copyright 1993) Houghton Mifflin Company
  19. ↑ Street Corner Science with Leon Lederman,
    http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/08/26/street-corner-science-with-leon-lederman
  20. ↑ Lederman, Leon M. "Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography." http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/lederman-autobio.html Retrieved 29.7.2008. Published 1988, The Nobel Foundation.
  21. ↑ Template:Cite web
  22. ↑ Fermilab History and Archives Project | Leon M. Lederman Honorary Degrees and Awards
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