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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{other uses|Squid (disambiguation)}}
[[File:SQUID by Zureks.jpg|thumb|Sensing element of the SQUID]]


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A '''SQUID''' (for '''superconducting quantum interference device''') is a very sensitive [[magnetometer]] used to measure extremely subtle [[magnetic field]]s, based on superconducting loops containing [[Josephson junction]]s.
 
SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure [[magnetic flux units|fields]] as low as 5 [[atto-|a]][[Tesla (unit)|T]] (5×10<sup>−18</sup> T) within a few days of averaged measurements.<ref name=Ran04>{{cite book |url=http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/education/GP-B_T-Guide4-2008.pdf |last=Ran |first=Shannon K’doah |title=Gravity Probe B: Exploring Einstein's Universe with Gyroscopes |format=[[PDF]] |page=26 |year=2004 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Their noise levels are as low as 3 [[femto-|f]]T·[[Hertz|Hz]]<sup>-½</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ib.ptb.de/de/org/7/75/751/SQUID_Stromsensoren/Drung_ASC06_Preprint.pdf|title=Highly sensitive and easy-to-use SQUID sensors|author=D. Drung, C. Assmann, J. Beyer, A. Kirste, M. Peters, F. Ruede, and Th. Schurig|journal=IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity|year=2007|volume=17|issue=2|page= 699|doi=10.1109/TASC.2007.897403|bibcode = 2007ITAS...17..699D }}</ref> For comparison, a typical [[refrigerator magnet]] produces 0.01 teslas (10<sup>−2</sup> T), and some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields between 10<sup>−9</sup> T and 10<sup>−6</sup> T. Recently invented [[SERF]] atomic magnetometers are potentially more sensitive and do not require [[cryogenic]] [[refrigeration]] but are orders of magnitude larger in size (~1&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>) and must be operated in a near-zero magnetic field.
 
== History and design ==
 
There are two main types of SQUID: [[direct current]] (DC) and [[radio frequency]] (RF). RF SQUIDs can work with only one [[Josephson junction]], which might make them cheaper to produce, but are less sensitive.
 
=== DC SQUID ===
[[File:DC SQUID.svg|thumb|200px|Diagram of a DC SQUID. The current <math>I</math> enters and splits into the two paths, each with currents <math>I_a</math> and <math>I_b</math>. The thin barriers on each path are Josephson junctions, which together separate the two superconducting regions. <math>\Phi</math> represents the magnetic flux threading the DC SQUID loop.]]
 
[[File:SQUID IV.jpg|thumb|Electrical schematic of a SQUID where I<sub>b</sub> is the bias current, I<sub>0</sub> is the critical current of the SQUID, <math>\Phi</math> is the flux threading the SQUID and <math>V</math> is the voltage response to that flux. The X-symbols represent [[Josephson junction]]s.]]
[[File:IV curve.jpg|thumb|Left: Plot of current vs. voltage for a SQUID. Upper and lower curves correspond to nΦ<sub>0</sub> and (n+1/2)Φ<sub>0</sub> respectively. Right: Periodic voltage response due to flux through a SQUID. The periodicity is equal to one flux quantum, Φ<sub>0</sub>]]
 
The DC SQUID was invented in 1964 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, James Mercereau, and Arnold Silver of Ford Research Labs<ref name=Jaklevic64>{{cite journal|author=R. C. Jaklevic, J. Lambe, A. H. Silver, and J. E. Mercereau|title=Quantum Interference Effects in Josephson Tunneling|journal=Phys. Rev. Letters|volume=12|pages=159–160|year=1964|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.159|bibcode=1964PhRvL..12..159J|issue=7}}</ref> after [[Brian David Josephson]] postulated the [[Josephson effect]] in 1962, and the first Josephson junction was made by John Rowell and [[Philip Warren Anderson|Philip Anderson]] at [[Bell Labs]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.230}}</ref> It has two Josephson junctions in parallel in a superconducting loop. It is based on the DC Josephson effect. In the absence of any external magnetic field, the input current <math>I</math> splits into the two branches equally. If a small external magnetic field is applied to the superconducting loop, a screening current, <math>I_s</math>, begins circulating in the loop that generates a magnetic field canceling the applied external flux. The induced current is in the same direction as <math>I</math> in one of the branches of the superconducting loop, and is opposite to <math>I</math> in the other branch; the total current becomes <math>I/2 + I_s</math> in one branch and <math>I/2 - I_s</math> in the other. As soon as the current in either branch exceeds the critical current, <math>I_c</math>, of the [[Josephson junction]], a voltage appears across the junction.
 
Now suppose the external flux is further increased until it exceeds <math>\Phi_0/2</math>, half the [[magnetic flux quantum]]. Since the flux enclosed by the superconducting loop must be an integral number of flux quanta, instead of screening the flux the SQUID now energetically prefers to increase it to <math>\Phi_0</math>. The screening current now flows in the opposite direction. Thus the screening current changes direction every time the flux increases by half integer multiples of <math>\Phi_0</math>. Thus the critical current oscillates as a function of the applied flux. If the input current is more than <math>I_c</math>, then the SQUID always operates in the resistive mode. The voltage in this case is thus a function of the applied magnetic field and the period equal to <math>\Phi_0</math>. Since the current-voltage characteristics of the DC SQUID is hysteretic, a shunt resistance, <math>R</math> is connected across the junction to eliminate the hysteresis (in the case of copper oxide based high-temperature superconductors the junction's own intrinsic resistance is usually sufficient). The screening current is the applied flux divided by the self-inductance of the ring. Thus <math>\Delta \Phi</math> can be estimated as the function of <math>\Delta V</math> (flux to voltage converter)<ref name=du>{{cite book|author=E. du Trémolet de Lacheisserie, D. Gignoux, and M. Schlenker (editors)|title=Magnetism: Materials and Applications|volume=2|publisher=Springer|year=2005}}</ref><ref name=clarke>{{cite book|author=J. Clarke and A. I. Braginski (Eds.)|title=The SQUID handbook|volume=1|publisher=Wiley-Vch|year=2004}}</ref> as follows:
:∆''V'' = ''R'' ∆''I''
 
:2''I'' = 2 ∆''Φ''/''L'', where ''L'' is the self inductance of the superconducting ring
:∆''V'' = (''R''/''L'') ∆''Φ''
 
The discussion in this Section assumed perfect flux quantization in the loop. However, this is only true for big loops with a large self-inductance. According to the relations, given above, this implies also small current and voltage variations. In practice the self-inductance ''L'' of the loop is not so large. The general case can be evaluated by introducing a parameter
 
:<math>\lambda = \frac{i_cL}{\Phi_0}</math>
 
with ''i''<sub>c</sub> the critical current of the SQUID. Usually ''λ'' is of order one.<ref>{{cite journal|author=A.TH.A.M. de Waele and R. de Bruyn Ouboter|title=Quantum-interference phenomena in point contacts between two superconductors|journal=Physica|volume= 41|year=1969|pages=225–254|doi=10.1016/0031-8914(69)90116-5|issue=2|bibcode = 1969Phy....41..225D }}</ref>
 
=== RF SQUID ===
[[File:Squid prototype2.jpg|thumb|A prototype SQUID]]
 
The RF SQUID was invented in 1965 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, Arnold Silver, and [[James Edward Zimmerman]] at Ford.<ref name=clarke/> It is based on the AC Josephson effect and uses only one Josephson junction. It is less sensitive compared to DC SQUID but is cheaper and easier to manufacture in smaller quantities. Most fundamental measurements in biomagnetism, even of extremely small signals, have been made using RF SQUIDS.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1063/1.1136907}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1088/0953-2048/19/3/024}}</ref>
The RF SQUID is inductively coupled to a resonant tank circuit. Depending on the external magnetic field, as the SQUID operates in the resistive mode, the effective inductance of the tank circuit changes, thus changing the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. These frequency measurements can be easily taken, and thus the losses which appear as the voltage across the load resistor in the circuit are a periodic function of the applied magnetic flux with a period of ''Φ''<sub>0</sub>. For a precise mathematical description refer to the original paper by Erné et al.<ref name=du/><ref>{{cite journal|author=S.N. Erné, H.-D. Hahlbohm, H. Lübbig|title=Theory of the RF biased Superconducting Quantum Interference Device for the non-hysteretic regime|journal=J. Appl. Phys.|volume=47|pages=5440–5442|year=1976|doi=10.1063/1.322574|bibcode = 1976JAP....47.5440E|issue=12 }}</ref>
 
=== Materials Used ===
The traditional [[superconducting]] materials for SQUIDs are pure [[niobium]] or a lead [[alloy]] with 10% gold or [[indium]], as pure lead is unstable when its temperature is repeatedly changed. To maintain superconductivity, the entire device needs to operate within a few degrees of [[absolute zero]], cooled with [[liquid helium]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
"High-temperature" SQUID sensors are more recent; they are made of [[High-temperature superconductivity|high-temperature superconductors]], particularly [[yttrium barium copper oxide|YBCO]], and are cooled by [[liquid nitrogen]] which is cheaper and more easily handled than liquid helium. They are less sensitive than conventional "low temperature" SQUIDs but good enough for many applications.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
== Uses ==
[[File:Squid prototype.jpg|thumb|The inner workings of an early SQUID]]
 
The extreme sensitivity of SQUIDs makes them ideal for studies in biology. [[Magnetoencephalography]] (MEG), for example, uses measurements from an array of SQUIDs to make inferences about [[neuron|neural]] activity inside brains. Because SQUIDs can operate at acquisition rates much higher than the highest temporal frequency of interest in the signals emitted by the brain (kHz), MEG achieves good temporal resolution. Another area where SQUIDs are used is [[magnetogastrography]], which is concerned with recording the weak magnetic fields of the stomach. A novel application of SQUIDs is the [[magnetic marker monitoring]] method, which is used to trace the path of orally applied drugs. In the clinical environment SQUIDs are used in [[cardiology]] for [[magnetic field imaging]] (MFI), which detects the magnetic field of the heart for diagnosis and risk stratification.
 
Probably the most common commercial use of SQUIDs is in magnetic property measurement systems (MPMS). These are [[Turnkey |turn-key]] systems, made by several manufacturers, that measure the magnetic properties of a material sample. This is typically done over a temperature range from that of 300 mK to roughly 400 K.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1109/JPROC.2004.833655}}</ref>
 
For example, SQUIDs are being used as detectors to perform [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI). While high-field MRI uses precession fields of one to several teslas, SQUID-detected MRI uses measurement fields that lie in the microtesla range. In a conventional MRI system, the signal scales as the square of the measurement frequency (and hence precession field): one power of frequency comes from the thermal polarization of the spins at ambient temperature, while the second power of field comes from the fact that the induced voltage in the pickup coil is proportional to the frequency of the precessing magnetization. In the case of untuned SQUID detection of prepolarized spins, however, the NMR signal strength is independent of precession field, allowing MRI signal detection in extremely weak fields, of order the Earth's field. SQUID-detected MRI has advantages over high-field MRI systems, such as the low cost required to build such a system, and its compactness. The principle has been demonstrated by imaging human extremities, and its future application may include tumor screening.<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Clarke
|first1=J.
|last2=Lee
|first2=A.T.
|last3=Mück
|first3=M.
|last4=Richards
|first4=P.L.
|chapter=Chapter 8.3: Nuclear Magnetic and Quadrupole Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|pages=56–81
}} in {{harvnb|Clarke|Braginski|2006}}</ref>
 
Another application is the [[scanning SQUID microscope]], which uses a SQUID immersed in liquid [[helium]] as the probe. The use of SQUIDs in [[Petroleum|oil]] [[prospecting]], [[mineral exploration]], earthquake prediction and [[geothermal energy]] surveying is becoming more widespread as superconductor technology develops; they are also used as precision movement sensors in a variety of scientific applications, such as the detection of [[gravitational wave]]s.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Paik
|first=Ho J.
|chapter=Chapter 15.2: Superconducting Transducer for Gravitational-Wave Detectors
|pages=548–554
}} in {{harvnb|Clarke|Braginski|2006}}</ref>
A SQUID is the sensor in each of the four gyroscopes employed on [[Gravity Probe B]] in order to test the limits of the theory of [[general relativity]].<ref name=Ran04/>
 
A modified RF SQUID was used to observe the [[Casimir effect#Dynamical Casimir effect|dynamical Casimir effect]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26813/|title=First Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect|publisher=Technology Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=C. M.|title=Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Superconducting Circuit|journal=Nature|volume=479|pages=376–379|year=2011|doi=10.1038/nature10561|arxiv = 1105.4714 |bibcode = 2011Natur.479..376W }}</ref>
 
It has also been suggested that they might be implemented in a [[quantum computer]].<ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/1402-4896/1998/T76/024 Quantum coherence with a single Cooper pair], V Bouchiat, D Vion, P Joyez, D Esteve, M H Devoret, 1998 Phys. Scr. 1998 165</ref> These are the only macroscopic devices that have been cited as possible [[qubits]] in this context.
 
A potential military application exists for use in [[anti-submarine warfare]] as a [[magnetic anomaly detector]] (MAD) fitted to [[maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-4/iss-2/p20.pdf|title=SQUID Sensors Penetrate New Markets|first=Jennifer|last=Ouellette|page=22|publisher=The Industrial Physicist}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Macroscopic quantum phenomena]]
* [[Geophysics]]
* [[Electromagnetism]]
* [[Magnetometer]]
* [[Superconducting tunnel junction]]
* [[Aharonov-Bohm effect]]
 
== Notes ==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
== References ==
 
*{{cite book
|ref=harv
|volume=2
|title=Applications of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems
|editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Clarke
|editor2-first=Alex I. |editor2-last=Braginski
|isbn=978-3-527-40408-7
|publisher=Wiley-VCH
|year=2006 }}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Squid}}
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Measuring instruments]]
[[Category:Superconductivity]]
[[Category:Josephson effect]]
[[Category:Magnetometers]]

Revision as of 20:07, 9 December 2013

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Sensing element of the SQUID

A SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.

SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5 aT (5×10−18 T) within a few days of averaged measurements.[1] Their noise levels are as low as 3 fHz.[2] For comparison, a typical refrigerator magnet produces 0.01 teslas (10−2 T), and some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields between 10−9 T and 10−6 T. Recently invented SERF atomic magnetometers are potentially more sensitive and do not require cryogenic refrigeration but are orders of magnitude larger in size (~1 cm3) and must be operated in a near-zero magnetic field.

History and design

There are two main types of SQUID: direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF). RF SQUIDs can work with only one Josephson junction, which might make them cheaper to produce, but are less sensitive.

DC SQUID

Diagram of a DC SQUID. The current enters and splits into the two paths, each with currents and . The thin barriers on each path are Josephson junctions, which together separate the two superconducting regions. represents the magnetic flux threading the DC SQUID loop.
Electrical schematic of a SQUID where Ib is the bias current, I0 is the critical current of the SQUID, is the flux threading the SQUID and is the voltage response to that flux. The X-symbols represent Josephson junctions.
Left: Plot of current vs. voltage for a SQUID. Upper and lower curves correspond to nΦ0 and (n+1/2)Φ0 respectively. Right: Periodic voltage response due to flux through a SQUID. The periodicity is equal to one flux quantum, Φ0

The DC SQUID was invented in 1964 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, James Mercereau, and Arnold Silver of Ford Research Labs[3] after Brian David Josephson postulated the Josephson effect in 1962, and the first Josephson junction was made by John Rowell and Philip Anderson at Bell Labs in 1963.[4] It has two Josephson junctions in parallel in a superconducting loop. It is based on the DC Josephson effect. In the absence of any external magnetic field, the input current splits into the two branches equally. If a small external magnetic field is applied to the superconducting loop, a screening current, , begins circulating in the loop that generates a magnetic field canceling the applied external flux. The induced current is in the same direction as in one of the branches of the superconducting loop, and is opposite to in the other branch; the total current becomes in one branch and in the other. As soon as the current in either branch exceeds the critical current, , of the Josephson junction, a voltage appears across the junction.

Now suppose the external flux is further increased until it exceeds , half the magnetic flux quantum. Since the flux enclosed by the superconducting loop must be an integral number of flux quanta, instead of screening the flux the SQUID now energetically prefers to increase it to . The screening current now flows in the opposite direction. Thus the screening current changes direction every time the flux increases by half integer multiples of . Thus the critical current oscillates as a function of the applied flux. If the input current is more than , then the SQUID always operates in the resistive mode. The voltage in this case is thus a function of the applied magnetic field and the period equal to . Since the current-voltage characteristics of the DC SQUID is hysteretic, a shunt resistance, is connected across the junction to eliminate the hysteresis (in the case of copper oxide based high-temperature superconductors the junction's own intrinsic resistance is usually sufficient). The screening current is the applied flux divided by the self-inductance of the ring. Thus can be estimated as the function of (flux to voltage converter)[5][6] as follows:

V = RI
2I = 2 ∆Φ/L, where L is the self inductance of the superconducting ring
V = (R/L) ∆Φ

The discussion in this Section assumed perfect flux quantization in the loop. However, this is only true for big loops with a large self-inductance. According to the relations, given above, this implies also small current and voltage variations. In practice the self-inductance L of the loop is not so large. The general case can be evaluated by introducing a parameter

with ic the critical current of the SQUID. Usually λ is of order one.[7]

RF SQUID

A prototype SQUID

The RF SQUID was invented in 1965 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, Arnold Silver, and James Edward Zimmerman at Ford.[6] It is based on the AC Josephson effect and uses only one Josephson junction. It is less sensitive compared to DC SQUID but is cheaper and easier to manufacture in smaller quantities. Most fundamental measurements in biomagnetism, even of extremely small signals, have been made using RF SQUIDS.[8][9] The RF SQUID is inductively coupled to a resonant tank circuit. Depending on the external magnetic field, as the SQUID operates in the resistive mode, the effective inductance of the tank circuit changes, thus changing the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. These frequency measurements can be easily taken, and thus the losses which appear as the voltage across the load resistor in the circuit are a periodic function of the applied magnetic flux with a period of Φ0. For a precise mathematical description refer to the original paper by Erné et al.[5][10]

Materials Used

The traditional superconducting materials for SQUIDs are pure niobium or a lead alloy with 10% gold or indium, as pure lead is unstable when its temperature is repeatedly changed. To maintain superconductivity, the entire device needs to operate within a few degrees of absolute zero, cooled with liquid helium.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

"High-temperature" SQUID sensors are more recent; they are made of high-temperature superconductors, particularly YBCO, and are cooled by liquid nitrogen which is cheaper and more easily handled than liquid helium. They are less sensitive than conventional "low temperature" SQUIDs but good enough for many applications.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Uses

The inner workings of an early SQUID

The extreme sensitivity of SQUIDs makes them ideal for studies in biology. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), for example, uses measurements from an array of SQUIDs to make inferences about neural activity inside brains. Because SQUIDs can operate at acquisition rates much higher than the highest temporal frequency of interest in the signals emitted by the brain (kHz), MEG achieves good temporal resolution. Another area where SQUIDs are used is magnetogastrography, which is concerned with recording the weak magnetic fields of the stomach. A novel application of SQUIDs is the magnetic marker monitoring method, which is used to trace the path of orally applied drugs. In the clinical environment SQUIDs are used in cardiology for magnetic field imaging (MFI), which detects the magnetic field of the heart for diagnosis and risk stratification.

Probably the most common commercial use of SQUIDs is in magnetic property measurement systems (MPMS). These are turn-key systems, made by several manufacturers, that measure the magnetic properties of a material sample. This is typically done over a temperature range from that of 300 mK to roughly 400 K.[11]

For example, SQUIDs are being used as detectors to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While high-field MRI uses precession fields of one to several teslas, SQUID-detected MRI uses measurement fields that lie in the microtesla range. In a conventional MRI system, the signal scales as the square of the measurement frequency (and hence precession field): one power of frequency comes from the thermal polarization of the spins at ambient temperature, while the second power of field comes from the fact that the induced voltage in the pickup coil is proportional to the frequency of the precessing magnetization. In the case of untuned SQUID detection of prepolarized spins, however, the NMR signal strength is independent of precession field, allowing MRI signal detection in extremely weak fields, of order the Earth's field. SQUID-detected MRI has advantages over high-field MRI systems, such as the low cost required to build such a system, and its compactness. The principle has been demonstrated by imaging human extremities, and its future application may include tumor screening.[12]

Another application is the scanning SQUID microscope, which uses a SQUID immersed in liquid helium as the probe. The use of SQUIDs in oil prospecting, mineral exploration, earthquake prediction and geothermal energy surveying is becoming more widespread as superconductor technology develops; they are also used as precision movement sensors in a variety of scientific applications, such as the detection of gravitational waves.[13] A SQUID is the sensor in each of the four gyroscopes employed on Gravity Probe B in order to test the limits of the theory of general relativity.[1]

A modified RF SQUID was used to observe the dynamical Casimir effect for the first time.[14][15]

It has also been suggested that they might be implemented in a quantum computer.[16] These are the only macroscopic devices that have been cited as possible qubits in this context.

A potential military application exists for use in anti-submarine warfare as a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) fitted to maritime patrol aircraft.[17]

See also

Notes

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    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  2. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  3. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. Template:Cite doi
  5. 5.0 5.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  6. 6.0 6.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  7. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  8. Template:Cite doi
  9. Template:Cite doi
  10. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  11. Template:Cite doi
  12. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 in Template:Harvnb
  13. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 in Template:Harvnb
  14. Template:Cite news
  15. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  16. Quantum coherence with a single Cooper pair, V Bouchiat, D Vion, P Joyez, D Esteve, M H Devoret, 1998 Phys. Scr. 1998 165
  17. Template:Cite web