Exact trigonometric constants: Difference between revisions

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In [[mathematics]], '''local class field theory''', introduced by {{harvs|txt|last=Hasse|year=1930|authorlink=Helmut Hasse}}, is the study  of  [[abelian extension]]s of [[local field]]s; here, "local field'' means : a field which is complete with respect to a discrete valuation, with a finite residue field. It is the analogue for local fields of  global [[class field theory]].
 
Local class field theory gives a description of the [[Galois group]] ''G'' of the maximal abelian extension of  a local field ''K''
via the reciprocity map which acts from the multiplicative group  ''K''<sup>&times;</sup>=''K''\{0}.  For a finite abelian extension ''L'' of ''K''
the reciprocity map induces an isomorphism of the quotient group ''K''<sup>&times;</sup>/''N''(''L''<sup>&times;</sup>) of ''K''<sup>&times;</sup> by the norm group ''N''(''L''<sup>&times;</sup>) of the extension ''L''<sup>&times;</sup> to the Galois group Gal(''L''/''K'')
of the extension.
 
The absolute Galois group ''G'' of ''K'' is compact and the group ''K''<sup>&times;</sup>
is not compact. Taking the case where ''K'' is a [[finite extension]] of the [[p-adic number]]s '''Q'''<sub>p</sub> or formal power series over a finite field, the group ''K''<sup>&times;</sup> is the product of a compact group with an [[infinite cyclic]] group '''Z'''. The main topological operation is to replace ''K''<sup>&times;</sup> by its [[profinite completion]],  which is roughly the same as replacing the factor '''Z''' by its profinite completion '''Z'''<sup>^</sup>. The profinite completion of ''K''<sup>&times;</sup> is the  group isomorphic  with ''G'' via the local reciprocity map.  
 
The actual isomorphism used and the existence theorem is described in the theory of the [[norm residue symbol]]. There are several different approaches to the theory, using central division algebras or Tate cohomology or an explicit description of the reciprocity map. There are also two different normalizations of the reciprocity map: in the case of an unramified extension, one of them asks that the (arithmetic) Frobenius element corresponds to the elements of  "K" of valuation 1; the other one is the opposite.
 
 
== Higher local class field theory ==
For a [[higher dimensional local field]] <math>K</math> there is a higher local reciprocity map which describes abelian extensions of the field in terms of open subgroups of finite index in the [[Milnor K-group]] of the field. Namely, if <math>K</math> is an  <math>n</math>-dimensional local field then one uses <math>\mathrm{K}^{\mathrm{M}}_n(K)</math> or its separated quotient endowed with a suitable topology. When <math>n=1</math> the theory becomes the usual local class field theory. Unlike the classical case, Milnor K-groups do not satisfy Galois module descent if  <math>n>1</math>. Higher dimensional class field theory was pioneered by A.N. Parshin in positive characteristic and [[Kazuya Kato|K. Kato]], [[Ivan Fesenko|I. Fesenko]], Sh. Saito in the general case.
 
== See also ==
 
*[[Lubin–Tate theory]]
* [[Quasi-finite field]]
*[[Local Langlands conjectures]]
*[[Norm group]]
 
==References==
 
* {{Citation| editor-last=Fesenko| editor-first=Ivan B.| editor-link=Ivan Fesenko| editor2-last=Kurihara
| editor2-first=Masato| title=Invitation to Higher Local Fields| publisher=[[Mathematical Sciences Publishers]]| location= University of Warwick| year=2000| series=Geometry and Topology Monographs
| volume=3| edition=First| doi=10.2140/gtm.2000.3 | issn=1464-8989 | zbl=0954.00026 }}
* [[Ivan Fesenko|Fesenko, Ivan]] and Vostokov, Sergei, [http://www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/ibf/book/book.html '''Local Fields and their Extensions'''], 2nd ed., [[American Mathematical Society]], 2002, ISBN 0-8218-3259-X
*{{Citation | last1=Hasse | first1=H. | author1-link=Helmut Hasse | title=Die Normenresttheorie relativ-Abelscher Zahlkörper als Klassenkörpertheorie im Kleinen. | url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002171171 | language=German | doi=10.1515/crll.1930.162.145 | jfm=56.0165.03 | year=1930 | journal=[[Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik]] | issn=0075-4102 | volume=162 | pages=145–154}}
*{{Citation | last1=Iwasawa | first1=Kenkichi | title=Local class field theory | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iJ7vAAAAMAAJ | publisher=The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Science Publications | isbn=978-0-19-504030-2 | mr=863740 | year=1986}}
* Milne, James, [http://www.jmilne.org/math/CourseNotes/cft.html '''Class Field Theory'''].
*{{Citation | last1=Neukirch | first1=Jürgen | author1-link=Jürgen Neukirch | title=Class field theory | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5_vuAAAAMAAJ | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences] | isbn=978-3-540-15251-4 | mr=819231 | year=1986 | volume=280}}
*{{Citation | last1=Serre | first1=Jean-Pierre | author1-link=Jean-Pierre Serre | editor1-last=Cassels | editor1-first=John William Scott | editor2-last=Fröhlich | editor2-first=Albrecht | title=Algebraic Number Theory (Proc. Instructional Conf., Brighton, 1965) | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DQP_RAAACAAJ | publisher=Thompson, Washington, D.C. | isbn=978-0-9502734-2-6 | mr=0220701 | year=1967 | chapter=Local class field theory | pages=128–161}}
*{{Citation | last1=Serre | first1=Jean-Pierre | author1-link=Jean-Pierre Serre | title=Corps Locaux (English translation: Local Fields) | origyear=1962 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DAxlMdw_QloC | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics | isbn=978-0-387-90424-5 | mr=0150130 | year=1979 | volume=67}}
 
[[Category:Class field theory]]

Revision as of 09:45, 2 November 2013

In mathematics, local class field theory, introduced by Template:Harvs, is the study of abelian extensions of local fields; here, "local field means : a field which is complete with respect to a discrete valuation, with a finite residue field. It is the analogue for local fields of global class field theory.

Local class field theory gives a description of the Galois group G of the maximal abelian extension of a local field K via the reciprocity map which acts from the multiplicative group K×=K\{0}. For a finite abelian extension L of K the reciprocity map induces an isomorphism of the quotient group K×/N(L×) of K× by the norm group N(L×) of the extension L× to the Galois group Gal(L/K) of the extension.

The absolute Galois group G of K is compact and the group K× is not compact. Taking the case where K is a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp or formal power series over a finite field, the group K× is the product of a compact group with an infinite cyclic group Z. The main topological operation is to replace K× by its profinite completion, which is roughly the same as replacing the factor Z by its profinite completion Z^. The profinite completion of K× is the group isomorphic with G via the local reciprocity map.

The actual isomorphism used and the existence theorem is described in the theory of the norm residue symbol. There are several different approaches to the theory, using central division algebras or Tate cohomology or an explicit description of the reciprocity map. There are also two different normalizations of the reciprocity map: in the case of an unramified extension, one of them asks that the (arithmetic) Frobenius element corresponds to the elements of "K" of valuation 1; the other one is the opposite.


Higher local class field theory

For a higher dimensional local field K there is a higher local reciprocity map which describes abelian extensions of the field in terms of open subgroups of finite index in the Milnor K-group of the field. Namely, if K is an n-dimensional local field then one uses KnM(K) or its separated quotient endowed with a suitable topology. When n=1 the theory becomes the usual local class field theory. Unlike the classical case, Milnor K-groups do not satisfy Galois module descent if n>1. Higher dimensional class field theory was pioneered by A.N. Parshin in positive characteristic and K. Kato, I. Fesenko, Sh. Saito in the general case.

See also

References

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  • Fesenko, Ivan and Vostokov, Sergei, Local Fields and their Extensions, 2nd ed., American Mathematical Society, 2002, ISBN 0-8218-3259-X
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

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  • Milne, James, Class Field Theory.
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    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010