Inverse photoemission spectroscopy: Difference between revisions

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Caesium chloride or cesium chloride, is the inorganic compound with the formula Cs Cl. This colorless solid is an important source of caesium ions in a variety of applications. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions. Caesium chloride crystals are thermally stable, but easily dissolve in water and concentrated hydrochloric acid, and therefore gradually disintegrate in the ambient conditions due to moisture. Caesium chloride occurs naturally in mineral waters and as an impurity in carnallite (up to 0.002%), sylvite and kainite. Less than 20 tonnes of CsCl is produced annually worldwide, mostly from a caesium-bearing mineral pollucite.^[1]

Caesium chloride is widely used in isopycnic centrifugation for separating various types of DNA. It is a reagent in analytical chemistry, where it is used to identify ions by the color and morphology of the precipitate. When enriched in radioisotopes, such as ¹³⁷CsCl or ¹³¹CsCl, caesium chloride is used in nuclear medicine applications such as treatment of cancer and diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Another form of cancer treatment was studied using conventional non-radioactive CsCl. Whereas conventional caesium chloride has a rather low toxicity to humans and animals, the radioactive form easily contaminates the environment due to the high solubility of CsCl in water. Spread of ¹³⁷CsCl powder from a 93-gram container in 1987 in Goiânia, Brazil, resulted in one of the worst-ever radiation spill accidents killing four and directly affecting more than 100,000 people.

Crystal structure

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The caesium chloride structure adopts a primitive cubic lattice with a two-atom basis, where both atoms have eightfold coordination. The chloride atoms lie upon the lattice points at the edges of the cube, while the caesium atoms lie in the holes in the center of the cubes. This structure is shared with CsBr and CsI and many binary metallic alloys. In contrast, the other alkaline halides have the sodium chloride (rocksalt) structure.^[2] When both ions are similar in size (Cs⁺ ionic radius 174 pm for this coordination number, Cl⁻ 181 pm) the CsCl structure is adopted, when they are different (Na⁺ ionic radius 102 pm, Cl⁻ 181 pm) the sodium chloride structure is adopted. Upon heating to above 450 °C, the normal caesium chloride structure (α-CsCl) converts to the β-CsCl form with the rocksalt structure (space group FmTemplate:Overlinem).^[3]^[4]

Physical properties

Caesium chloride is colorless in the form of large crystals and white when powdered. It readily dissolves in water with the maximum solubility increasing from 1865 g/L at 20 °C to 2705 g/L at 100 °C.^[5]^[6] The crystals are very hygroscopic and gradually disintegrate at ambient conditions.^[7] Caesium chloride does not form hydrates.^[8]

Solubility of CsCl in water^[9]
Т (°C)	0	10	20	25	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
S (wt%)	61.83	63.48	64.96	65.64	66.29	67.50	68.60	69.61	70.54	71.40	72.21	72.96

In contrast to sodium chloride and potassium chloride, caesium chloride readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.^[10]^[11] Caesium chloride has also a relatively high solubility in formic acid (1077 g/L at 18 °C) and hydrazine; medium solubility in methanol (31.7 g/L at 25 °C) and low solubility in ethanol (7.6 g/L at 25 °C),^[8]^[11]^[12] sulfur dioxide (2.95 g/L at 25 °C), ammonia (3.8 g/L at 0 °C),^[13] acetone (0.004% at 18 °С), acetonitrile (0.083 g/L at 18 °С),^[11] ethylacetates and other complex ethers, butanone, acetophenone, pyridine and chlorobenzene.^[14]

Despite its wide band gap of about 8.35 eV at 80 K,^[15] caesium chloride weakly conducts electricity, and the conductivity is not electronic but ionic. The conductivity has a value of the order 10⁻⁷ S/cm at 300 °C. It occurs through nearest-neighbor jumps of lattice vacancies, and the mobility is much higher for the Cl^- than Cs⁺ vacancies. The conductivity increases with temperature up to about 450 °C, with an activation energy changing from 0.6 to 1.3 eV at about 260 °C. It then sharply drops by two orders of magnitude because of the phase transition from the α-CsCl to β-CsCl phase. The conductivity is also suppressed by application of pressure (about 10 times decrease at 0.4 GPa) which reduces the mobility of lattice vacancies.^[4]

Properties of aqueous solutions of CsCl at 20 °C^[16]^[17]
Concentration, wt%	Density, kg/L	Concentration, mol/L	refractive index (at 589 nm)	Freezing point depression, °С relative to water	Viscosity, 10⁻³ Pa·s
0.5	–	0.030	1.3334	0.10	1.000
1.0	1.0059	0.060	1.3337	0.20	0.997
2.0	1.0137	0.120	1.3345	0.40	0.992
3.0		0.182	1.3353	0.61	0.988
4.0	1.0296	0.245	1.3361	0.81	0.984
5.0		0.308	1.3369	1.02	0.980
6.0	1.0461	0.373	1.3377	1.22	0.977
7.0		0.438	1.3386	1.43	0.974
8.0	1.0629	0.505	1.3394	1.64	0.971
9.0		0.573	1.3403	1.85	0.969
10.0	1.0804	0.641	1.3412	2.06	0.966
12.0	1.0983	0.782	1.3430	2.51	0.961
14.0	1.1168	0.928	1.3448	2.97	0.955
16.0	1.1358	1.079	1.3468	3.46	0.950
18.0	1.1555	1.235	1.3487	3.96	0.945
20.0	1.1758	1.397	1.3507	4.49	0.939
22.0	1.1968	1.564	1.3528	–	0.934
24.0	1.2185	1.737	1.3550	–	0.930
26.0		1.917	1.3572	–	0.926
28.0		2.103	1.3594	–	0.924
30.0	1.2882	2.296	1.3617	–	0.922
32.0		2.497	1.3641	–	0.922
34.0		2.705	1.3666	–	0.924
36.0		2.921	1.3691	–	0.926
38.0		3.146	1.3717	–	0.930
40.0	1.4225	3.380	1.3744	–	0.934
42.0		3.624	1.3771	–	0.940
44.0		3.877	1.3800	–	0.947
46.0		4.142	1.3829	–	0.956
48.0		4.418	1.3860	–	0.967
50.0	1.5858	4.706	1.3892	–	0.981
60.0	1.7886	6.368	1.4076	–	1.120
64.0		7.163	1.4167	–	1.238

Chemical properties

Caesium chloride completely dissociates upon dissolution in water, and the Cs⁺ cations are solvated in dilute solution. CsCl converts to caesium sulfate upon being heated in concentrated sulfuric acid or heated with caesium hydrogen sulfate at 550–700 °С:^[18]

2 CsCl + H₂SO₄ → Cs₂SO₄ + 2 HCl

CsCl + CsHSO₄ → Cs₂SO₄ + HCl

Caesium chloride forms a variety of double salts with other chlorides. Examples include 2CsCl·BaCl₂,^[19] 2CsCl·CuCl₂, CsCl·2CuCl and CsCl·LiCl,^[20] and with interhalogen compounds:^[21]

CsCl + ICl₃ → Cs[ICl₄]

In laboratory, CsCl can be obtained by treating caesium hydroxide, carbonate, caesium bicarbonate, or caesium sulfide with hydrochloric acid:

CsOH + HCl → CsCl + H₂O

Cs₂CO₃ + 2 HCl → 2 CsCl + 2 H₂O + CO₂

Occurrence and production

Caesium chloride occurs naturally as an impurity in the halide minerals carnallite (KMgCl₃·6H₂O with up to 0.002% CsCl),^[22] sylvite (KCl) and kainite (MgSO₄·KCl·3H₂O),^[23] and in mineral waters. For example, the water of Bad Dürkheim spa, which was used in isolation of caesium, contained about 0.17 mg/L of CsCl.^[24] None of these minerals are commercially important.

On industrial scale, CsCl is produced from the mineral pollucite, which is powdered and treated with hydrochloric acid at elevated temperature. The extract is treated with antimony chloride, iodine monochloride, or cerium(IV) chloride to give the poorly soluble double salt, e.g.:^[25]

CsCl + SbCl₃ → CsSbCl₄

Treatment of the double with hydrogen sulfide gives CsCl:^[25]

2 CsSbCl₄ + 3 H₂S → 2 CsCl + Sb₂S₃ + 8 HCl

High-purity CsCl is also produced from recrystallized Cs[ICl₂] (and Cs[ICl₄]) by thermal decomposition:^[26]

Cs[ICl₂] → 2 CsCl + ICl

Only about 20 tonnes of caesium compounds, with a major contribution from CsCl, were being produced annually around the 1970s^[27] and 2000s worldwide.^[28] Caesium chloride enriched with caesium-137 for radiation therapy applications is produced at a single facility Mayak in the Ural Region of Russia^[29] and is sold internationally through a UK dealer. The salt is synthesized at 200 °C because of its hygroscopic nature and sealed in a thimble-shaped steel container which is then enclosed into another steel casing. The sealing is required to protect the salt from moisture.^[30]

Uses

Precursor to Cs metal

Caesium chloride is the main precursor to caesium metal by high temperature reduction:^[27]

2 CsCl + Mg → MgCl₂ + Cs

An analogous reaction – heating CsCl with calcium in vacuum in presence of phosphorus was first reported in 1905 by the French chemist M. L. Hackspill^[31] and is still used industrially.^[27]

Caesium hydroxide is obtained by electrolysis of aqueous caesium chloride solution:^[32]

2 CsCl + 2 H₂O → 2 CsOH + Cl₂ + H₂

Solute for ultracentrifugation

Caesium chloride is widely used in centrifugation in a technique known as isopycnic centrifugation. Centripetal and diffusive forces establish a density gradient that allow separation of mixtures on the basis of their molecular density. This technique allows separation of DNA of different densities (e.g. DNA fragments with differing A-T or G-C content).^[27] This application requires a solution with high density and yet relatively low viscosity, and CsCl suits it because of its high solubility in water, high density owing to the large mass of Cs, as well as low viscosity and high stability of CsCl solutions.^[25]

Organic chemistry

Caesium chloride is rarely used in organic chemistry. It can act as a phase transfer catalyst reagent in selected reactions. One of these reactions is the synthesis of glutamic acid derivatives

\mathrm {CH_{2}\!\!=\!\!CHCOOCH_{3}+ArCH\!\!=\!\!N\!\!-\!\!CH(CH_{3})\!\!-\!\!COOC(CH_{3})_{3}\ {\xrightarrow[{CPME,\ 0^{o}C}]{TBAB,\ CsCl,\ K_{2}CO_{3}}}\ ArCH\!\!=\!\!N\!\!-\!\!C(C_{2}H_{4}COOCH_{3})(CH_{3})\!\!-\!\!COOC(CH_{3})_{3}}

where TBAB is tetrabutylammonium bromide (interphase catalyst) and CPME is a cyclopentyl methyl ether (solvent).^[33]

Another reaction is substitution of tetranitromethane^[34]

\mathrm {C(NO_{2})_{4}+CsCl\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{DMF}}\ C(NO_{2})_{3}Cl+CsNO_{2}}

where DMF is dimethylformamide (solvent).

Analytical chemistry

Caesium chloride is a reagent in traditional analytical chemistry used for detecting inorganic ions via the color and morphology of the precipitates.^[35] Quantitative concentration measurement of some of these ions, e.g. Mg²⁺, with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, is used to evaluate the hardness of water.^[36]

Ion	Accompanying reagents	Residue	Morphology	Detection limit (µg)
AsO₃³⁻	KI	Cs₂[AsI₅] or Cs₃[AsI₆]	Red hexagons	0.01
Au³⁺	AgCl, HCl	Cs₂Ag[AuCl₆]	Gray-black crosses, four and six-beamed stars	0.01
Au³⁺	NH₄SCN	Cs[Au(SCN)₄]	Orange-yellow needles	0.4
Bi³⁺	KI, HCl	Cs₂[BiI₅] or 2.5H₂O	Red hexagons	0.13
Cu²⁺	(CH₃COO)₂Pb, CH₃COOH, KNO₂	Cs₂Pb[Cu(NO₂)₆]	Small black cubes	0.01
In³⁺	—	Cs₃[InCl₆]	Small octahedra	0.02
[IrCl₆]³⁻	—	Cs₂[IrCl₆]	Small dark-red octahedra	–
Mg²⁺	Na₂HPO₄	CsMgPO₄ or 6H₂O	Small tetrahedra	–
Pb²⁺	KI	Cs[PbI₃]	Yellow-green needles	0.01
Pd²⁺	NaBr	Cs₂[PdBr₄]	Dark-red needles and prisms	–
[ReCl₄]⁻	—	Cs[ReCl₄]	Dark-red rhombs, bipyramids	0.2
[ReCl₆]²⁻	—	Cs₂[ReCl₆]	Small yellow-green octahedra	0.5
ReO₄⁻	—	CsReO₄	Tetragonal bipyramids	0.13
Rh³⁺	KNO₂	Cs₃[Rh(NO₂)₆]	Yellow cubes	0.1
Ru³⁺	—	Cs₃[RuCl₆]	Pink needles	–
[RuCl₆]²⁻	—	Cs₂[RuCl₆]	Small dark-red crystals	0.8
Sb³⁺	—	Cs₂[SbCl₅]·nH₂O	Hexagons	0.16
Sb³⁺	NaI	Cs[SbI₄] or Cs₂[SbI₅]	Red hexagons	0.1
Sn⁴⁺	—	Cs₂[SnCl₆]	Small octahedra	0.2
TeO₃³⁻	HCl	Cs₂[TeCl₆]	Light yellow octahedra	0.3
Tl³⁺	NaI	Cs[TlI₄]	Orange-red hexagons or rectangles	0.06

It is also used for detection of the following ions:^[37]

Ion	Accompanying reagents	Detection	Detection limit (µg/mL)
Al³⁺	K₂SO₄	Colorless crystals form in neutral media after evaporation	0.01
Ga³⁺	KHSO₄	Colorless crystals form upon heating	0.5
Cr³⁺	KHSO₄	Pale-violet crystals precipitate in slightly acidic media	0.06

Medicine

Medical properties of caesium chloride were studied back in 1888 by Ivan Pavlov and S. S. Botkin. They found that CsCl and RbCl induce long-term narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and the associated increase in the blood pressure (hypertension), stimulating the cardiovascular activity. These properties were then applied in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.^[38]

Later research indicated that CsCl alleviates cardiac dysrhythmia and that the life expectancy is higher in regions characterized by elevated levels of CsCl in water and food. Preliminary results indicate that CsCl can be used in the treatment of depressions.^[39] The neurological action of CsCl is related to the protection of neurons from apoptosis and activation of caspase 3 caused by reduced potassium content.^[40]

Several reports suggested that non-radioactive caesium chloride can be used in a complex treatment of some forms of cancer.^[39]^[41]^[42] However, it has been linked to the deaths of over 50 patients, when it was used as part of a scientifically unvalidated cancer treatment.^[43] The American Cancer Society state that "available scientific evidence does not support claims that non-radioactive cesium chloride supplements have any effect on tumors."^[44]

Nuclear medicine and radiography

Caesium chloride composed of radioisotopes such as ¹³⁷CsCl and ¹³¹CsCl,^[45]^[46] is used in nuclear medicine, including treatment of cancer (brachytherapy) and diagnosis of myocardial infarction.^[47]^[48] In the production of radioactive sources, it is normal to choose a chemical form of the radioisotope which would not be readily dispersed in the environment in the event of an accident. For instance, radiothermal generators (RTGs) often use strontium titanate, which is insoluble in water. For teletherapy sources, however, the radioactive density (Ci in a given volume) needs to be very high, which is not possible with known insoluble caesium compounds. A thimble-shaped container of radioactive caesium chloride provides the active source.

Miscellaneous applications

Caesium chloride is used in the preparation of electrically conducting glasses^[46]^[49] and screens of cathode ray tubes.^[27] In conjunction with rare gases CsCl is used as a non-toxic reagent in excimer lamps: a gas-discharge source of ultraviolet light which uses, for example, electrically excited XeCl excimer molecules.^[50] Other uses include activation of electrodes in welding;^[51] manufacture of mineral water, beer^[52] and drilling muds;^[53] repellents^[54] and high-temperature solders.^[55] High-quality CsCl single crystals have a wide transparency range from UV to the infrared and therefore had been used for cuvettes, prisms and windows in optical spectrometers;^[27] this use was discontinued with the development of less hygroscopic materials.

CsCl is a potent inhibitor of HCN channels which carry the h-current in excitable cells such as neurons.^[56] It can therefore be useful as a tool in electrophyisiology experiments in neuroscience.

Toxicity

Caesium chloride has a low toxicity to human and animals.^[57] Its median lethal dose (LD₅₀) in mice is 2300 mg per kilogram of body weight for oral administration and 910 mg/kg for intravenous injection.^[58] The toxicity of CsCl is related to its ability to lower the concentration of potassium in the body and partly substitute it in biochemical processes.^[59] Caesium chloride powder can irritate the mucous membranes and cause asthma.^[53]

Because of its high solubility in water, caesium chloride is highly mobile and can even diffuse through concrete. This is a drawback for its radioactive form which urges a search for more stable radioisotope materials. Commercial sources of radioactive caesium chloride are well sealed in a double steel enclosure.^[30] However, in the Goiânia accident in Brazil, such a source containing about 93 gram of ¹³⁷CsCl, was stolen from an abandoned hospital and forced open by two scavengers. The blue glow emitted in the dark by the radioactive caesium chloride attracted the thieves and their relatives who were unaware of the associated dangers and spread the powder. This resulted in one of the worst radiation spill accidents in which 4 people died within a month from the exposure, 20 showed signs of radiation sickness, 249 people were contaminated with radioactive caesium chloride, and about a thousand received a dose exceeding a yearly amount of background radiation. More than 110,000 people overwhelmed the local hospitals, and several city blocks had to be demolished in the cleanup operations. In the first days of the contamination, stomach disorders and nausea due to radiation sickness were experienced by several people, but only after several days one person associated the symptoms with the powder and brought a sample to the authorities.^[60]^[61]

References

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Bibliography

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20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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↑ Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
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↑ Enrique Lima "Cesium: Radionuclide" in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting .
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Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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↑ The Worst Nuclear Disasters, Time Magazine

[G&W-1] Welcome to NewLaunch101.com. Buying a property is rarely a straightforward decision in life, and we do perceive that. To be able to help buyers/consumers out to be more conscious of the current market situation and the accessible options to select from, that is why NewLaunch101.com was created.

Government wealth taxation generally takes the form of both taxes on capital positive factors and/or estate duties. Any tax coverage must strike a stability between socially-acceptable wealth creation and extreme wealth accumulation. Bangkok is Thailand's top tourist destination and it is an awesome city. However should you just like the seashore, the seaside resort of Hua Hin is simply three hours by car from Bangkok. This picturesque town has great shopping, cool eating places, relaxing cafés, and contemporary seafood you could purchase right off the boat. There may be also mountain climbing and camping, world-class golf programs, and delightful beaches and islands on your doorstep. From Cambodia to Thailand-Take pleasure in a Low Cost of Living in Asia ABSD for Residential Properties Declaration For m (one hundred seventy five KB)

The truth is, things can get pretty chaotic, with buyers clamouring to be the first to e book their models. For some Singapore property gross sales, there might even be overnight queues. To keep away from that, developers may select to use balloting as a substitute of queueing for determining who will get to enter the showflat first. a) SSD at 15% if the property is offered within the first 12 months of purchase, i.e. the property is held for one year or much less from the date of purchase b) SSD at 10% if the property is sold in the second yr of buy, i.e. the property is held for multiple yr and as much as two years from the date of buy. Any non-standard clauses from the Sale & Purchase Settlement (the ultimate contract for the sale - see under); The sale that price ready for

BG Tan has had a distinguished profession with the SAF for over 26 years, during which he held important command and staff appointments requiring strong leadership, analytical, and organisational abilities. These included Future Methods Architect, Commander, third Singapore Division and Assistant Chief of the General Employees (Intelligence). BG Tan will retire from the SAF and return to the Administrative Service with effect from 1 June 2011. In Singapore, a developer who needs to promote models in an uncompleted growth, such as one that has simply began building, must first obtain a Sale License to do so. The Venue Residences to Stay, Store and Dine, a luxurious mixeddevelopment by CDL in preparation for launch now. Looking for registrationof curiosity.

Nevertheless, the newest cooling measure s seemed to have really taken the wind out from the sails of the property market. With a tightened loan to worth (LTV) framework and the introduction of the Total Debt Servicing Ratio (TDSR), speculators and investors not discover it as enticing to simply purchase into any property for a quick profit. Thus, property costs and transaction volumes have started to slip. The new property tax schedule for owner-occupied houses will be certain that most retirees will end up paying decrease property taxes, he added. Imposed on Everlasting Residents (PRs) purchasing their first residential property and on Singaporeans buying their second residential property. Citizenship ABSD Fee on Why do we solely have property tax as a wealth tax?

Rising workplace sector leads real property market efficiency, whereas prime retail and enterprise park segments average and residential sector continues in decline Latest knowledge from Actual Capital Analytics (RCA) exhibits real property advisory firm suggested on the most offers by value within the area in 2013 A substitute for estate duties is an inheritance tax, which assesses beneficiaries rather than the property of the deceased, and may be simpler to manage and accumulate, notably when assets are held overseas. There isn't a purpose for an organization or particular person not to buy. Don't ask me why they pay lease. A few of them pay even rent to overseas homeowners or overseas owned firms. District 18, 999 yr LH residence Residential items & fifty seven business models Posted by Edison Foo July 3, 2013

Singapore new launches, new Landed Home, Cluster Home, Apartment, House, Business Industrial Properties for Sale New Initiatives Launched ! Simply click on > B uying E nquiry just under this annoucement to register your interest with us for selection models booking. You'll be able to obtain Website Plans and Flooring Plans from Learn More under singapore new condo launches Launch Initiatives. However, for HDB upgraders getting another HDB flat or HDB government condominium, the monthly cost under the existing property could be excluded from the debt-servicing calculation. That is provided the present property is present process the sale course of, and the borrowers don't own every other property (including joint ownership with others) or have any other property loans to their title. RiverParc EC @ Punggol

[2] Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6

[3] Plyushev, p. 96

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[5] Lidin, p. 620

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[12] Plyushev, p. 97

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[16] Lide, pp. 8–61,62

[17] Lidin, p. 645

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[23] Plyushev, pp. 210–211

[24] Plyushev, p. 206

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[26] Plsyushev, pp. 357–358

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[29] Enrique Lima "Cesium: Radionuclide" in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting .

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[32] Plyushev, p. 90

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[38] Цезий, (in Russian)

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[41] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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[49] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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[56] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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[61] The Worst Nuclear Disasters, Time Magazine

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