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'''Genic capture''' is a hypothesis explaining the maintenance of [[genetic variance]] in traits under [[sexual selection]]. A classic problem in sexual selection is the fixation of [[alleles]] that are beneficial under strong selection, thereby eliminating the benefits of [[mate choice]]. Genic capture resolves this [[lek paradox|paradox]] by suggesting that [[Quantitative genetics|additive genetic variance]] of [[Sexual selection|sexually selected traits]] reflects the genetic variance in total condition.<ref name="rowehoule">{{cite journal|last=Rowe|first=Locke|coauthors=Houle, David|title=The capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]]|year=1996|volume=263|pages=1415–1421|doi=10.1098/rspb.1996.0207|issue=1375}}</ref> A deleterious [[mutation]] anywhere in the [[genome]] will adversely affect condition, and thereby adversely affect a condition-dependent sexually selected trait. Genic capture therefore resolves the [[lek paradox]] by proposing that recurrent deleterious mutation maintains additive genetic variance in fitness by incorporating the entire [[mutation load]] of an individual. Thus any condition-dependent trait "captures" the overall genetic variance in condition. Rowe and Houle argued that genic capture ensures that [[Handicap principle|good genes]] will become a central feature of the evolution of any sexually selected trait. | |||
== Condition == | |||
The key quantity for genic capture is vaguely defined as "condition." The hypothesis only defines condition as a quantity that correlates tightly with overall [[fitness (biology)|fitness]], such that [[directional selection]] will always increase average condition over time. Condition should, in general, reflect overall energy acquisition, such that life-history variation reflects differential allocation to survival and sexual signalling. Genetic variation in condition should be very broadly affected by any changes in the genome. Close to [[genetic equilibrium|equilibrium]] any mutation should be [[Fisher's geometric model|deleterious]], thereby leading to non-zero overall mutation rate, maintaining variance in fitness. | |||
== Rowe and Houle's Quantitative Genetic Model == | |||
Rowe and Houle's simple model defines a trait as the result of three heritable components, a condition-independent component <math>a</math>, epistatic modification <math>b</math> and condition, suggesting the following function for a trait: | |||
<math> | |||
T = a + bC | |||
</math> | |||
where <math>C</math> is the condition of an individual. Loci contributing to <math>C</math> are loosely linked and independent of loci contributing to <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>. Rowe and Houle then find the expected variance of <math>T</math> and ignored higher-order terms (i.e. products of variances): | |||
<math> | |||
G_T \approx G_a + \bar{b}^2 G_C + \bar{C}^2 G_b | |||
</math> | |||
where <math>G_T</math> represents the [[genetic variance]] in the signal and analogously for other traits. Under [[directional selection]] on <math>T</math>, the loci underlying <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> may lose all genetic variance. However, there is no qualitative difference in directional selection on <math>C</math> between [[stabilizing selection]] (i.e. no sexual selection) and directional selection on <math>T</math>. Therefore the second term <math>\bar{b}^2 G_C</math> will remain positive (due to biased mutation) and dominate <math>G_T</math> under sexual selection. | |||
== Other Applications == | |||
Genic capture can also play a role in accelerating adaptation to new environments.<ref name="lorch">{{cite journal|last=Lorch|first=Patrick|title=Condition-dependent sexual selection can accelerate adaptation|journal=Evolutionary Ecology Research|year=2003|volume=5|pages=867–881|coauthors=Stephen Proulx, Locke Rowe, Troy Day}}</ref> | |||
== Comparisons == | |||
Genic capture was proposed as a simpler alternative to another theory explaining the lek paradox<ref name="moller">{{cite journal|last=Pomiankowski|first=Andrew|coauthors=Moller, A.P.|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] | year=1995|volume=260|pages=21–29|doi=10.1098/rspb.1995.0054|title=A Resolution of the Lek Paradox|issue=1357}}</ref> that proposed that sexual selection creates [[disruptive selection]], i.e. positive selection for genetic variance. Genic capture does not require any particular fitness function. | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
<!--- Categories ---> | |||
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]] | |||
[[Category:Sexual selection]] |
Revision as of 01:23, 11 September 2013
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Genic capture is a hypothesis explaining the maintenance of genetic variance in traits under sexual selection. A classic problem in sexual selection is the fixation of alleles that are beneficial under strong selection, thereby eliminating the benefits of mate choice. Genic capture resolves this paradox by suggesting that additive genetic variance of sexually selected traits reflects the genetic variance in total condition.[1] A deleterious mutation anywhere in the genome will adversely affect condition, and thereby adversely affect a condition-dependent sexually selected trait. Genic capture therefore resolves the lek paradox by proposing that recurrent deleterious mutation maintains additive genetic variance in fitness by incorporating the entire mutation load of an individual. Thus any condition-dependent trait "captures" the overall genetic variance in condition. Rowe and Houle argued that genic capture ensures that good genes will become a central feature of the evolution of any sexually selected trait.
Condition
The key quantity for genic capture is vaguely defined as "condition." The hypothesis only defines condition as a quantity that correlates tightly with overall fitness, such that directional selection will always increase average condition over time. Condition should, in general, reflect overall energy acquisition, such that life-history variation reflects differential allocation to survival and sexual signalling. Genetic variation in condition should be very broadly affected by any changes in the genome. Close to equilibrium any mutation should be deleterious, thereby leading to non-zero overall mutation rate, maintaining variance in fitness.
Rowe and Houle's Quantitative Genetic Model
Rowe and Houle's simple model defines a trait as the result of three heritable components, a condition-independent component , epistatic modification and condition, suggesting the following function for a trait:
where is the condition of an individual. Loci contributing to are loosely linked and independent of loci contributing to and . Rowe and Houle then find the expected variance of and ignored higher-order terms (i.e. products of variances):
where represents the genetic variance in the signal and analogously for other traits. Under directional selection on , the loci underlying and may lose all genetic variance. However, there is no qualitative difference in directional selection on between stabilizing selection (i.e. no sexual selection) and directional selection on . Therefore the second term will remain positive (due to biased mutation) and dominate under sexual selection.
Other Applications
Genic capture can also play a role in accelerating adaptation to new environments.[2]
Comparisons
Genic capture was proposed as a simpler alternative to another theory explaining the lek paradox[3] that proposed that sexual selection creates disruptive selection, i.e. positive selection for genetic variance. Genic capture does not require any particular fitness function.
References
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The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang