Linear equation over a ring: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
en>D.Lazard
 
en>David Eppstein
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{technical|date=October 2013}}
When thinking of making an investment into property, selecting one of many new property launches in Singapore can have  [http://www.4orever.com/groups/the-panorama-condo-amk-ave-2/ www.4orever.com] a really useful long term funding return for its buyers. Think about what would have happened if you invested in those beach front properties 10 or 20 years in the past.<br><br>The most effective factor is that if the brokers need, they'll simply wait within the show flat to get the client. Serve the random customer that walks in. One closed sale is adequate earnings for the complete 12 months le. Of course it is determined by the standard and age of the development too. Just lately, new "designer" condos like Sky Habitat in Bishan value greater than previous condos (pacific mansions) in river valley. Location- Proximity to MRT station The Hiap Hoe Group has more than three decades of expertise in construction and building, and has been liable for a large quantity and number of distinguished tasks in Singapore. You possibly can download a superb 50 pages guidebook on Strata Residing in Singapore at the web site under. Abroad Union Enterprise Limited Heeton Holdings Restricted<br><br>For this 12 months's budget, I feel customers want to see that the Additional Purchaser's Stamp Duty (ABSD) can be reviewed. With the new laws, plainly this measure has dampened the curiosity of consumers looking to put money into actual estate. With the additional seven per cent tax payable when buying a second property, actual estate might not be the primary alternative of investors." - Eric Cheng; Group Chief Executive Officer of ECG Group of Companies<br><br>The rise in the nominal worth index pales compared with the 38.2% value hike (34% in actual terms) through the yr to Q2 2010, a period which saw the quickest value-rises of the current increase. Measures were launched in October 2012 to limit mortgage tenure to 35 years, and to lower to 60% the LTV ratio for loans longer than 30 years, or mortgage periods extending beyond age sixty five. Consumer Price Index for Households in Different Earnings Teams Domestic Supply Price Index Home Wholesale Trade Index Expenditure on Gross Home Product at 2005 Market Costs Expenditure on Gross Home Product at Current Market Costs Food & Beverage Companies Index Government Growth Expenditure Gross Home Product at 2005 Market Prices Gross Home Product at Present Market Costs<br><br>You must learn this earlier than proceeding, because it explains the use and nondisclosure phrases and circumstances between Templeton Asset Management Ltd ("TAML") and you (the "Agreement") which apply to the release of portfolio holdings information, together with but not limited to prime contributors and detractors to portfolio efficiency of a number of non-U.S. domiciled collective funding schemes which might be registered as recognised schemes with the Monetary Authority of Singapore and sponsored by Franklin Templeton Investments (each a "Fund" and collectively the "Funds").<br><br>A leading prime workplace developer in Singapore, Keppel Land contributes to enhancing the city's skyline with landmark developments akin to Marina Bay Financial Centre, Ocean Financial Centre and One Raffles Quay. A few of Singapore's debtors, lots of whom have already got excessive debt loads, could develop into stretched if rates of interest rise and there are issues they might dump their properties into an already slowing market if their funds rise. It is not clear that costs are following gross sales lower. While prices might appear to be falling, usually newest gross sales are on decrease flooring or have a loft ceiling, which decreases the greenback-per-sq.-foot worth, Cheong noted. Foreign change, rate of interest and different financial dangers Anson, Singapore Geylang, Singapore<br><br>Solely three of Singapore's most respected property developers made it to Asia's top 10. Builders are also decreasing costs to meet sales targets. CapitaLand, one of the largest Southeast Asia-based corporations, has been selling condominium items at its Sky Habitat growth for less than SGD14,750 (USD11,780) per sqm, a substantial drop from its launch price of SGD20,451 (USD16,330) per sqm in 2012. Daiwa's Mr. Lum stored a "damaging" ranking on Singapore property developers, whereas Citigroup's Messrs. Chua and Lim flagged a "weaker medium-time period outlook" for the city's residential market. Aspial Company acquired Goldheart Jewellery, the second largest jewelry retail chain in Singapore with 20 stores. OCBC Property Providers Candor Property Providers<br><br>GPS Commercial department have an extensive experience in sales and leasing of business properties corresponding to coffeeshop, foodcourt, family restaurant, golf equipment, retail shops and industrial building like warehouse, light industrial buildings. The distinctive traits of the division is their road sensible advertising style which has helped commercial clients to profit of their commercial property funding. We provide a full range of providers which include market entry evaluation, tendering, feasibility study and switch key projects and liaising with all government our bodies for licensing and approval. Resale Division
[[File:Lai Massey scheme diagram en.svg|right]]
 
The '''Lai-Massey scheme''' is a cryptographic structure used in the design of [[block cipher]]s.<ref>Aaram Yun, Je Hong Park, Jooyoung Lee: [http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/347.pdf Lai-Massey Scheme and Quasi-Feistel Networks]. ''IACR Cryptology''</ref><ref>Serge Vaudenay: [http://lasec.epfl.ch/pub/lasec/doc/Vau99c.ps On the Lai-Massey Scheme]. ''ASIACRYPT'99''</ref> It is used in [[International Data Encryption Algorithm|IDEA]] and [[IDEA NXT]].
 
== Construction details ==
Let <math>\mathrm F</math> be the round function and <math>\mathrm H</math> a half-round function and let <math>K_0,K_1,\ldots,K_n</math> be the sub-keys for the rounds <math>0,1,\ldots,n</math> respectively.
 
Then the basic operation is as follows:
 
Split the plaintext block into two equal pieces, (<math>L_0</math>, <math>R_0</math>)
 
For each round <math>i =0,1,\dots,n</math>, compute
 
:<math>(L_{i+1}',R_{i+1}') = \mathrm H(L_i' + T_i,R_i' + T_i)</math>
 
where <math>T_i = \mathrm F(L_i' - R_i', K_i)</math> and <math>(L_0',R_0') = \mathrm H(L_0,R_0)</math>
 
Then the ciphertext is <math>(L_{n+1}, R_{n+1}) = (L_{n+1}',R_{n+1}')</math>.
 
Decryption of a ciphertext <math>(L_{n+1}, R_{n+1})</math> is accomplished by computing for <math>i=n,n-1,\ldots,0</math>
 
:<math>(L_i',R_i') = \mathrm H^{-1}(L_{i+1}' - T_i, R_{i+1}' - T_i)</math>
 
where <math>T_i = \mathrm F(L_{i+1}' - R_{i+1}',K_i)</math> and <math>(L_{n+1}',R_{n+1}')=\mathrm H^{-1}(L_{n+1},R_{n+1})</math>
 
Then <math>(L_0,R_0) = (L_0',R_0')</math> is the plaintext again.
 
The Lai-Massey scheme offers security properties similar to those of the [[Feistel structure]]. It also shares its advantage over a [[substitution-permutation network]] that the round function <math>\mathrm F</math> does not have to be invertible.
 
The half-round function is required to prevent a trivial distinguishing attack (<math>L_0-R_0 = L_{n+1}-R_{n+1}</math>). It commonly applies an orthomorphism <math>\sigma</math> on the left hand side, that is,
:<math>\mathrm H(L, R) = (\sigma(L),R)</math>
where both <math>\sigma</math> and <math>x\mapsto \sigma(x)-x</math> are [[permutation]]s (in the mathematical sense, that is, a bijection &ndash; not a [[permutation box]]). Since there are no orthomorphisms for bit blocks (groups of size <math>2^n</math>), "almost orthomorphisms" are used instead.
 
<math>\mathrm H</math> may depend on the key. If it doesn't, the last application can be omitted, since its inverse is known anyway. The last application is commonly called "round <math>n.5</math>" for a cipher that otherwise has <math>n</math> rounds.
 
== Literature ==
* X. Lai. ''[http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:38650/eth-38650-02.pdf On the design and security of block ciphers]''. ETH Series in Information Processing, vol. 1, Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz, 1992
* X. Lai, J. L. Massey. [http://www.isiweb.ee.ethz.ch/archive/massey_pub/pdf/BI319.pdf A proposal for a new block encryption standard]. ''Advances in Cryptology EUROCRYPT'90'', Aarhus, Denemark, LNCS 473, p.&nbsp;389-404, Springer, 1991
* Serge Vaudenay: ''A Classical Introduction to Cryptography'', [http://books.google.de/books?id=DVLEql738mwC&pg=PA33 p. 33]
 
== References ==
<references/>
{{Cryptography block}}
 
[[Category:Block ciphers]]

Latest revision as of 05:21, 21 December 2014

When thinking of making an investment into property, selecting one of many new property launches in Singapore can have www.4orever.com a really useful long term funding return for its buyers. Think about what would have happened if you invested in those beach front properties 10 or 20 years in the past.

The most effective factor is that if the brokers need, they'll simply wait within the show flat to get the client. Serve the random customer that walks in. One closed sale is adequate earnings for the complete 12 months le. Of course it is determined by the standard and age of the development too. Just lately, new "designer" condos like Sky Habitat in Bishan value greater than previous condos (pacific mansions) in river valley. Location- Proximity to MRT station The Hiap Hoe Group has more than three decades of expertise in construction and building, and has been liable for a large quantity and number of distinguished tasks in Singapore. You possibly can download a superb 50 pages guidebook on Strata Residing in Singapore at the web site under. Abroad Union Enterprise Limited Heeton Holdings Restricted

For this 12 months's budget, I feel customers want to see that the Additional Purchaser's Stamp Duty (ABSD) can be reviewed. With the new laws, plainly this measure has dampened the curiosity of consumers looking to put money into actual estate. With the additional seven per cent tax payable when buying a second property, actual estate might not be the primary alternative of investors." - Eric Cheng; Group Chief Executive Officer of ECG Group of Companies

The rise in the nominal worth index pales compared with the 38.2% value hike (34% in actual terms) through the yr to Q2 2010, a period which saw the quickest value-rises of the current increase. Measures were launched in October 2012 to limit mortgage tenure to 35 years, and to lower to 60% the LTV ratio for loans longer than 30 years, or mortgage periods extending beyond age sixty five. Consumer Price Index for Households in Different Earnings Teams Domestic Supply Price Index Home Wholesale Trade Index Expenditure on Gross Home Product at 2005 Market Costs Expenditure on Gross Home Product at Current Market Costs Food & Beverage Companies Index Government Growth Expenditure Gross Home Product at 2005 Market Prices Gross Home Product at Present Market Costs

You must learn this earlier than proceeding, because it explains the use and nondisclosure phrases and circumstances between Templeton Asset Management Ltd ("TAML") and you (the "Agreement") which apply to the release of portfolio holdings information, together with but not limited to prime contributors and detractors to portfolio efficiency of a number of non-U.S. domiciled collective funding schemes which might be registered as recognised schemes with the Monetary Authority of Singapore and sponsored by Franklin Templeton Investments (each a "Fund" and collectively the "Funds").

A leading prime workplace developer in Singapore, Keppel Land contributes to enhancing the city's skyline with landmark developments akin to Marina Bay Financial Centre, Ocean Financial Centre and One Raffles Quay. A few of Singapore's debtors, lots of whom have already got excessive debt loads, could develop into stretched if rates of interest rise and there are issues they might dump their properties into an already slowing market if their funds rise. It is not clear that costs are following gross sales lower. While prices might appear to be falling, usually newest gross sales are on decrease flooring or have a loft ceiling, which decreases the greenback-per-sq.-foot worth, Cheong noted. Foreign change, rate of interest and different financial dangers Anson, Singapore Geylang, Singapore

Solely three of Singapore's most respected property developers made it to Asia's top 10. Builders are also decreasing costs to meet sales targets. CapitaLand, one of the largest Southeast Asia-based corporations, has been selling condominium items at its Sky Habitat growth for less than SGD14,750 (USD11,780) per sqm, a substantial drop from its launch price of SGD20,451 (USD16,330) per sqm in 2012. Daiwa's Mr. Lum stored a "damaging" ranking on Singapore property developers, whereas Citigroup's Messrs. Chua and Lim flagged a "weaker medium-time period outlook" for the city's residential market. Aspial Company acquired Goldheart Jewellery, the second largest jewelry retail chain in Singapore with 20 stores. OCBC Property Providers Candor Property Providers

GPS Commercial department have an extensive experience in sales and leasing of business properties corresponding to coffeeshop, foodcourt, family restaurant, golf equipment, retail shops and industrial building like warehouse, light industrial buildings. The distinctive traits of the division is their road sensible advertising style which has helped commercial clients to profit of their commercial property funding. We provide a full range of providers which include market entry evaluation, tendering, feasibility study and switch key projects and liaising with all government our bodies for licensing and approval. Resale Division

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Linear_equation_over_a_ring&oldid=294894"