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| {{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Benjamin Gompertz
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| |image = gompertz.png
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| |image_size = 200px
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| |caption =
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| |birth_date = {{birth date|1779|3|5|df=y}}
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| |birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
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| |death_date = {{death date and age|1865|7|14|1779|3|5|df=y}}
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| |death_place =
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| |nationality = [[Great Britain]]
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| |fields = [[Mathematics]]
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| |workplaces =
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| |alma_mater =
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| |doctoral_advisor =
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| |academic_advisors =
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| |doctoral_students =
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| |notable_students =
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| |known_for =
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| |influences =
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| |influenced =
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| |awards =
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| |religion = [[Judaism|Jewish]]
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| |footnotes =
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| }}
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| '''Benjamin Gompertz''' (5 March 1779 – 14 July 1865) was a British [[autodidact|self-educated]] [[mathematician]] and [[actuary]], who became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. Gompertz is now best known for his [[Gompertz law]] of mortality, a [[Demography|demographic]] model published in 1825.
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| ==Life==
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| Of the [[German Jewish]] family of Gompertz of [[Emmerich am Rhein|Emmerich]], he was born in London, where his father and grandfather had been successful diamond merchants. Debarred, as a Jew, from a university education, he studied on his own from an early age, in the writings of [[Isaac Newton]], [[Colin Maclaurin]], and [[William Emerson (mathematician)|William Emerson]]. From 1798 he was a prominent contributor to the ''Gentleman's Mathematical Companion'', and for a period won the annual prizes in the magazine for the solutions of problems.<ref name=DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Gompertz, Benjamin}}</ref>
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| In line with his father's wishes, he entered the [[London Stock Exchange]]. He became a member of the [[Mathematical Society of Spitalfields]], and served as its president when it was merged with the [[Astronomical Society of London]]. In 1819 he was elected a F.R.S., and in 1832 became a member of the council. The Astronomical Society was founded in 1820, and he was elected a member of the council in 1821.<ref name=DNB/>
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| On the death of his only son he retired from the Stock Exchange, and absorbed himself in mathematics. When the [[Guardian Insurance Office]] was established in 1821, he was a candidate for the actuaryship, but the directors objected to him on the grounds that he was a Jew. His brother-in-law [[Sir Moses Montefiore]] with his relative [[Nathan Mayer Rothschild]] then founded the [[Alliance Assurance Company]] (1824), and Gompertz was appointed actuary under the deed of settlement. His management of the Alliance Company was successful, he was consulted by government, and made computations for the Army medical board.<ref name=DNB/>
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| In 1848 he retired from active work and returned to his scientific labours. He was a member of many learned societies, and was also one of the promoters of the [[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]]. Of the leading Jewish charities he was a prominent member, and he worked out a plan of poor relief (''Jewish Chronicle'', 6 October 1845), which was afterwards adopted by the Jewish board of guardians.<ref name=DNB/>
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| Gompertz died from a paralytic seizure on 14 July 1865.<ref name=DNB/>
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| ==Works==
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| ;Mathematics
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| From 1806 he was a frequent contributor to the ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'' of the Royal Society; but his early tracts on [[complex number]]s and [[porism]]s (1817–18) were self-published. Gompertz was an old-fashioned Newtonian who retained and defended the notation of [[fluxions]].<ref name=DNB/>
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| ;Astronomy
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| For ten years he actively participated in the work of the Astronomical Society, contributing papers on the theory of [[astronomical instrument]]s, the [[aberration of light]], the [[differential sextant]], and the [[convertible pendulum]]. With [[Francis Baily]] he began in 1822 the construction of tables for the [[mean place]]s of the [[fixed stars]]; the work was left uncompleted, because of the publication of the ''Fundamenta Astronomiæ'' of [[Friedrich Bessel]]. Their efforts, however, led to the complete catalogue of stars of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]].<ref name=DNB/>
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| ;The Gompertz model
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| He worked out a new series of tables of mortality for the Royal Society, and these suggested to him in 1825 his law of human mortality, which he first expounded in a letter to Francis Baily. The law rests on an ''a priori'' assumption that a person's resistance to death decreases as his years increase. The model can be written in this way:
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| :<math>N(t) = N(0) e^{-c (e^{at}-1)},\ </math>
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| where ''N''(''t'') represents the number of individuals at time ''t'', and ''c'' and ''a'' are [[Mathematical constant|constants]].
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| This model is a refinement of a demographic model of [[Robert Malthus]]. It was used by [[insurance companies]] to calculate the cost of [[life insurance]]. The equation, known as a [[Gompertz curve]], is now used in many areas to model a [[time series]] where growth is slowest at the start and end of a period. The model has been extended to the [[Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality]].
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| ==Family==
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| He married Abigail Montefiore in 1810.<ref name=DNB/>
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| Gompertz's descendant [[Simon Gompertz]] is an [[economics]] [[television presenter|presenter]] for the [[BBC]].{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Population dynamics]]
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| *[[Gompertz distribution]]
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| ==References==
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| *{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1825 |month= |title=On the Nature of the Function Expressive of the Law of Human Mortality, and on a New Mode of Determining the Value of Life Contingencies |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=115 |issue= |pages=513–585 |id= |url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-55920 |accessdate= |quote= |doi= 10.1098/rstl.1825.0026 |author= Gompertz, Benjamin }}
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist}}
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| | |
| ==External links==
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| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Gompertz}}
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| * [http://www.actuaries.org.uk/files/pdf/library/JIA-091/0203-0212.pdf P.F. Hooker - Benjamin Gompertz, 5 March 1779 – 14 July 1865, 1965]
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| ;Attribution
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| {{DNB|wstitle=Gompertz, Benjamin}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=37696540}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Gompertz, Benjamin
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = British mathematician
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1779-03-05
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[London]], [[England]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 1865-07-14
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gompertz, Benjamin}}
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| [[Category:British actuaries]]
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| [[Category:19th-century English mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:English statisticians]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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| [[Category:English Jews]]
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| [[Category:People from London]]
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| [[Category:1779 births]]
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| [[Category:1865 deaths]]
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The outcome displayed in the information are too apparent to become ignored. Even a youngster could work out how the nationwide debt has invariably relied upon clash of clans get into tool no survey using a certain extent, but now more that ever. A whole lot analysts fear a appropriate depression.
Operating in Clash of Clans Hacks (a brilliant popular ethnical architecture and arresting audacious by Supercell) participants could possibly acceleration up accomplishments for example building, advance or training troops with gems that can be bought for absolute money. They're basically monetizing the actual player's impatience. Nearly every single amusing architecture daring I apperceive of manages to find a deal.
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