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[[File:Dose units.jpg|400px|right|Graphical relationship of radiation dose units]]
Encourager Avocats As well as Ugg Crazecity Spy.<br><br><br>Information that UGG boots boots are advertising out in London and that one retail store has opened the UK's first Ugg store within a shop will cause celebration in a most unlikely quarter. NOUVELLES que les bottes Ugg se vendent Londres et que seul magasin a ouvert le premier Ugg Royaume-Uni le magasin dans un magasin fera clbration dans un quartier le furthermore probable. Lawyers aren't usually involved with the suede and sheepskin boots but they are building a tidy income out of them. Bottes UGG Les avocats ne sont pas normalement associs la sude et des bottes en peau de mouton, mais ils font un joli income d'eux. For many years, the unattractive boots that's why the title were created by smaller Australian producers. Pendant des dcennies, le laid bottes d'o le nom ont t faites par les petits producteurs australiens. <br><br>Then Brian Smith, an Aussie, went to the US, set up a corporation, Ugg Holdings and registered the trademark in 25 countries. Ensuite, Brian Smith, un Australien, ont aux tats-Unis, crer une entreprise, Ugg Holdings et fait enregistrer la marque dans 25 pays. Later, he offered the organization to Deckers in the US. Furthermore tard, il a vendu l'entreprise Deckers aux tats-Unis. Kate and Gwyneth begun donning them and profits soared. Kate et Gwyneth a commenc les porter et les ventes ont grimp. But as a substitute of buying the Deckers selection, intelligent fashionistas sourced them off the net, immediate from the Australian cottage companies. Mais au lieu d'acheter la varit Deckers, fashionistas habiles entre eux achteraient de l'internet, directement auprs des fabricants australiens chalet. Deckers went mad and has been pursuing infringement claims ever due to the fact. Deckers est devenu fou et a poursuivi les allgations d'atteinte depuis. Nevertheless, as significantly as Aussies are concerned, ugg  is as generic as tomato sauce. But Deckers have pretty deep pockets and the battle continues.. Toutefois, dans la mesure Australiens sont issues,UGG Bottes ugg est aussi gnrique que la sauce tomate. Mais Women's Dusk 5359 ont de profondes poches trs et la bataille carry on .. The foremost British importer of the stylish Australian-designed Ugg boots has closed its doors, signaling achievable provide difficulties, observers reported. The importer, Kate Kuba, has long gone into administration and has shut all of its 9 London stores, with its Internet web-site declaring it is quotcurrently down for servicing,quot The Everyday Telegraph documented Saturday. A scarcity of Ugg boots would have an impact on day to day British purchasers as nicely as celebs, who have proven a unique fondness for the fur-lined footwear. Les Britanniques le premier importateur de l'Australie fait Ugg boots-method a ferm ses portes, la signalisation des problmes d'approvisionnement possibles, selon les observateurs. L'importateur, Kate Kuba, est entr dans l'administration et a ferm tous ses magasins de Londres neuf, avec son web site World wide web en disant il est actuellement en servicing, The Every day Telegraph a rapport samedi. Une pnurie de bottes  <br><br><br>Ugg affecterait tous les jours consommateurs britanniques ainsi que des clbrits,UGG pas cher qui ont montr une prdilection particulire pour les chaussures fourres de fourrure. The boots are vastly common with women of all ages, together with these types of female famous people this sort of as model Kate Moss and actress Sarah Jessica Parker. Les bottes sont trs populaires auprs des femmes, y compris des clbrits fminines comme le modle Kate Moss et l'actrice Sarah Jessica Parker. They also have significant-profile male admirers these types of as actor Leonardo DiCaprio and Rolling Stones guitarist Ron Wood, the newspaper stated.Retail analysts explained Kate Kuba has been named finest women's footwear retailer four situations by the manner business magazine Drapers. Ils ont aussi prestigieux fans masculins comme acteur Leonardo DiCaprio et guitariste des Rolling Stones Ron Wood, les analystes explained.Retail journal Kate Kuba a t nomme dtaillant Chaussures femmes les as well as quatre reprises par l'industrie de la manner Drapers magazine. It was set up by Cypriot Costas Constantinou in 2010.The Telegraph reported nobody from Ugg was obtainable for comment. Il a t tabli par Costas Constantinou chypriote en 2010.Le Telegraph a dit que personne d'Ugg tait disponible pour un commentaire. Former Baywatch babe Pamela Anderson has taken the shears to her ugg boots. The Hollywood pin-up credited with turning the Australian Women's Classic Quick UGG Boots 5825 Pink into a worldwide style phenomenon denounced the footwear on her web-site. ANCIEN Baywatch fille Pamela Anderson a pris les ciseaux ses bottes UGG. Le Hollywood pin-up crdit de tourner les bottes australiennes dans un phnomne de manner mondial de la chaussure a dnonc sur son web-site net. In a actually blonde second, the actress has abruptly realised that the boots are designed from shaved sheepskin.And mom-of-two Pammy, a staunch animal legal rights activist who has been a PETA member for a ten years, says she is racked with guilt that gals throughout the world have adopted in her footsteps.'People like to tell me all the time that I started that trend -- yikes!' <br><br>Anderson wrote. Dans un second vraiment blonde, l'actrice a soudainement rendu compte que les bottes sont fabriques partir ras sheepskin.And mre de deux Pammy, un animal farouche militant des droits qui a t membre de PETA pour une dizaine d'annes, dit-elle est tourment par la culpabilit qui femmes dans le monde ont suivi ses traces.'Des gens comme pour me dire tout le temps que j'ai commenc que - yikes tendance!'Anderson crit. 'I employed to use them with my crimson swimsuit to maintain heat, under no circumstances realising they were pores and skin.'Well, let us begin a new trend. 'J'avais l'habitude de les porter avec mon maillot de bain rouge pour garder au chaud, jamais se rendre compte qu'ils taient la peau.'Eh bien, nous allons commencer une nouvelle tendance. Do NOT get uggs! Acquire Stella McCartney or Juicy boots. ' NE PAS acheter uggs! Acheter Stella McCartney ou des bottes Juicy.' PETA vice-prsident Dan Matthews hier affirm l'actrice avait connu les bottes en peau de mouton pendant plusieurs annes.'Ce n'est pas un rvlation, elle vient d'avoir,'at-il dclar au Each day Telegraph. 'We talked over it with her a few decades ago and that was when she stopped wearing them.'The reason she is writing about it on her internet site now is simply because she has just moved residence and she identified them in the garage.'But Pammy's backtrack is yet another embarrassing incident for PETA.Toni Collette and Pink dropped a marketing campaign for people to boycott Australian wool to conclude the exercise of mulesing after admitting they were being not appropriately informed about the method.'It's staggering to imagine she has been savoring the ease and comfort of ugg boots for decades, which she noticed as a trend statement. 'Nous en avons discut avec elle il ya quelques annes et qui a t quand elle a cess de les porter.UGG Soldes 'La raison pour laquelle elle est crite ce sujet sur son website Internet est maintenant parce qu'elle vient de dmnager la maison et elle les a trouvs dans le garage.' Mais de retour en arrire Pammy est un autre incident embarrassant pour PETA.Toni Collette et Pink a chut d'une campagne pour les consommateurs boycotter la laine australienne pour mettre fin la pratique du mulesing aprs avoir admis qu'ils n'avaient pas t correctement advise de la procdure.'Il est ahurissant de penser qu'elle a bnfici le confort de ugg boots des annes, qu'elle voyait comme une dclaration de method. To flip about and say this is a joke,' NSW Farmers' Affiliation president Jock Laurie said. Pour faire demi-tour et dire que c'est une blague,'NSW agriculteurs prsident de l'Association Jock Laurie dit. <br><br>Relevant Articles - Encourager, Avocats, As well as, Ugg, Crazecity, Spy.,   <br><br>Electronic mail this Article to a Buddy!<br><br>Receive Posts like this one particular immediate to your electronic mail box!<br>Subscribe for free today!<br><br>If you have any type of inquiries relating to where and ways to make use of [http://tinyurl.com/k7shbtq cheap uggs], you can contact us at our internet site.
'''Absorbed dose''' (also known as '''total ionizing dose''', TID) is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by [[ionizing radiation]] per unit mass, which may be measured as joules per kilogram when it is represented by the equivalent SI unit, [[Gray (unit)|gray]] (Gy). The [[Centimetre gram second system of units|CGS]] units, [[rad (unit)|rad]] and [[roentgen equivalent physical|rep]] are also used.
 
The absorbed dose from a given level of incident radiation depends on the absorbing medium. For instance, a soft X-ray beam may deposit four times more dose in bone than in air, or none at all in a vacuum.
 
==Uses==
Absorbed dose is of fundamental importance as a step in [[dosimetry]] calculations. However, the absorbed dose alone is not an adequate indicator of the likely health effects in humans, and consideration must be given to the type of radiation, the affected tissues, and other factors. These are taken into account when the [[equivalent dose]] and the [[Effective dose (radiation)|effective dose]] are calculated for a given situation.
 
For example, 1 Gy of [[alpha particle|alpha]] radiation would carry a much greater risk of cancer than 1 Gy of [[photon]] radiation, and the weighting factor used reflects this. Further calculation can be performed to find the [[equivalent dose]] for the irradiation of the whole body, the [[effective dose (radiation)|effective dose]] for irradiation of specific parts of the body, or the [[committed dose]] for internal radiation exposures. These adjusted doses, measured in units of [[sievert]] (Sv), or [[rem (unit)|rem]], are representative of the stochastic risks to human health.
 
Absorbed dose is used to estimate the risk of [[acute radiation syndrome]], and to rate the survivability of devices such as electronic components in ionizing radiation environments.
 
==Computation==
 
The absorbed dose is equal to the [[kerma (physics)|kerma]] of the radiation beam multiplied by the ionization energy of the medium to be ionized.
 
For example, the ionization energy of dry air at 20°C and 101.325 kPa of pressure is 33.97 ± 0.06 J/C.<ref>{{cite book|title=Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students|year=2005|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|location=Vienna|isbn=92-0-107304-6|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/pub1196_web.pdf|editor=Podgorsak, E. B.|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref>{{rp|305}} (33.97 eV per ion pair) Therefore a beam kerma of 2.58×10<sup>−4</sup> C/kg (1 [[roentgen (unit)|roentgen]]) would deposit an absorbed dose of 8.76×10<sup>−3</sup> J/kg (0.00876 Gy or 0.876 rad) in dry air at those conditions.
 
When the absorbed dose is not uniform, or when it is only applied to a portion of a body or object, an absorbed dose representative of the entire item can be calculated by taking a mass-weighted average of the absorbed doses at each point.
 
More precisely,<ref name="ICRP103">{{cite journal|title=The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection|journal=Annals of the ICRP|year=2007|volume=37|series=ICRP publication 103|issue=2-4|url=http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103|accessdate=17 May 2012|isbn=978-0-7020-3048-2}}</ref>
 
<math>\bar{D_T}=\frac{\int_{T}D(x,y,z)\rho(x,y,z)dV}{\int_{T}\rho(x,y,z)dV}</math>
 
Where
:<math>\bar{D_T}</math>  is the mass-averaged absorbed dose of the entire item T
:<math>T</math> is the item of interest
:<math>D(x,y,z)</math>  is the absorbed dose as a function of location
:<math>\rho(x,y,z)</math>  is the density as a function of location
:<math>V</math>  is volume
 
Non-uniform absorbed dose is common for soft radiations such as low energy x-rays or beta radiation. Self-shielding means that the absorbed dose will be higher in the tissues facing the source than deeper in the body.
 
The mass average can be important in evaluating the risks of radiotherapy treatments, since they are designed to target very specific volumes in the body, typically a tumour. For example, if 10% of a patient's bone marrow mass is irradiated with 10 Gy of radiation locally, then the absorbed dose in bone marrow overall would be 1 Gy. Bone marrow makes up 4% of the body mass, so the whole-body absorbed dose would be 0.04 Gy. The first figure (10 Gy) is indicative of the local effects on the tumour, while the second and third figure (1 Gy and 0.04 Gy) are better indicators of the overall health effects on the whole organism. Additional dosimetry calculations would have to be performed on these figures to arrive at a meaningful effective dose, which is needed to estimate the risk of cancer or other stochastic effects.
 
When ionizing radiation is used to treat cancer, the doctor will usually prescribe the [[radiotherapy]] treatment in units of gray. [[Medical imaging]] doses may be described in units of [[coulomb]] per [[kilogram]], but when [[radiopharmaceutical]]s are used, they will usually be administered in units of [[becquerel]]. When health risk from ionizing radiation is being discussed, the [[sievert]] would be used. There is no universally applicable conversion constant between these different units because they measure different things.
 
==See also==
[[File:Radiation (xkcd).png|thumb|Radiation dose chart from [[XKCD]]]]
* [[Specific absorption rate]]
* [[Equivalent dose]]
* [[Effective dose (radiation)|Effective dose]]
* [[kerma (physics)]]
* [[Sievert]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.ornl.gov/info/reports/1982/3445603573381.pdf ''Specific Gamma-Ray Dose Constants for Nuclides Important to Dosimetry and Radiological Assessment'', Laurie M. Unger and D. K . Trubey, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May 1982] - contains gamma-ray dose constants (in tissue) for approximately 500 radionuclides.
 
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:Radiobiology]]

Latest revision as of 00:14, 17 November 2014

Encourager Avocats As well as Ugg Crazecity Spy.


Information that UGG boots boots are advertising out in London and that one retail store has opened the UK's first Ugg store within a shop will cause celebration in a most unlikely quarter. NOUVELLES que les bottes Ugg se vendent Londres et que seul magasin a ouvert le premier Ugg Royaume-Uni le magasin dans un magasin fera clbration dans un quartier le furthermore probable. Lawyers aren't usually involved with the suede and sheepskin boots but they are building a tidy income out of them. Bottes UGG Les avocats ne sont pas normalement associs la sude et des bottes en peau de mouton, mais ils font un joli income d'eux. For many years, the unattractive boots that's why the title were created by smaller Australian producers. Pendant des dcennies, le laid bottes d'o le nom ont t faites par les petits producteurs australiens.

Then Brian Smith, an Aussie, went to the US, set up a corporation, Ugg Holdings and registered the trademark in 25 countries. Ensuite, Brian Smith, un Australien, ont aux tats-Unis, crer une entreprise, Ugg Holdings et fait enregistrer la marque dans 25 pays. Later, he offered the organization to Deckers in the US. Furthermore tard, il a vendu l'entreprise Deckers aux tats-Unis. Kate and Gwyneth begun donning them and profits soared. Kate et Gwyneth a commenc les porter et les ventes ont grimp. But as a substitute of buying the Deckers selection, intelligent fashionistas sourced them off the net, immediate from the Australian cottage companies. Mais au lieu d'acheter la varit Deckers, fashionistas habiles entre eux achteraient de l'internet, directement auprs des fabricants australiens chalet. Deckers went mad and has been pursuing infringement claims ever due to the fact. Deckers est devenu fou et a poursuivi les allgations d'atteinte depuis. Nevertheless, as significantly as Aussies are concerned, ugg is as generic as tomato sauce. But Deckers have pretty deep pockets and the battle continues.. Toutefois, dans la mesure Australiens sont issues,UGG Bottes ugg est aussi gnrique que la sauce tomate. Mais Women's Dusk 5359 ont de profondes poches trs et la bataille carry on .. The foremost British importer of the stylish Australian-designed Ugg boots has closed its doors, signaling achievable provide difficulties, observers reported. The importer, Kate Kuba, has long gone into administration and has shut all of its 9 London stores, with its Internet web-site declaring it is quotcurrently down for servicing,quot The Everyday Telegraph documented Saturday. A scarcity of Ugg boots would have an impact on day to day British purchasers as nicely as celebs, who have proven a unique fondness for the fur-lined footwear. Les Britanniques le premier importateur de l'Australie fait Ugg boots-method a ferm ses portes, la signalisation des problmes d'approvisionnement possibles, selon les observateurs. L'importateur, Kate Kuba, est entr dans l'administration et a ferm tous ses magasins de Londres neuf, avec son web site World wide web en disant il est actuellement en servicing, The Every day Telegraph a rapport samedi. Une pnurie de bottes


Ugg affecterait tous les jours consommateurs britanniques ainsi que des clbrits,UGG pas cher qui ont montr une prdilection particulire pour les chaussures fourres de fourrure. The boots are vastly common with women of all ages, together with these types of female famous people this sort of as model Kate Moss and actress Sarah Jessica Parker. Les bottes sont trs populaires auprs des femmes, y compris des clbrits fminines comme le modle Kate Moss et l'actrice Sarah Jessica Parker. They also have significant-profile male admirers these types of as actor Leonardo DiCaprio and Rolling Stones guitarist Ron Wood, the newspaper stated.Retail analysts explained Kate Kuba has been named finest women's footwear retailer four situations by the manner business magazine Drapers. Ils ont aussi prestigieux fans masculins comme acteur Leonardo DiCaprio et guitariste des Rolling Stones Ron Wood, les analystes explained.Retail journal Kate Kuba a t nomme dtaillant Chaussures femmes les as well as quatre reprises par l'industrie de la manner Drapers magazine. It was set up by Cypriot Costas Constantinou in 2010.The Telegraph reported nobody from Ugg was obtainable for comment. Il a t tabli par Costas Constantinou chypriote en 2010.Le Telegraph a dit que personne d'Ugg tait disponible pour un commentaire. Former Baywatch babe Pamela Anderson has taken the shears to her ugg boots. The Hollywood pin-up credited with turning the Australian Women's Classic Quick UGG Boots 5825 Pink into a worldwide style phenomenon denounced the footwear on her web-site. ANCIEN Baywatch fille Pamela Anderson a pris les ciseaux ses bottes UGG. Le Hollywood pin-up crdit de tourner les bottes australiennes dans un phnomne de manner mondial de la chaussure a dnonc sur son web-site net. In a actually blonde second, the actress has abruptly realised that the boots are designed from shaved sheepskin.And mom-of-two Pammy, a staunch animal legal rights activist who has been a PETA member for a ten years, says she is racked with guilt that gals throughout the world have adopted in her footsteps.'People like to tell me all the time that I started that trend -- yikes!'

Anderson wrote. Dans un second vraiment blonde, l'actrice a soudainement rendu compte que les bottes sont fabriques partir ras sheepskin.And mre de deux Pammy, un animal farouche militant des droits qui a t membre de PETA pour une dizaine d'annes, dit-elle est tourment par la culpabilit qui femmes dans le monde ont suivi ses traces.'Des gens comme pour me dire tout le temps que j'ai commenc que - yikes tendance!'Anderson crit. 'I employed to use them with my crimson swimsuit to maintain heat, under no circumstances realising they were pores and skin.'Well, let us begin a new trend. 'J'avais l'habitude de les porter avec mon maillot de bain rouge pour garder au chaud, jamais se rendre compte qu'ils taient la peau.'Eh bien, nous allons commencer une nouvelle tendance. Do NOT get uggs! Acquire Stella McCartney or Juicy boots. ' NE PAS acheter uggs! Acheter Stella McCartney ou des bottes Juicy.' PETA vice-prsident Dan Matthews hier affirm l'actrice avait connu les bottes en peau de mouton pendant plusieurs annes.'Ce n'est pas un rvlation, elle vient d'avoir,'at-il dclar au Each day Telegraph. 'We talked over it with her a few decades ago and that was when she stopped wearing them.'The reason she is writing about it on her internet site now is simply because she has just moved residence and she identified them in the garage.'But Pammy's backtrack is yet another embarrassing incident for PETA.Toni Collette and Pink dropped a marketing campaign for people to boycott Australian wool to conclude the exercise of mulesing after admitting they were being not appropriately informed about the method.'It's staggering to imagine she has been savoring the ease and comfort of ugg boots for decades, which she noticed as a trend statement. 'Nous en avons discut avec elle il ya quelques annes et qui a t quand elle a cess de les porter.UGG Soldes 'La raison pour laquelle elle est crite ce sujet sur son website Internet est maintenant parce qu'elle vient de dmnager la maison et elle les a trouvs dans le garage.' Mais de retour en arrire Pammy est un autre incident embarrassant pour PETA.Toni Collette et Pink a chut d'une campagne pour les consommateurs boycotter la laine australienne pour mettre fin la pratique du mulesing aprs avoir admis qu'ils n'avaient pas t correctement advise de la procdure.'Il est ahurissant de penser qu'elle a bnfici le confort de ugg boots des annes, qu'elle voyait comme une dclaration de method. To flip about and say this is a joke,' NSW Farmers' Affiliation president Jock Laurie said. Pour faire demi-tour et dire que c'est une blague,'NSW agriculteurs prsident de l'Association Jock Laurie dit.

Relevant Articles - Encourager, Avocats, As well as, Ugg, Crazecity, Spy.,

Electronic mail this Article to a Buddy!

Receive Posts like this one particular immediate to your electronic mail box!
Subscribe for free today!

If you have any type of inquiries relating to where and ways to make use of cheap uggs, you can contact us at our internet site.