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[[Image:DuPontModelEng.svg|400px|right|Graphical representation of DuPont analysis.]]
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'''DuPont analysis''' (also known as the '''dupont identity''', '''DuPont equation''', '''DuPont Model''' or the '''DuPont method''') is an expression which breaks ROE ([[Return On Equity]]) into three parts.
 
The name comes from the [[DuPont Corporation]] that started using this formula in the 1920s.
 
==Basic formula==
 
'''ROE = (Profit margin)*(Asset turnover)*(Equity multiplier) = ([[Net profit]]/[[Sales]])*([[Sales]]/[[Assets]])*([[Assets]]/[[Shareholders' equity|Equity]])= (Net Profit/Equity)'''
 
* Profitability (measured by [[profit margin]])
* Operating efficiency (measured by [[asset turnover]])
* [[Leverage (finance)|Financial leverage]] (measured by [[equity multiplier]])
 
==ROE analysis==
The Du Pont identity breaks down Return on Equity (that is, the returns that investors receive from the firm) into three distinct elements. This analysis enables the analyst to understand the source of superior (or inferior) return by comparison with companies in similar industries (or between industries).
 
The Du Pont identity is less useful for industries such as investment banking, in which the underlying elements are not meaningful. Variations of the Du Pont identity have been developed for industries where the elements are weakly meaningful.
 
Du Pont analysis relies upon the accounting [[Accounting identity|identity]], that is, a statement (formula) that is by definition true.
 
===Examples===
====High turnover industries====
Certain types of retail operations, particularly  stores, may have very low profit margins on sales, and relatively moderate leverage. In contrast, though, groceries may have very high turnover, selling a significant multiple of their assets per year. The ROE of such firms may be particularly dependent on performance of this metric, and hence asset turnover may be studied extremely carefully for signs of under-, or, over-performance. For example, [[same store sales]] of many retailers is considered important as an indication that the firm is deriving greater profits from existing stores (rather than showing improved performance by continually opening  stores).
 
====High margin industries====
Other industries, such as fashion, may derive a substantial portion of their competitive advantage from selling at a higher margin, rather than higher sales. For high-end fashion brands, increasing sales without sacrificing margin may be critical. The Du Pont identity allows analysts to determine which of the elements is dominant in any change of ROE.
 
====High leverage industries====
Some sectors, such as the financial sector, rely on high leverage to generate acceptable ROE. Other industries would see high levels of leverage as unacceptably risky. Du Pont analysis enables third parties that rely primarily on the financial statements to compare leverage  among similar companies.
 
==ROA and ROE ratio==
The '''return on assets (ROA) ratio''' developed by DuPont for its own use is now used by many firms to evaluate how effectively assets are used. It measures the combined effects of profit margins and asset turnover.<ref>{{cite book |last = Groppelli |first = Angelico A. |coauthors = Ehsan Nikbakht |title = Finance, 4th ed |publisher = Barron's Educational Series, Inc. |date = 2000 |pages = 444–445 |isbn = 0-7641-1275-9 }}</ref>
 
:<math>\text{ROA} = \frac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Sales}} \times \frac{\text{Sales}}{\text{Total assets}} = \frac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Total assets}}</math>
 
The '''return on equity (ROE) ratio''' is a measure of the rate of return to stockholders.<ref>{{cite book |last = Groppelli |first = Angelico A. |coauthors = Ehsan Nikbakht |title = Finance, 4th ed |publisher = Barron's Educational Series, Inc. |date = 2000 |isbn = 0-7641-1275-9 |page = 444 }}</ref> Decomposing the ROE into various factors influencing company performance is often called the '''Du Pont system'''.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bodie |first = Zane |coauthors = Alex Kane and Alan J. Marcus |title = Essentials of Investments, 5th ed |publisher = McGraw-Hill Irwin |date = 2004 |pages = 458–459 |isbn = 0-07-251077-3 }}</ref>
 
:<math>\text{ROE} = \frac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Equity}} = \frac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Pretax income}} \times \frac{\text{Pretax income}}{\text{EBIT}} \times \frac{\text{EBIT}}{\text{Sales}} \times \frac{\text{Sales}}{\text{Assets}} \times \frac{\text{Assets}}{\text{Equity}} </math>
:Where
:* Net income = net income after taxes
:* Equity = shareholders' equity
:* EBIT = [[Earnings before interest and taxes]]
:*
This decomposition presents various ratios used in [[fundamental analysis]].  
* The company's [[tax]] burden is (Net income ÷ Pretax profit). This is the proportion of the company's profits retained after paying income taxes. [NI/EBT]
* The company's interest burden is (Pretax income ÷ EBIT). This will be 1.00 for a firm with no [[debt]] or financial leverage. [EBT/EBIT]
* The company's '''operating income margin''' or [[return on sales]] (ROS) is (EBIT ÷ Sales). This is the operating income per dollar of sales. [EBIT/Sales]
* The company's [[asset turnover]] (ATO) is (Sales ÷ Assets).
* The company's '''leverage ratio''' is (Assets ÷ Equity), which is equal to the firm's [[debt to equity ratio]] + 1. This is a measure of financial leverage.  
* The company's [[return on assets]] (ROA) is (Return on sales x Asset turnover).
* The company's [[compound leverage factor]] is (Interest burden x Leverage).
 
ROE can also be stated as:<ref>{{cite book |last = Bodie |first = Zane |coauthors = Alex Kane and Alan J. Marcus |title = Essentials of Investments, 5th ed |publisher = McGraw-Hill Irwin |date = 2004 |isbn = 0-07-251077-3 |page = 460 }}</ref>
::ROE = Tax burden x Interest burden x Margin x Turnover x Leverage
::ROE = Tax burden x ROA x Compound leverage factor
 
Profit margin is (Net income ÷ Sales), so the ROE equation can be restated:
:<math>\text{ROE} = \frac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Sales}} \times \frac{\text{Sales}}{\text{Assets}} \times \frac{\text{Assets}}{\text{Equity}} </math>
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9swKCSx_lQ Free Video Tutorial on DuPont Analysis]
* [http://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/08/dupont-analysis.asp Decoding DuPont Analysis]
* [http://es.slideshare.net/HECTORADRI/anlisis-dupont-excel-with-intuitive DuPont analysis]
 
{{stock market}}
[[Category:Financial ratios]]
[[Category:DuPont]]

Latest revision as of 10:22, 8 September 2014

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