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| {{electromagnetism|cTopic=[[Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism|Covariant formulation]]}}
| | == how to escape == |
| In [[special relativity|special]] and [[general relativity]], the '''four-current''' is the 4-dimensional analogue of the [[electric current density]], which is used in the geometric context of ''4d spacetime'', rather than 3d space and time separately. Mathematically it is a [[four-vector]], and is [[Lorentz covariant]].
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| Analogously, it's possible to have any form of "current density", meaning the flow of a quantity per unit time per unit area, see [[current density]] for more on this quantity.
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| | | 相关的主题文章： |
| This article uses the [[Einstein notation|summation convention]] for indices, see [[covariance and contravariance of vectors]] for background on raised and lowered indices, and [[raising and lowering indices]] on how to switch between them.
| | <ul> |
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| ==Definition==
| | <li>[http://www.yumiren.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=123701 http://www.yumiren.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=123701]</li> |
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| ;[[Minkowski metric]]:
| | <li>[http://ggcsw.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=223890 http://ggcsw.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=223890]</li> |
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| Using the Minkowski metric <math>\eta_{\mu\nu}</math> of [[metric signature]] (+−−−), its four components are given by:
| | <li>[http://www.chuixian.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2846875&extra= http://www.chuixian.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2846875&extra=]</li> |
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| :<math>J^\alpha = \left(c \rho, j^1 , j^2 , j^3 \right) = \left(c \rho, \mathbf{j} \right)</math>
| | </ul> |
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| where ''c'' is the [[speed of light]], ''ρ'' is the [[charge density]] and '''j''' the conventional [[current density]]. The [[Einstein notation|dummy index]] ''α'' labels the [[spacetime]] [[dimension]]s.
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| ;[[Euclidean metric]]:
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| Some authors{{Who|date=October 2013}} prefer to work under a Euclidean spacetime rather than Minkowski's, in which case the Euclidean metric of signature (++++) is used, so that:
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| :<math>J^\alpha = J_\alpha </math>
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| so the four-current is rewritten as
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| :<math>J^\alpha = \left(ic \rho, \mathbf{j} \right)</math>
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| where ''i'' is the [[imaginary unit]].
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| ===Motion of charges in spacetime===
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| {{see also|Lorentz transformations}}
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| This can also be expressed in terms of the [[four-velocity]] by the equation:<ref>Roald K. Wangsness, Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd edition (1986), p. 518, 519</ref><ref>Melvin Schwartz, Principles of Electrodynamics, Dover edition (1987), p. 122, 123</ref>
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| :<math>J^\alpha = \rho_0 U^\alpha = \rho\sqrt{1-\frac{u^2}{c^2}} U^\alpha </math>
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| where ''ρ'' is the [[charge density]] measured by an observer at rest observing the [[electric current]], and ''ρ''<sub>0</sub> the charge density for an observer moving at the speed ''u'' (the magnitude of the [[velocity|3-velocity]]) along with the charges.
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| Qualitatively, the change in charge density (charge per unit volume) is due to the contracted volume of charge due to [[Lorentz contraction]].
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| === Physical interpretation ===
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| Charges (free or as a distribution) at rest will appear to remain at the same spatial position for some interval of time (as long as they're stationary). When they do move, this corresponds to changes in position, therefore the charges have velocity, and the motion of charge constitutes an electric current. This means that charge density is related to time, while current density is related to space.
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| The four-current unifies charge density (related to electricity) and current density (related to electricity magnetism) in one electromagnetic entity.
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| == Continuity equation ==
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| {{Main|Continuity equation}}
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| In special relativity, the statement of [[charge conservation]] is that the [[Lorentz invariant]] divergence of ''J'' is zero:<ref>J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition (1999), p. 554</ref>
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| :<math>\dfrac{\partial J^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha} = \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{j} = 0</math>
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| where <math>\partial/\partial x^\alpha </math> is the [[4-gradient]]. This is the [[continuity equation]].
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| In general relativity, the continuity equation is written as:
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| :<math>J^\alpha{}_{;\alpha}=0\,</math>
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| where the semi-colon represents a [[covariant derivative]].
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| == Maxwell's equations ==
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| {{main|Maxwell's equations}}
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| The four-current appears in two equivalent formulations of [[Maxwell's equations]], in terms of the [[four-potential]]:<ref>as [ref. 1, p519]</ref>
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| :<math>\Box A^\alpha = \mu_0 J^\alpha </math>
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| where <math>\Box </math> is the [[D'Alembert operator]], or the [[electromagnetic field tensor]]:
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| :<math>\partial_\beta F^{\alpha\beta} = \mu_0 J^\alpha</math>
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| where ''μ''<sub>0</sub> is the [[permeability of free space]].
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| == General Relativity == | |
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| {{see also|Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime}}
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| In [[general relativity]], the four-current is defined as the divergence of the electromagnetic displacement, defined as
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| :<math>\mathcal{D}^{\mu \nu} \, = \, \frac{1}{\mu_{0}} \, g^{\mu \alpha} \, F_{\alpha \beta} \, g^{\beta \nu} \, \sqrt{-g} \,</math>
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| then
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| :<math>J^\mu = \partial_\nu \mathcal{D}^{\mu \nu}</math>
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| ==See also== | |
| * [[Noether's theorem]]
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| * [[Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism]]
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| * [[Ricci calculus]]
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| ==References== | |
| <references/> | |
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Four-Current}}
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| [[Category:Electromagnetism]]
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| [[Category:Minkowski spacetime]]
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| [[Category:Theory of relativity]]
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how to escape
To hope.
but too narrow cave passage, the Golden Horn monster avatar simply too much to accommodate not come ah!
and want to rely on the speed of Dodge,オークリー 人気サングラス?
is unrealistic, because even the fastest magic to kill family commitments,オークリー サングラス ジャパンフィット, even to the extreme acceleration,オークリー サングラス, but also very different from the speed of light is far away. The instant burst of speed,自転車 サングラス オークリー, the greater the distance from the extreme speed! The laser gun emits a powerful laser, and instantly burst speed is that the original direct cosmic speed limit - the speed of light!
close the lock,オークリー サングラス オーダー!
light shooting!
consciousness have a chance to react, how to escape?
'Poof!'
'Poof!'
nine bands that Domain Master Warrior seizing the E9-level laser gun in one hand and a machete constantly dodge to escape, while waving to the Mo Yun swept split rattan. Mo Yun vine Although badly after all,オークリー サングラスケース, only nine bands ...... field on the main stage and this level is the same as the human warrior,オークリー サングラス 調光, holding each other purely defensive,サングラス オークリー 偏光, the idea of escape.
相关的主题文章：