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Ontology alignment, or ontology matching, is the process of determining correspondences between concepts. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science, cognitive science or philosophy.

Computer Science

For computer scientists, concepts are expressed as labels for data. Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to integrate hetereogeneous databases, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary. In the Semantic Web context involving many actors providing their own ontologies, ontology matching has taken a critical place for helping heterogeneous resources to interoperate. Ontology alignment tools find classes of data that are "semantically equivalent," for example, "Truck" and "Lorry." The classes are not necessarily logically identical. According to Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007),^[1] there are three major dimensions for similarity: syntactic, external, and semantic. Coincidentally, they roughly correspond to the dimensions identified by Cognitive Scientists below. A number of tools and frameworks have been developed for aligning ontologies, some with inspiration from Cognitive Science and some independently.

Ontology alignment tools have generally been developed to operate on database schemas,^[2] XML schemas,^[3] taxonomies,^[4] formal languages, entity-relationship models,^[5] dictionaries, and other label frameworks. They are usually converted to a graph representation before being matched. Since the emergence of the Semantic Web, such graphs can be represented in the Resource Description Framework line of languages by triples of the form <subject, predicate, object>, as illustrated in the Notation 3 syntax. In this context, aligning ontologies is sometimes referred to as "ontology matching".

The problem of Ontology Alignment has been tackled recently by trying to compute matching first and mapping (based on the matching) in an automatic fashion. Systems like DSSim, X-SOM^[6] or COMA++ obtained at the moment very high precision and recall.^[3] The Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative aims to evaluate, compare and improve the different approaches.

More recently, a technique useful to minimize the effort in mapping validation and visualization has been presented which is based on Minimal Mappings. Minimal mappings are high quality mappings such that i) all the other mappings can be computed from them in time linear in the size of the input graphs, and ii) none of them can be dropped without losing property i).

Formal Definition

Given two ontologies $i = ⟨ C_{i}, R_{i}, I_{i}, A_{i} ⟩$ and $j = ⟨ C_{j}, R_{j}, I_{j}, A_{j} ⟩$ we can define different type of (inter-ontology) relationships among their terms. Such relationships will be called, all together, alignments and can be categorized among different dimensions:

similarity vs logic: this is the difference between matchings (predicating about the similarity of ontology terms), and mappings (logical axioms, typically expressing logical equivalence or inclusion among ontology terms)
atomic vs complex: whether the alignments we considered are one-to-one, or can involve more terms in a query-like formulation (e.g., LAV/GAV mapping)
homogeneous vs heterogeneous: do the alignments predicate on terms of the same type (e.g., classes are related only to classes, individuals to individuals, etc.) or we allow heterogeneity in the relationship?
type of alignment: the semantics associated to an alignment. It can be subsumption, equivalence, disjointness, part-of or any user-specified relationship.

Subsumption, atomic, homogeneous alignments are the building blocks to obtain richer alignments, and have a well defined semantics in every Description Logic. Let's now introduce more formally ontology matching and mapping.

An atomic homogeneous matching is an alignment that carries a similarity degree $s \in [0, 1]$ , describing the similarity of two terms of the input ontologies $i$ and $j$ . Matching can be either computed, by means of heuristic algorithms, or inferred from other matchings.

Formally we can say that, a matching is a quadruple $m = ⟨ i d, t_{i}, t_{j}, s ⟩$ , where $t_{i}$ and $t_{j}$ are homogeneous ontology terms, $s$ is the similarity degree of $m$ . A (subsumption, homogeneous, atomic) mapping is defined as a pair $μ = ⟨ t_{i}, t_{j} ⟩$ , where $t_{i}$ and $t_{j}$ are homogeneous ontology terms.

Cognitive Science

For cognitive scientists interested in ontology alignment, the "concepts" are nodes in a semantic network that reside in brains as "conceptual systems." The focal question is: if everyone has unique experiences and thus different semantic networks, then how can we ever understand each other? This question has been addressed by a model called ABSURDIST (Aligning Between Systems Using Relations Derived Inside Systems for Translation). Three major dimensions have been identified for similarity as equations for "internal similarity, external similarity, and mutual inhibition."^[7]

Ontology alignment is closely related to analogy formation, where "concepts" are variables in logic expressions.

Ontology alignment methods

Two sub research fields have emerged in recent years in ontology mapping, namely monolingual ontology mapping and cross-lingual ontology mapping. The former refers to the mapping of ontologies in the same natural language, whereas the latter refers to "the process of establishing relationships among ontological resources from two or more independent ontologies where each ontology is labelled in a different natural language". ^[8] Existing matching methods in monolingual ontology mapping are discussed in Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007).^[1] Current approaches to cross-lingual ontology mapping are presented in Fu et al. (2011)^[9]

Philosophy

For philosophers, much like cognitive scientists, the interest is in the nature of "understanding." The roots of discourse, however, may be traced to radical interpretation.

Visualization Tools

ITM Align: semi-automated ontology alignment
Optima: A Visual Ontology Alignment Tool
CogZ: Cognitive Support and Visualization for Human-Guided Mapping Systems
AgreementMaker: Efficient Matching for Large Real-World Schemas and Ontologies
Biomixer: A Web-based Collaborative Ontology Visualization Tool.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Collection of surveys and research papers related to ontology mapping, matching, and alignment
The Ontology Alignment Source
ABSURDIST
Ontologymatching.org: Surveys, Approaches, and Themes
Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data
Instance-based Ontology Matching by Instance Enrichment
Noy, N. F. (2004). "Semantic integration: a survey of ontology-based approaches." SIGMOD Rec. 33(4): 65-70.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Jérôme Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko. 2007. Ontology matching, Springer-Verlag, 978-3-540-49611-3.
↑ J. Berlin and A. Motro. 2002. Database Schema Matching Using Machine Learning with Feature Selection. Proc. of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 452-466
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 D. Aumueller, H. Do, S. Massmann, E. Rahm. 2005. Schema and ontology matching with COMA++. Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 906-908
↑ S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. "Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia". Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088.
↑ A. H. Doan, A. Y. Halevy. Semantic integration research in the database community: A brief survey. AI magazine, 26(1), 2005
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang Template:Dead link
↑ R. Goldstone and B. Rogosky. 2002. Using relations within conceptual systems to translate across conceptual systems. Cognition 84, pp. 295–320.
↑ Bo Fu, Rob Brennan, Declan O'Sullivan, A Configurable Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping System to adjust Mapping Outcomes. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 15, 15-36, ISSN 1570-8268, 2012 [1].
↑ Fu B., Brennan R., O'Sullivan D., Using Pseudo Feedback to Improve Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping [2]. In Proceedings of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2011), LNCS 6643, pp.336-351, Heraklion, Greece, May 2011.

[Euzenat_Shvaiko-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Jérôme Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko. 2007. Ontology matching, Springer-Verlag, 978-3-540-49611-3.

[2] J. Berlin and A. Motro. 2002. Database Schema Matching Using Machine Learning with Feature Selection. Proc. of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 452-466

[coma-3] 3.0 ^3.1 D. Aumueller, H. Do, S. Massmann, E. Rahm. 2005. Schema and ontology matching with COMA++. Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 906-908

[4] S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. "Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia". Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088.

[5] A. H. Doan, A. Y. Halevy. Semantic integration research in the database community: A brief survey. AI magazine, 26(1), 2005

[curino-xsom2007-6] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang Template:Dead link

[7] R. Goldstone and B. Rogosky. 2002. Using relations within conceptual systems to translate across conceptual systems. Cognition 84, pp. 295–320.

[8] Bo Fu, Rob Brennan, Declan O'Sullivan, A Configurable Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping System to adjust Mapping Outcomes. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 15, 15-36, ISSN 1570-8268, 2012 [1].

[9] Fu B., Brennan R., O'Sullivan D., Using Pseudo Feedback to Improve Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping [2]. In Proceedings of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2011), LNCS 6643, pp.336-351, Heraklion, Greece, May 2011.

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+'''Ontology alignment''', or '''ontology matching''', is the process of determining correspondences between [[concept]]s. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in [[computer science]], [[cognitive science]] or [[philosophy]].
+==Computer Science==
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+For [[computer scientist]]s, concepts are expressed as labels for data.  Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to [[data integration|integrate]] hetereogeneous [[database]]s, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary.  In the [[Semantic Web]] context involving many actors providing their own [[ontology (information science)|ontologies]], ontology matching has taken a critical place for helping heterogeneous resources to interoperate. Ontology alignment tools find classes of data that are "[[semantic equivalence|semantically equivalent]]," for example, "Truck" and "Lorry."  The classes are not necessarily logically identical.  According to Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007),<ref name="Euzenat Shvaiko">Jérôme Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko. 2007. [http://book.ontologymatching.org Ontology matching], Springer-Verlag, 978-3-540-49611-3.</ref> there are three major dimensions for similarity: syntactic, external, and semantic.  Coincidentally, they roughly correspond to the dimensions identified by Cognitive Scientists below.  A number of tools and frameworks have been developed for aligning ontologies, some with inspiration from Cognitive Science and some independently.
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+Ontology alignment tools have generally been developed to operate on [[database schema]]s,<ref>J. Berlin and A. Motro. 2002. [http://www.dit.unitn.it/~accord/RelatedWork/Matching/Berlin_caise02.pdf Database Schema Matching Using Machine Learning with Feature Selection]. Proc. of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 452-466</ref> [[XML schema]]s,<ref name="coma">D. Aumueller, H. Do, S. Massmann, E. Rahm. 2005. [http://www.dit.unitn.it/~p2p/RelatedWork/Matching/COMA++-SIGMOD05.pdf Schema and ontology matching with COMA++]. Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 906-908</ref> [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomies]],<ref>S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. [http://ijcai.org/papers09/Papers/IJCAI09-343.pdf "Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia"]. Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088.</ref> [[formal language]]s, [[entity-relationship model]]s,<ref>A. H. Doan, A. Y. Halevy. [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~anhai/papers/si-survey-db-community.pdf Semantic integration research in the database community: A brief survey]. AI magazine, 26(1), 2005</ref> [[dictionary|dictionaries]], and other label frameworks. They are usually converted to a graph representation before being matched.
+Since the emergence of the Semantic Web, such graphs can be represented in the [[Resource Description Framework]] line of languages by triples of the form <subject, predicate, object>, as illustrated in the [[Notation 3]] syntax.
+In this context, aligning ontologies is sometimes referred to as "ontology matching".
+The problem of Ontology Alignment has been tackled recently by trying to compute matching first and mapping (based on the matching) in an automatic fashion. Systems like [[DSSim]], X-SOM<ref name="curino-xsom2007">{{cite journal
+| author = Carlo A. Curino and Giorgio Orsi and Letizia Tanca
+| title = X-SOM: A Flexible Ontology Mapper
+| url = http://www.polibear.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/orsi-xsomflexmap.pdf
+| journal = International Workshop on Semantic Web Architectures for Enterprises (SWAE'07) in conjunction with the 18th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA'07)
+| year = 2007
+| format =
+}} {{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> or COMA++ obtained at the moment very high precision and recall.<ref name="coma" /> The [http://oaei.ontologymatching.org Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative] aims to evaluate, compare and improve the different approaches.
+More recently, a technique useful to minimize the effort in mapping validation and visualization has been presented which is based on [[Minimal mappings|Minimal Mappings]]. Minimal mappings are high quality mappings such that i) all the other mappings can be computed from them in time linear in the size of the input graphs, and ii) none of them can be dropped without losing property i).
+=== Formal Definition ===
+Given two ontologies <math>i=\langle C_{i}, R_{i}, I_{i}, A_{i}\rangle</math> and <math>j=\langle C_{j}, R_{j}, I_{j}, A_{j}\rangle</math> we can define different type of (inter-ontology) relationships among their terms.
+Such relationships will be called, all together, alignments and can be categorized among different dimensions:
+* similarity vs logic: this is the difference between matchings (predicating about the [[semantic similarity|similarity]] of ontology terms), and mappings ([[logical axiom]]s, typically expressing [[logical equivalence]] or inclusion among ontology terms)
+* atomic vs complex: whether the alignments we considered are [[bijection|one-to-one]], or can involve more terms in a query-like formulation (e.g., [[data integration|LAV/GAV]] mapping)
+* homogeneous vs heterogeneous: do the alignments predicate on terms of the same type (e.g., classes are related only to classes, individuals to individuals, etc.) or we allow heterogeneity in the relationship?
+* type of alignment: the semantics associated to an alignment. It can be [[subsumption]], equivalence, disjointness, [[part-of]] or any user-specified relationship.
+Subsumption, atomic, homogeneous alignments are the building blocks to obtain richer alignments, and have a well defined semantics in every Description Logic.
+Let's now introduce more formally ontology matching and mapping.
+An atomic homogeneous '''matching''' is an alignment that carries a similarity degree <math>s\in [0,1]</math>, describing the similarity of two terms of the input ontologies <math>i</math> and <math>j</math>.
+Matching can be either ''computed'', by means of heuristic algorithms, or ''[[inference|inferred]]'' from other matchings.
+Formally we can say that, a matching is a quadruple <math>m=\langle id, t_{i}, t_{j}, s\rangle</math>, where <math>t_{i}</math> and <math>t_{j}</math> are homogeneous ontology terms, <math>s</math> is the similarity degree of <math>m</math>.
+A (subsumption, homogeneous, atomic) mapping is defined as a pair <math>\mu=\langle t_{i}, t_{j}\rangle</math>, where <math>t_{i}</math> and <math>t_{j}</math> are homogeneous ontology terms.
+==Cognitive Science==
+For [[cognitive scientist]]s interested in ontology alignment, the "concepts" are nodes in a [[semantic network]] that reside in brains as "conceptual systems."  The focal question is: if everyone has unique experiences and thus different semantic networks, then how can we ever understand each other?  This question has been addressed by a model called ABSURDIST (Aligning Between Systems Using Relations Derived Inside Systems for Translation). Three major dimensions have been identified for similarity as equations for "internal similarity, external similarity, and mutual inhibition."<ref>R. Goldstone and B. Rogosky. 2002. [http://courses.media.mit.edu/2003spring/mas963/goldstone.pdf Using relations within conceptual systems to translate across conceptual systems]. Cognition 84, pp. 295–320.</ref>
+Ontology alignment is closely related to [[analogy formation]], where "concepts" are variables in logic expressions.
+==Ontology alignment methods==
+Two sub research fields have emerged in recent years in ontology mapping, namely monolingual ontology mapping and cross-lingual ontology mapping. The former refers to the mapping of ontologies in the same natural language, whereas the latter refers to "the process of establishing relationships among ontological resources from two or more independent ontologies where each ontology is labelled in a different natural language". <ref>Bo Fu, Rob Brennan, Declan O'Sullivan, A Configurable Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping System to adjust Mapping Outcomes. Journal of Web Semantics, Volume 15, 15-36, ISSN 1570-8268, 2012 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570826812000704]. </ref> Existing matching methods in monolingual ontology mapping are discussed in Euzenat and Shvaiko (2007).<ref name="Euzenat Shvaiko"/> Current approaches to cross-lingual ontology mapping are presented in Fu et al. (2011)<ref>Fu B., Brennan R., O'Sullivan D., Using Pseudo Feedback to Improve Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping [http://www.springerlink.com/content/a214858426kgm750/]. In Proceedings of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2011), LNCS 6643, pp.336-351, Heraklion, Greece, May 2011.</ref>
+==Philosophy==
+For philosophers, much like cognitive scientists, the interest is in the nature of "understanding."  The roots of discourse, however, may be traced to [[radical interpretation]].
+==Visualization Tools==
+* [http://www.mondeca.com/content/download/718/6964/file/ITM_ALIGN_en.pdf ITM Align: semi-automated ontology alignment]
+*[http://cs.uga.edu/~uthayasa/Optima/Optima.html Optima: A Visual Ontology Alignment Tool]
+*[http://www.stanford.edu/~sfalc/cogz/cogz.html CogZ: Cognitive Support and Visualization for Human-Guided Mapping Systems]
+*[http://agreementmaker.org AgreementMaker: Efficient Matching for Large Real-World Schemas and Ontologies]
+*[http://bio-mixer.appspot.com/ Biomixer]: A Web-based Collaborative Ontology Visualization Tool.
+==See also==
+* [[Ontology (computer science)]]
+* [[Rule Interchange Format]] (RIF)
+* [[Data conversion]]
+* [[Semantic Integration]]
+* [[Semantic matching]]
+* [[Minimal mappings|Minimal Mappings]]
+* [[Semantics|Interpretation]] "An interpretation can be the part of a presentation or portrayal of information altered in order to conform to a specific set of symbols."
+* [[Graph isomorphism]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
+== Further reading ==
+*[http://www.ontologymatching.org/publications.html Collection of surveys and research papers related to ontology mapping, matching, and alignment]
+* [http://www.atl.external.lmco.com/projects/ontology/ The Ontology Alignment Source]
+* [http://cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/rgoldsto/pdfs/cogsci2002.pdf ABSURDIST]
+* [http://ontologymatching.org/publications.html Ontologymatching.org: Surveys, Approaches, and Themes]
+* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/publications/iswc10_paper218.pdf Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data]
+* [http://sites.google.com/site/bschopman/master-thesis/master.pdf Instance-based Ontology Matching by Instance Enrichment]
+* Noy, N. F. (2004). "Semantic integration: a survey of ontology-based approaches." SIGMOD Rec. 33(4): 65-70.
+[[Category:Ontology (information science)]]
+[[Category:Semantic Web]]
+[[Category:Knowledge engineering]]
+[[Category:Information science]]
+[[Category:Knowledge representation]]

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