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The | {{About|flight vehicles|the topic in combustion physics|fuel mass fraction}} | ||
[[File:GlobalFlyer at KSC before launch.jpg|thumb|The [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer|GlobalFlyer]] had a fuel fraction near 85% — it could carry five times its weight in fuel.]] | |||
In [[aerospace engineering]], an aircraft's '''fuel fraction''', '''fuel weight fraction''',<ref>{{cite book | last = Brandt | first = Steven | title = Introduction to Aeronautics: a Design Perspective | publisher = AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast) | page = 359 | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-56347-701-7 }}</ref> or a spacecraft's '''propellant fraction''', is the weight of the fuel or propellant divided by the gross take-off weight of the craft (including propellant):<ref>{{cite book | last = Vinh | first = Nguyen | title = Flight Mechanics of High-Performance Aircraft | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | page = 139| year = 1993 | isbn = 0-521-47852-9 }}</ref> | |||
:<math>\ \zeta = \frac{\Delta W}{W_1} </math> | |||
The fractional result of this mathematical division is often expressed as a percent. For aircraft with external [[drop tank]]s, the term '''internal fuel fraction''' is used to exclude the weight of external tanks and fuel. | |||
Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft's range, the [[Range (aircraft)|distance it can fly without refueling]]. | |||
[[Louis Charles Breguet|Breguet]]’s aircraft [[range (aircraft)|range]] equation describes the relationship of range with [[airspeed]], [[lift-to-drag ratio]], [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]], and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the '''cruise fuel fraction''', or ''' cruise fuel weight fraction'''.<ref>{{cite book | |||
|title=Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft | |||
|author=Filippone, Antonio | |||
|year=2006 | |||
|publisher=Elsevier | |||
|page=426 | |||
|isbn=0-7506-6817-2}}</ref> | |||
==Fighter aircraft== | |||
At today’s state of the art for jet [[fighter aircraft]], fuel fractions of 29 percent and below typically yield subcruisers; 33 percent provides a quasi–[[supercruise]]r; and 35 percent and above are needed for useful supercruising missions. The U.S. [[F-22 Raptor]]’s fuel fraction is 29 percent,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050908090849/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=199 8200/27900 = 0.29]</ref> [[Eurofighter]] is 31 percent, both similar to those of the subcruising [[F-4 Phantom II]], [[F-15 Eagle]] and the Russian [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] "Fulcrum". The Russian supersonic interceptor, the [[Mikoyan MiG-31]] "Foxhound", has a fuel fraction of over 45 percent.<ref>[http://www.pogo.org/p/defense/do-000812-f22.htm The F-22 Program FACT VERSUS FICTION] by Everest E. Riccioni, Col. USAF, Ret.</ref> The [[Panavia Tornado]] had a relatively low internal fuel fraction of 26 percent, and frequently carried drop tanks.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spick | first = Mike | title = Brassey's Modern Fighters | publisher = Potomac Books | location = Washington | year = 2002 | pages = 51–53 | isbn = 1-57488-462-X }}</ref> | |||
==Airliners== | |||
Airliners typically have a fuel fraction between 25 and 45 percent, so less than half their takeoff weight is fuel. The [[Boeing 777-200]]-IGW very long range airliner has a fuel fraction of 47 percent.<ref>[http://www.mh-aerotools.de/company/paper_7/astec_2002.htm The Sonic Cruiser – A Concept Analysis] by Dr. Martin Hepperle</ref> The [[Concorde]] [[supersonic transport]] had a high fuel fraction of around 55%.<ref>[http://mae.ucdavis.edu/faculty/sarigul/AIAA_2003_0909_revised_Sep03.pdf Manned Sub-Orbital Space Transportation Vehicles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | |||
==General aviation== | |||
The [[Rutan Voyager]] took off on its [[1986 in aviation|1986]] around-the-world flight at 72 percent, the highest figure ever at the time.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] | |||
|title=Burt Rutan and the Ultimate Solo | |||
|author=Noland, David | |||
|date=February 2005 | |||
|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1262012.html?page=3 | |||
}}</ref> [[Steve Fossett]]'s [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]] could attain a fuel fraction of nearly 85 percent, meaning that it carried more than five times its empty weight in fuel.<ref> | |||
{{cite news | |||
| first = Mike | |||
| last = Schneider | |||
| title = Adventurer Set for Record-Setting Flight | |||
| url = http://www.space.com/news/ap_060206_fosset_flight.html | |||
| agency = Associated Press | |||
| publisher = [[Space.com]] | |||
| date = 2006-02-06 | |||
| accessdate = 2007-03-18 | |||
| quote = At takeoff, fuel is expected to account for almost 85 percent of the graphite-made aircraft's weight. | |||
}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Mass ratio]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Aerospace engineering]] | |||
Revision as of 05:05, 22 November 2013
29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church.
In aerospace engineering, an aircraft's fuel fraction, fuel weight fraction,[1] or a spacecraft's propellant fraction, is the weight of the fuel or propellant divided by the gross take-off weight of the craft (including propellant):[2]
The fractional result of this mathematical division is often expressed as a percent. For aircraft with external drop tanks, the term internal fuel fraction is used to exclude the weight of external tanks and fuel.
Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft's range, the distance it can fly without refueling. Breguet’s aircraft range equation describes the relationship of range with airspeed, lift-to-drag ratio, specific fuel consumption, and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the cruise fuel fraction, or cruise fuel weight fraction.[3]
Fighter aircraft
At today’s state of the art for jet fighter aircraft, fuel fractions of 29 percent and below typically yield subcruisers; 33 percent provides a quasi–supercruiser; and 35 percent and above are needed for useful supercruising missions. The U.S. F-22 Raptor’s fuel fraction is 29 percent,[4] Eurofighter is 31 percent, both similar to those of the subcruising F-4 Phantom II, F-15 Eagle and the Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 "Fulcrum". The Russian supersonic interceptor, the Mikoyan MiG-31 "Foxhound", has a fuel fraction of over 45 percent.[5] The Panavia Tornado had a relatively low internal fuel fraction of 26 percent, and frequently carried drop tanks.[6]
Airliners
Airliners typically have a fuel fraction between 25 and 45 percent, so less than half their takeoff weight is fuel. The Boeing 777-200-IGW very long range airliner has a fuel fraction of 47 percent.[7] The Concorde supersonic transport had a high fuel fraction of around 55%.[8]
General aviation
The Rutan Voyager took off on its 1986 around-the-world flight at 72 percent, the highest figure ever at the time.[9] Steve Fossett's Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer could attain a fuel fraction of nearly 85 percent, meaning that it carried more than five times its empty weight in fuel.[10]
See also
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 8200/27900 = 0.29
- ↑ The F-22 Program FACT VERSUS FICTION by Everest E. Riccioni, Col. USAF, Ret.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ The Sonic Cruiser – A Concept Analysis by Dr. Martin Hepperle
- ↑ Manned Sub-Orbital Space Transportation Vehicles
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