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{{Geology2}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} | |||
'''Timeline of [[geology]]''' | |||
==Early works== | |||
* c. 1025 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] publishes the ''Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind'' (''Researches on India''), in which he discusses the [[Geological history of India|geology of India]] and hypothesizes that it was once a sea.<ref>[[Abdus Salam|A. Salam]] (1984), "Islam and Science". In C. H. Lai (1987), ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam'', 2nd ed., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213.</ref> | |||
* 1027 – [[Avicenna]] publishes ''[[The Book of Healing]]'', in which he hypothesizes on two causes of [[mountain]]s,<ref>Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965). ''The Discovery of Time'', p. 64. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.</ref> and proposes the [[law of superposition]] and the concept of [[Uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarianism]].<ref>Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, J. (1965), ’The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time’, Hutchinson & Co., London, p.64.</ref> | |||
==16th and 17th centuries== | |||
* 1556 – [[Georg Agricola|Agricola]] publishes ''[[De re metallica]]''. This book acts as the standard mining and assaying text for the next 250 years. | |||
* 1669 – [[Nicolas Steno]] puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils were organic in origin | |||
==18th century== | |||
* 1701 – [[Edmund Halley]] suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranean to determine the age of the Earth | |||
* 1743 – Dr [[Christopher Packe (physician and cartographer)|Christopher Packe]] produces a geological map of south-east England | |||
* 1746 – [[Jean-Étienne Guettard]] presents the first mineralogical map of France to the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. | |||
* 1760 – [[John Michell]] suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another | |||
* 1776 – [[James Keir]] suggests that some rocks, such as those at the [[Giant's Causeway]], might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava | |||
* 1779 – [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]] speculates that the Earth is older than the 6,000 years suggested by the Bible | |||
* 1785 – [[James Hutton]] presents paper entitled Theory of the Earth – earth must be old | |||
* 1799 – [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]] produces the first large scale geological map, of the area around [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] | |||
==19th century== | |||
* 1809 – [[William Maclure]] conducts the first geological survey of the eastern United States | |||
* 1830 – Sir [[Charles Lyell]] publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old | |||
* 1837 – [[Louis Agassiz]] begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one [[ice age]] | |||
* 1841 – [[August Breithaupt]], ''Vollstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie'' | |||
* 1848 – [[James Dwight Dana]], ''Manual of Mineralogy'' | |||
* 1862 – [[Lord Kelvin]] attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20—400 million years old | |||
* 1884 – [[Marcel Alexandre Bertrand]], [[Nappe]] and [[Thrust fault]] theory | |||
==20th century== | |||
* 1903 – [[George Darwin]] and [[John Joly]] claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat | |||
* 1907 – [[Bertram Boltwood]] proposes that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the Earth's age and crudely dates some rocks to have ages between 410—2200 million years | |||
* 1911 – [[Arthur Holmes]] uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion years old | |||
* 1912 – [[Alfred Wegener]] proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via [[continental drift]] | |||
* 1912 - [[George Barrow (geologist)|George Barrow]] maps zones of [[metamorphism]] (the Barrovian sequence) in southern [[Scotland]] | |||
* 1913 – [[Albert Michelson]] measures [[tide]]s in the solid body of the Earth | |||
* 1915 - [[Pentti Eskola]] develops the concept of [[metamorphic facies]] | |||
* 1928 – [[Norman L. Bowen|N. L. Bowen]] publishes ''The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks,'' revolutionizing experimental [[igneous]] [[petrology]] | |||
* 1935 – [[Charles Richter]] invents a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of [[earthquake]]s (<math>M_L</math>) | |||
* 1941 – [[Nickel-Strunz classification]], [[Karl Hugo Strunz|Karl H. Strunz]], ''Mineralogische Tabellen'' | |||
* (1948 - 1959) – [[Felix Andries Vening Meinesz]] investigations show gravity anomalies, implying that the crust is moving (together with [[Johannes Herman Frederik Umbgrove|J.H.F. Umbgrove]], [[Berend George Escher|B.G. Escher]] and [[Philip Henry Kuenen|Ph.H. Kuenen]]) | |||
* 1951 – [[Alfred Rittmann]] links [[subduction]], [[volcanism]] and the [[Wadati-Benioff zone]] | |||
* 1953 – [[Maurice Ewing]] and [[Bruce Heezen]] discover the [[Great Global Rift]] running along the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] | |||
* 1960 – [[Harry Hammond Hess|Harry Hess]] proposes that new sea floor might be created at mid-ocean rifts and destroyed at deep sea trenches | |||
* 1963 – [[Frederick Vine]] and [[Drummond Matthews]] explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid- ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the periodic geomagnetic field reversals ([[Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis]]) | |||
* 1966 – [[Keiiti Aki]] discovers the [[seismic moment]] (<math>M_0</math>) | |||
* 1979 – [[Thomas C. Hanks]] and [[Hiroo Kanamori]], [[Moment magnitude scale]] (<math>M_W</math>), it succeeds the [[Richter magnitude scale]] | |||
* 1980 – Physicist [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]], his son, geologist [[Walter Alvarez]], and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the [[extinction]] of the [[dinosaur]]s at the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|end of the Cretaceous Period]], about 66 million years ago. | |||
==21st century== | |||
* 2001 – [[Nickel-Strunz classification]], [[Karl Hugo Strunz|Karl H. Strunz]] and [[Ernest Henry Nickel|Ernest H. Nickel]], ''Strunz Mineralogical Tables'' 9 ed. | |||
==See also== | |||
{{wikibooks|Historical Geology}} | |||
* [[History of geology]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:History of earth science]] | |||
[[Category:Geology timelines|*]] |
Revision as of 07:21, 27 January 2014
Template:Geology2 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Timeline of geology
Early works
- c. 1025 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī publishes the Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind (Researches on India), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea.[1]
- 1027 – Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing, in which he hypothesizes on two causes of mountains,[2] and proposes the law of superposition and the concept of uniformitarianism.[3]
16th and 17th centuries
- 1556 – Agricola publishes De re metallica. This book acts as the standard mining and assaying text for the next 250 years.
- 1669 – Nicolas Steno puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils were organic in origin
18th century
- 1701 – Edmund Halley suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranean to determine the age of the Earth
- 1743 – Dr Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England
- 1746 – Jean-Étienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences.
- 1760 – John Michell suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another
- 1776 – James Keir suggests that some rocks, such as those at the Giant's Causeway, might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava
- 1779 – Comte de Buffon speculates that the Earth is older than the 6,000 years suggested by the Bible
- 1785 – James Hutton presents paper entitled Theory of the Earth – earth must be old
- 1799 – William Smith produces the first large scale geological map, of the area around Bath
19th century
- 1809 – William Maclure conducts the first geological survey of the eastern United States
- 1830 – Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old
- 1837 – Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one ice age
- 1841 – August Breithaupt, Vollstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie
- 1848 – James Dwight Dana, Manual of Mineralogy
- 1862 – Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20—400 million years old
- 1884 – Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, Nappe and Thrust fault theory
20th century
- 1903 – George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat
- 1907 – Bertram Boltwood proposes that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the Earth's age and crudely dates some rocks to have ages between 410—2200 million years
- 1911 – Arthur Holmes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion years old
- 1912 – Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via continental drift
- 1912 - George Barrow maps zones of metamorphism (the Barrovian sequence) in southern Scotland
- 1913 – Albert Michelson measures tides in the solid body of the Earth
- 1915 - Pentti Eskola develops the concept of metamorphic facies
- 1928 – N. L. Bowen publishes The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, revolutionizing experimental igneous petrology
- 1935 – Charles Richter invents a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes ()
- 1941 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz, Mineralogische Tabellen
- (1948 - 1959) – Felix Andries Vening Meinesz investigations show gravity anomalies, implying that the crust is moving (together with J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen)
- 1951 – Alfred Rittmann links subduction, volcanism and the Wadati-Benioff zone
- 1953 – Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen discover the Great Global Rift running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- 1960 – Harry Hess proposes that new sea floor might be created at mid-ocean rifts and destroyed at deep sea trenches
- 1963 – Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid- ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the periodic geomagnetic field reversals (Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis)
- 1966 – Keiiti Aki discovers the seismic moment ()
- 1979 – Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori, Moment magnitude scale (), it succeeds the Richter magnitude scale
- 1980 – Physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 million years ago.
21st century
- 2001 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz and Ernest H. Nickel, Strunz Mineralogical Tables 9 ed.
See also
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References
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- ↑ A. Salam (1984), "Islam and Science". In C. H. Lai (1987), Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam, 2nd ed., World Scientific, Singapore, p. 179-213.
- ↑ Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965). The Discovery of Time, p. 64. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- ↑ Toulmin, S. and Goodfield, J. (1965), ’The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time’, Hutchinson & Co., London, p.64.