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[[Image:Mel-Hz_plot.svg|right|thumb|450px|Plots of pitch mel scale versus Hertz scale]]
[[Image:A440.png|thumb|A440 {{audio|A440.mid|Play}}. 440 Hz = 549.64 mels]]
 
The '''mel scale''', named by [[Stanley Smith Stevens|Stevens]], [[John Volkman|Volkman]] and Newman in 1937<ref name=stevens1937>
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
| title = A scale for the measurement of the psychological magnitude pitch
| author = Stevens, Stanley Smith; Volkman; John; & Newman, Edwin B.
| volume = 8
| issue = 3
| publisher =
| pages = 185–190
| issn =
| year = 1937
| url = http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v8/i3/p185_s1
|bibcode = 1937ASAJ....8..185S |doi = 10.1121/1.1915893 }}</ref>
is a perceptual [[Scale (music)|scale]] of [[pitch (music)|pitch]]es judged by listeners to be equal in distance from one another. The reference point between this scale and normal [[frequency]] measurement is defined by assigning a perceptual pitch of 1000 mels to a 1000 [[Hertz|Hz]] tone, 40 [[decibel|dB]] above the listener's threshold. Above about 500 Hz, larger and larger [[interval (music)|interval]]s are judged by listeners to produce equal pitch increments. As a result, four [[octave]]s on the hertz scale above 500 Hz are judged to comprise about two octaves on the mel scale. The name '''mel''' comes from the word  '''melody''' to indicate that the scale is based on pitch comparisons.
 
A popular formula to convert <math>f</math> hertz into <math>m</math> mel is:<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Speech communication: human and machine
| author = Douglas O'Shaughnessy
| publisher = Addison-Wesley
| year = 1987
| isbn = 978-0-201-16520-3
| page = 150
| url = http://books.google.com/books?ei=rhFfSpa-BJOCNsTT4IUG&id=mHFQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Speech+Communications:+Human+and+Machine&q=2595#search_anchor
}}</ref>
 
:<math>m = 2595 \log_{10}\left(1 + \frac{f}{700}\right)</math>
 
==History and other formulas==
 
There is no single mel-scale formula.<ref>
{{cite book
| title =  Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory
| editor = Jerry V. Tobias
| publisher = Academic Press
| volume = 1
| author = W. Dixon Ward
| chapter = Musical Perception
| year = 1970
| page = 412
| quote = no one claims yet to have determined 'the' mel scale.}}</ref>  The popular formula from O'Shaugnessy's book can be expressed with different log bases:
 
:<math>m = 2595 \log_{10}\left(1 + \frac{f}{700}\right) = 1127 \log_e\left(1 + \frac{f}{700}\right) \ </math>
 
The corresponding inverse expressions are:
 
:<math>f = 700(10^{m/2595} - 1) = 700(e^{m/1127} - 1) \ </math>
 
There were published curves and tables on psychophysical pitch scales since Steinberg's 1937<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
| title = Positions of stimulation in the cochlea by pure tones
| author = John C. Steinberg
| volume = 8
| issue = 3
| publisher =
| pages = 176–180
| issn =
| year = 1937
| url = http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000008000003000176000001
|bibcode = 1937ASAJ....8..176S |doi = 10.1121/1.1915891 }}</ref>
curves based on [[just-noticeable difference]]s of pitch.  More curves soon followed in Fletcher and Munson's 1937<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
| title = Relation Between Loudness and Masking
| author = Harvey Fletcher and W. A. Munson
| volume = 9
| pages = 1–10
| year = 1937
|bibcode = 1937ASAJ....9....1F |doi = 10.1121/1.1915904 }}</ref>  
and Fletcher's 1938<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
| title = Loudness, Masking and Their Relation to the Hearing Process and the Problem of Noise Measurement
| author = Harvey Fletcher
| volume = 9
| pages = 275–293
| year = 1938
| issue = 4
| url = http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000009000004000275000001
|bibcode = 1938ASAJ....9..275F |doi = 10.1121/1.1915935 }}</ref>
and Stevens' 1937<ref name=stevens1937/> and Stevens and Volkmann's 1940<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = American Journal of Psychology
| title = The Relation of Pitch to Frequency: A Revised Scale
| author = Stevens, S., and Volkmann, J.
| volume = 53
| issue = 3
| pages = 329–353
| year = 1940
| url = http://www.jstor.org/pss/1417526
}}</ref>
papers using a variety of experimental methods and analysis approaches.
 
In 1949 Koenig published an approximation based on separate linear and logarithmic segments, with a break at 1000 Hz.<ref>
{{cite journal
| journal = Bell Telephone Laboratory Record
| title = A new frequency scale for acoustic measurements
| author = W. Koenig
| volume = 27
| pages = 299–301
| year = 1949
}}</ref>
 
Gunnar Fant proposed the current popular linear/log formula in 1949, but with the 1000 Hz corner frequency.<ref>
Gunnar Fant (1949) "Analys av de svenska konsonantljuden : talets allmänna svängningsstruktur",
LM Ericsson protokoll H/P 1064
</ref>
 
An alternate expression of the formula, not depending on choice of log base, is noted in Fant (1968):<ref>Fant, Gunnar. (1968). Analysis and synthesis of speech processes. In B. Malmberg (Ed.), ''Manual of phonetics'' (pp. 173-177). Amsterdam: North-Holland.</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| title = Techniques in speech acoustics
| author = Jonathan Harrington and Steve Cassidy
| publisher = Springer
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-7923-5731-5
| page = 18
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=E1SyZZN8WQkC&pg=PA18
}}</ref>
 
:<math>m = \frac{1000}{\log(2)} \log(1 + \frac{f}{1000}) \ </math>
 
In 1976, Makhoul and Cosell published the now-popular version with the 700 Hz corner frequency.<ref>
{{citation
| work = ICASSP 1976
| title = LPCW: An LPC vocoder with linear predictive spectral warping
| author = John Makhoul and Lynn Cosell
| volume = 1
| publisher = IEEE
| pages = 466–469
| year = 1976
| url = http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1170013
}}</ref>
As Ganchev et al. have observed, "The formulae [with 700], when compared to [Fant's with 1000], provide a
closer approximation of the Mel scale for frequencies below 1000 Hz, at the price of higher inaccuracy for frequencies higher than 1000 Hz."<ref>
{{citation
| work = Proceedings of the SPECOM-2005
| title = Comparative evaluation of various MFCC implementations on the speaker verification task,
| author = T. Ganchev, N. Fakotakis, and G. Kokkinakis
| pages = 191–194
| year = 2005
| url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.75.8303
}}</ref> Above 7 kHz, however, the situation is reversed, and the 700 Hz version again fits better.
 
Data by which some of these formulas are motivated are tabulated in Beranek (1949), as measured from the curves of Stevens and Volkman:<ref>Beranek, Leo L. (1949). ''Acoustic measurements''. New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref>
 
{{Table
|type = class = "wikitable"
|title = Beranek 1949 mel scale data from Stevens and Volkman 1940
| row1 = '''Hz'''  {{!!}} 20 {{!!}} 160 {{!!}} 394 {{!!}} 670 {{!!}} 1000 {{!!}} 1420 {{!!}} 1900 {{!!}} 2450 {{!!}} 3120 {{!!}} 4000 {{!!}} 5100 {{!!}} 6600 {{!!}} 9000 {{!!}} 14000
| row2 = '''mel'''  {{!!}} 0 {{!!}} 250 {{!!}} 500 {{!!}} 750 {{!!}} 1000 {{!!}} 1250 {{!!}} 1500 {{!!}} 1750 {{!!}} 2000 {{!!}} 2250 {{!!}} 2500 {{!!}} 2750 {{!!}} 3000 {{!!}} 3250
}}
 
A formula with a break frequency of 625 Hz is given by Lindsay & Norman (1977);<ref>Lindsay, Peter H.; & Norman, Donald A. (1977). ''Human information processing: An introduction to psychology'' (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.</ref> the formula doesn't appear in their 1972 first edition:
 
:<math>m = 2410 \log_{10}(1.6\times10^{-3} f + 1)</math>
 
Most mel-scale formulas give exactly 1000 mels at 1000 Hz.  The break frequency (e.g. 700 Hz, 1000 Hz, or 625 Hz) is the only free parameter in the usual form of the formula. Some non-mel auditory-frequency-scale formulas use the same form but with much lower break frequency, not necessarily mapping to 1000 at 1000 Hz; for example the [[Equivalent rectangular bandwidth|ERB-rate]] scale of Glasberg & Moore (1990) uses a break point of 228.8 Hz,<ref>B.C.J. Moore and B.R. Glasberg, "Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74: 750-753, 1983.</ref> and the cochlear frequency–place map of Greenwood (1990) uses 165.3 Hz.<ref>Greenwood, D. D. (1990). A cochlear frequency–position function for several species—29 years later. ''The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America'', 87, 2592–2605.</ref>
 
Other functional forms for the mel scale have been explored by Umesh et al.; they point out that the traditional formulas with a logarithmic region and a linear region do not fit the data from Stevens and Volkman's curves as well as some other forms, based on the following data table of measurements that they made from those curves:<ref>
{{citation
| journal = Proc. ICASSP 1999
| title = Fitting the mel scale
| author = Umesh, S. and Cohen, L. and Nelson, D.
| publisher = IEEE
| pages = 217–220
| isbn = 0-7803-5041-3
| year = 1999
| url =
}}</ref>
 
{{Table
|type = class = "wikitable"
|title = Umesh et al. 1999 mel scale data from Stevens and Volkman 1940
| row1 = '''Hz'''  {{!!}} 40 {{!!}} 161 {{!!}} 200 {{!!}} 404 {{!!}} 693 {{!!}} 867 {{!!}} 1000 {{!!}} 2022 {{!!}} 3000 {{!!}} 3393 {{!!}} 4109 {{!!}} 5526 {{!!}} 6500 {{!!}} 7743 {{!!}} 12000
| row2 = '''mel''' {{!!}} 43 {{!!}} 257 {{!!}} 300 {{!!}} 514 {{!!}} 771 {{!!}} 928 {{!!}} 1000 {{!!}} 1542 {{!!}} 2000 {{!!}} 2142 {{!!}} 2314 {{!!}} 2600 {{!!}} 2771 {{!!}} 2914 {{!!}} 3228
}}
 
Donald D Greenwood, a student of Stevens who worked on the mel scale experiments in 1956, considers the scale biased by experimental flaws, and posted in 2009 to a mailing list:<ref>http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0907d&L=auditory&P=389</ref>
 
{{quote|I would ask, why use the Mel scale now, since it appears to be biased?  If anyone wants a Mel scale they should do it over, controlling carefully for order bias and using plenty of subjects - more than in the past - and using both musicians and non-musicians to search for any differences in performance that may be governed by musician/non-musician differences or subject differences generally.}}
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
 
*[http://users.utu.fi/jyrtuoma/speech/Mel2Hz.html Hz–mel, mel–Hz conversion] (uses the O'Shaughnessy equation)
*[http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=JASMAN&Volume=8&Issue=3 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. table of contents] for Stevens et al. paper
*[http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Mel.html Handbook for Acoustic Ecology]
 
==See also==
 
*[[Bark scale]]
*[[Mel-frequency cepstrum]]
*[[Fletcher–Munson curves]]
 
{{Acoustics}}
 
[[Category:Scales]]
[[Category:Psychoacoustics]]

Revision as of 16:31, 19 January 2014

Plots of pitch mel scale versus Hertz scale
A440 My name: Lindsey Gavin
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Look into my weblog :: http://www.hostgator1centcoupon.info/. 440 Hz = 549.64 mels

The mel scale, named by Stevens, Volkman and Newman in 1937[1] is a perceptual scale of pitches judged by listeners to be equal in distance from one another. The reference point between this scale and normal frequency measurement is defined by assigning a perceptual pitch of 1000 mels to a 1000 Hz tone, 40 dB above the listener's threshold. Above about 500 Hz, larger and larger intervals are judged by listeners to produce equal pitch increments. As a result, four octaves on the hertz scale above 500 Hz are judged to comprise about two octaves on the mel scale. The name mel comes from the word melody to indicate that the scale is based on pitch comparisons.

A popular formula to convert hertz into mel is:[2]

History and other formulas

There is no single mel-scale formula.[3] The popular formula from O'Shaugnessy's book can be expressed with different log bases:

The corresponding inverse expressions are:

There were published curves and tables on psychophysical pitch scales since Steinberg's 1937[4] curves based on just-noticeable differences of pitch. More curves soon followed in Fletcher and Munson's 1937[5] and Fletcher's 1938[6] and Stevens' 1937[1] and Stevens and Volkmann's 1940[7] papers using a variety of experimental methods and analysis approaches.

In 1949 Koenig published an approximation based on separate linear and logarithmic segments, with a break at 1000 Hz.[8]

Gunnar Fant proposed the current popular linear/log formula in 1949, but with the 1000 Hz corner frequency.[9]

An alternate expression of the formula, not depending on choice of log base, is noted in Fant (1968):[10][11]

In 1976, Makhoul and Cosell published the now-popular version with the 700 Hz corner frequency.[12] As Ganchev et al. have observed, "The formulae [with 700], when compared to [Fant's with 1000], provide a closer approximation of the Mel scale for frequencies below 1000 Hz, at the price of higher inaccuracy for frequencies higher than 1000 Hz."[13] Above 7 kHz, however, the situation is reversed, and the 700 Hz version again fits better.

Data by which some of these formulas are motivated are tabulated in Beranek (1949), as measured from the curves of Stevens and Volkman:[14]

Template:Table

A formula with a break frequency of 625 Hz is given by Lindsay & Norman (1977);[15] the formula doesn't appear in their 1972 first edition:

Most mel-scale formulas give exactly 1000 mels at 1000 Hz. The break frequency (e.g. 700 Hz, 1000 Hz, or 625 Hz) is the only free parameter in the usual form of the formula. Some non-mel auditory-frequency-scale formulas use the same form but with much lower break frequency, not necessarily mapping to 1000 at 1000 Hz; for example the ERB-rate scale of Glasberg & Moore (1990) uses a break point of 228.8 Hz,[16] and the cochlear frequency–place map of Greenwood (1990) uses 165.3 Hz.[17]

Other functional forms for the mel scale have been explored by Umesh et al.; they point out that the traditional formulas with a logarithmic region and a linear region do not fit the data from Stevens and Volkman's curves as well as some other forms, based on the following data table of measurements that they made from those curves:[18]

Template:Table

Donald D Greenwood, a student of Stevens who worked on the mel scale experiments in 1956, considers the scale biased by experimental flaws, and posted in 2009 to a mailing list:[19]

31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

See also

Template:Acoustics

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  7. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  8. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  9. ↑ Gunnar Fant (1949) "Analys av de svenska konsonantljuden : talets allmänna svängningsstruktur", LM Ericsson protokoll H/P 1064
  10. ↑ Fant, Gunnar. (1968). Analysis and synthesis of speech processes. In B. Malmberg (Ed.), Manual of phonetics (pp. 173-177). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  11. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  12. ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  13. ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  14. ↑ Beranek, Leo L. (1949). Acoustic measurements. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  15. ↑ Lindsay, Peter H.; & Norman, Donald A. (1977). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
  16. ↑ B.C.J. Moore and B.R. Glasberg, "Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 74: 750-753, 1983.
  17. ↑ Greenwood, D. D. (1990). A cochlear frequency–position function for several species—29 years later. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 87, 2592–2605.
  18. ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  19. ↑ http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0907d&L=auditory&P=389
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