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In mathematics, '''BCI and BCK algebras''' are algebraic structures, introduced by Y. Imai,  K. Iséki and S. Tanaka in 1966, that describe fragments of the propositional calculus involving implication known as BCI and [[BCK logic]]s.
==Definition==
===BCI algebra===
An algebra <math>\left( X;\ast
,0\right)</math> of type <math>\left( 2,0\right)</math> is called a ''BCI-algebra'' if, for any <math>x,y,z\in X</math>, it satisfies the following conditions:
; BCI-1: <math>\left( \left( x\ast y\right) \ast \left( x\ast z\right)
\right) \ast \left( z\ast y\right) =0</math>
; BCI-2: <math>\left( x\ast \left( x\ast y\right) \right) \ast y=0</math>
; BCI-3: <math>x\ast x=0</math>
; BCI-4: <math>x\ast y=0 \and y\ast x=0\implies x=y</math>
; BCI-5: <math>x\ast 0=0 \implies x=0</math>
===BCK algebra===
A BCI-algebra <math>\left( X;\ast ,0\right)</math> is called a ''BCK-algebra'' if it
satisfies the following condition:
; BCK-1: <math>\forall x\in X: 0\ast x=0 </math>
 
A partial order can then be defined as ''x'' ≤ ''y'' iff x * y = 0.
 
A BCK-algebra is said to be ''commutative'' if it satisfies:
: <math>x\ast (x\ast y)= y\ast (y\ast x)</math>
In a commutative BCK-algebra ''x'' * (''x'' * ''y'') = ''x'' ∧ ''y'', the [[greatest lower bound]] of ''x'' and ''y'' under the partial order ≤.
 
A BCK-algebra is said to be bounded if it has a largest element, usually denoted by 1. In a bounded commutative BCK-algebra the least upper bound of two elements ''x'' ∨ ''y'' = 1 * ((1 * ''x'') ∧ (1 * ''y'')), which makes it a [[distributive lattice]].
 
==Examples==
 
Every [[abelian group]] is a BCI-algebra, with * group subtraction and 0 the group identity.
 
The subsets of a set form a BCK-algebra, where A*B is the [[Complement (set theory)|difference]] A\B (elements in A but not in B), and 0 is the [[empty set]].
 
A [[Boolean algebra (structure)|Boolean algebra]] is a BCK algebra if ''A''*''B'' is defined to be ''A''&and;&not;''B'' (''A'' does not imply ''B'').
 
The bounded commutative BCK-algebras are precisely the [[MV-algebra]]s.
 
== References ==
*{{citation|title=Review of several papers on BCI, BCK-Algebras
|first= R. B. |last=Angell
|journal=            The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 35|issue= 3|year=1970|pages= 465–466
|url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4812%28197009%2935%3A3%3C465%3AAARWAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C|issn=0022-4812 }}
*{{citation|url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pja/1195522126
|last=Arai|first= Yoshinari|last2= Iséki|first2= Kiyoshi|last3= Tanaka|first3= Shôtarô
|title=Characterizations of BCI, BCK-algebras
|journal=Proc. Japan Acad. |volume=42|year= 1966 |pages=105–107|doi=10.3792/pja/1195522126|mr=0202572|issue=2 }}
*{{springer|id=B/b110170|title=BCH algebra|first=C.S.|last= Hoo}}
*{{springer|id=B/b110180|title=BCI algebra|first=C.S.|last= Hoo}}
*{{springer|id=B/b110190|title=BCK algebra|first=C.S.|last= Hoo}}
*{{citation|first=K. |last=Iséki|first2=  S.|last2= Tanaka|title=An introduction to the theory of BCK-algebras"  |journal=Math. Japon. |volume= 23  |year=1978|pages= 1–26}}
* Y. Huang, ''BCI-algebra'', Science Press, Beijing, 2006.
*{{citation|first=Y.|last= Imai|first2=  K|last2= Iséki|title=On axiom systems of propositional calculi, XIV  |journal=Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. A, Math. Sci. |volume= 42  |year=1966|pages= 19–22 |url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pja/1195522169|doi=10.3792/pja/1195522169}}
*{{citation|first=K. |last=Iséki|title=An algebra related with a propositional calculus|journal= Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. A, Math. Sci. |volume= 42  |year=1966|pages= 26–29|url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pja/1195522171|doi=10.3792/pja/1195522171}}
[[Category:Algebraic structures]]
[[Category:Universal algebra]]

Revision as of 07:53, 18 March 2013

In mathematics, BCI and BCK algebras are algebraic structures, introduced by Y. Imai, K. Iséki and S. Tanaka in 1966, that describe fragments of the propositional calculus involving implication known as BCI and BCK logics.

Definition

BCI algebra

An algebra (X;,0) of type (2,0) is called a BCI-algebra if, for any x,y,zX, it satisfies the following conditions:

BCI-1
((xy)(xz))(zy)=0
BCI-2
(x(xy))y=0
BCI-3
xx=0
BCI-4
xy=0yx=0x=y
BCI-5
x0=0x=0

BCK algebra

A BCI-algebra (X;,0) is called a BCK-algebra if it satisfies the following condition:

BCK-1
xX:0x=0

A partial order can then be defined as xy iff x * y = 0.

A BCK-algebra is said to be commutative if it satisfies:

x(xy)=y(yx)

In a commutative BCK-algebra x * (x * y) = xy, the greatest lower bound of x and y under the partial order ≤.

A BCK-algebra is said to be bounded if it has a largest element, usually denoted by 1. In a bounded commutative BCK-algebra the least upper bound of two elements xy = 1 * ((1 * x) ∧ (1 * y)), which makes it a distributive lattice.

Examples

Every abelian group is a BCI-algebra, with * group subtraction and 0 the group identity.

The subsets of a set form a BCK-algebra, where A*B is the difference A\B (elements in A but not in B), and 0 is the empty set.

A Boolean algebra is a BCK algebra if A*B is defined to be A∧¬B (A does not imply B).

The bounded commutative BCK-algebras are precisely the MV-algebras.

References

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    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

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  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Y. Huang, BCI-algebra, Science Press, Beijing, 2006.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010