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{{Portal|Energy}} | |||
'''Energy cannibalism''' refers to an effect where rapid growth of an entire energy producing industry creates a need for [[energy]] that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing [[power plants]]. Thus during rapid growth the industry as a whole produces no energy because new energy is used to fuel the [[embodied energy]] of future power plants. | |||
==History== | |||
This term was first developed by J.M. Pearce in a paper discussing the potential for [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] to offset [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and thus to mitigate [[climate change]] by replacing [[fossil fuel]] plants with nuclear plants.<ref name = pearce08>{{cite journal | |||
| last = Pearce | |||
| first = Joshua M. | |||
| title = Thermodynamic limitations to nuclear energy deployment as a greenhouse gas mitigation technology | |||
| journal = International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology | |||
| volume = 2 | |||
| issue = 1 | |||
| pages = 113–130 | |||
| year = 2008 | |||
| url = http://me.queensu.ca/People/Pearce/files/as15.pdf | format=PDF | |||
| doi = 10.1504/IJNGEE.2008.017358 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
Energy cannibalism in this context is also true of any other [[energy source]] such as [[wind power]], [[solar power]], etc. | |||
==Theoretical underpinnings== | |||
In order for an “emission free” power plant to have a net negative impact on [[greenhouse gas emissions]] of the [[energy supply]] it must do two things: | |||
# produce enough emission-less [[electricity]] to offset the [[greenhouse gas emissions]] that it is responsible for | |||
# continue to produce electricity to offset emissions from existing or potential [[fossil fuel]] plants. | |||
This can become challenging in view of very rapid growth because the construction of additional power plants to enable the rapid growth rate create emissions that cannibalize the [[greenhouse gas emissions]] mitigation potential of all the power plants viewed as a group or ensemble. | |||
==Derivation== | |||
First, all the individual power plants of a specific type (Pearce used [[nuclear plants]] in the initial derivation)<ref name = "pearce08" /> can be viewed as a single aggregate plant or ensemble and can be observed for its ability to mitigate emissions as it grows. This ability is first dependent on the [[energy payback time]] of the plant. Aggregate plants with a total installed capacity of <math>C_T</math> (in GW) produces: | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>E_T = t \cdot C_T = t \cdot \sum_{n=1}^N C_n</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}} | |||
of electricity, where <math>t</math> (in hours per year) is the fraction of time the plant is running at full capacity, <math>C_n</math> is the capacity of individual power plants and <math>N</math> is the total number of plants. If we assume that the energy industry grows at a rate, <math>r</math>, (in units of 1/year, e.g. 10% growth = 0.1/year) it will produce additional capacity at a rate (in GW/year) of | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>r \cdot C_T</math>.|{{EquationRef|2}}}} | |||
After one year, the electricity produced would be | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>r \cdot C_T \cdot 8760\,h</math>.|{{EquationRef|3}}}} | |||
The time that the individual power plant takes to pay for itself in terms of energy it needs over its [[Enterprise life cycle|life cycle]], or the [[energy payback time]], is given by the principal energy invested (over the entire life cycle), <math>E_P</math>, divided by energy produced (or fossil fuel energy saved) per year, <math>E_{ann}</math>. Thus if the energy payback time of a plant type is <math>E_P/E_{ann}</math>, (in years,) the energy investment rate needed for the sustained growth of the entire power plant ensemble is given by the cannibalistic energy, <math>E_{Can}</math>: | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>E_{Can} = \frac{E_P}{E_{ann}} \cdot r \cdot C_T \cdot t</math>|{{EquationRef|4}}}} | |||
The power plant ensemble will not produce any net energy if the cannibalistic energy is equivalent to the total energy produced. So by setting equation ({{EquationNote|1}}) equal to ({{EquationNote|4}}) the following results: | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>\frac{E_P}{E_{ann}} \cdot r \cdot C_T \cdot t = C_T \cdot t</math>|{{EquationRef|5}}}} | |||
and by doing some simple algebra it simplifies to: | |||
{{NumBlk|:|<math>\frac{E_P}{E_{ann}} = \frac{1}{r}</math>|{{EquationRef|6}}}} | |||
So if one over the growth rate is equal to the energy payback time, the aggregate type of energy plant produces no [[net energy]] until growth slows down. | |||
==Greenhouse gas emissions== | |||
This analysis was for [[energy]] but the same analysis is true for [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. The principle [[greenhouse gas emissions]] emitted in order to provide for the power plant divided by the emissions offset every year must be equal to one over the growth rate of type of power to break even. | |||
Recent work expands earlier work to generalize the GHG emission neutral growth rate limitation imposed by energy cannibalism to any renewable energy technology or any energy efficiency technology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pearce |first1=J.M. |title=Limitations of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies Set by Rapid Growth and Energy Cannibalism |date=2008 |work= |publisher=Klima 2008 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817071517/http://www.climate2008.net/?a1=pap&cat=1&e=61}}</ref> This has resulted in a path towards an economic system built on a dynamic life-cycle of [[greenhouse gas]] emissions.<ref name="RKCL">{{cite journal |first1=R. |last1=Kenny |first2=C. |last2=Law |first3=J.M. |last3=Pearce |title=Towards Real Energy Economics: Energy Policy Driven by Life-Cycle Carbon Emission |journal=Energy Policy |volume=38 |pages=1969–78 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.078 |issue=4 |url=http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/5436/1/EPpaperV%20preprint.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
==Example== | |||
For example, if the energy payback is 5 years and the capacity growth is 20%, no net energy is produced and no [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are offset. | |||
==Applications to the nuclear industry== | |||
In the article “Thermodynamic Limitations to Nuclear Energy Deployment as a Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technology” the necessary growth rate, r, of the nuclear power industry was calculated to be 10.5%. This growth rate is very similar to the 10% limit due to [[energy payback]] example for the nuclear power industry in the United States calculated in the same article from a [[life cycle analysis]] for energy. | |||
These results indicate that any energy policies with the intention of driving down [[greenhouse gas emissions]] with deployment of additional [[nuclear reactors]] will not be effective unless the nuclear energy industry in the U.S. improves its [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]]. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy Cannibalism}} | |||
[[Category:Nuclear technology]] | |||
[[Category:Energy economics]] | |||
Revision as of 22:03, 24 December 2013
Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana. Energy cannibalism refers to an effect where rapid growth of an entire energy producing industry creates a need for energy that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power plants. Thus during rapid growth the industry as a whole produces no energy because new energy is used to fuel the embodied energy of future power plants.
History
This term was first developed by J.M. Pearce in a paper discussing the potential for nuclear energy to offset greenhouse gas emissions and thus to mitigate climate change by replacing fossil fuel plants with nuclear plants.[1]
Energy cannibalism in this context is also true of any other energy source such as wind power, solar power, etc.
Theoretical underpinnings
In order for an “emission free” power plant to have a net negative impact on greenhouse gas emissions of the energy supply it must do two things:
- produce enough emission-less electricity to offset the greenhouse gas emissions that it is responsible for
- continue to produce electricity to offset emissions from existing or potential fossil fuel plants.
This can become challenging in view of very rapid growth because the construction of additional power plants to enable the rapid growth rate create emissions that cannibalize the greenhouse gas emissions mitigation potential of all the power plants viewed as a group or ensemble.
Derivation
First, all the individual power plants of a specific type (Pearce used nuclear plants in the initial derivation)[1] can be viewed as a single aggregate plant or ensemble and can be observed for its ability to mitigate emissions as it grows. This ability is first dependent on the energy payback time of the plant. Aggregate plants with a total installed capacity of (in GW) produces:
of electricity, where (in hours per year) is the fraction of time the plant is running at full capacity, is the capacity of individual power plants and is the total number of plants. If we assume that the energy industry grows at a rate, , (in units of 1/year, e.g. 10% growth = 0.1/year) it will produce additional capacity at a rate (in GW/year) of
After one year, the electricity produced would be
The time that the individual power plant takes to pay for itself in terms of energy it needs over its life cycle, or the energy payback time, is given by the principal energy invested (over the entire life cycle), , divided by energy produced (or fossil fuel energy saved) per year, . Thus if the energy payback time of a plant type is , (in years,) the energy investment rate needed for the sustained growth of the entire power plant ensemble is given by the cannibalistic energy, :
The power plant ensemble will not produce any net energy if the cannibalistic energy is equivalent to the total energy produced. So by setting equation (Template:EquationNote) equal to (Template:EquationNote) the following results:
and by doing some simple algebra it simplifies to:
So if one over the growth rate is equal to the energy payback time, the aggregate type of energy plant produces no net energy until growth slows down.
Greenhouse gas emissions
This analysis was for energy but the same analysis is true for greenhouse gas emissions. The principle greenhouse gas emissions emitted in order to provide for the power plant divided by the emissions offset every year must be equal to one over the growth rate of type of power to break even.
Recent work expands earlier work to generalize the GHG emission neutral growth rate limitation imposed by energy cannibalism to any renewable energy technology or any energy efficiency technology.[2] This has resulted in a path towards an economic system built on a dynamic life-cycle of greenhouse gas emissions.[3]
Example
For example, if the energy payback is 5 years and the capacity growth is 20%, no net energy is produced and no greenhouse gas emissions are offset.
Applications to the nuclear industry
In the article “Thermodynamic Limitations to Nuclear Energy Deployment as a Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technology” the necessary growth rate, r, of the nuclear power industry was calculated to be 10.5%. This growth rate is very similar to the 10% limit due to energy payback example for the nuclear power industry in the United States calculated in the same article from a life cycle analysis for energy.
These results indicate that any energy policies with the intention of driving down greenhouse gas emissions with deployment of additional nuclear reactors will not be effective unless the nuclear energy industry in the U.S. improves its efficiency.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
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Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang