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[[Image:ForgettingCurve.svg|thumb|200px|right|A typical representation of the forgetting curve.]]
It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br><br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you treasured this article and also you would like to obtain more info regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Best Dentists in DC] please visit our own web page.
{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}}
The '''forgetting curve''' hypothesises the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it.<ref>http://uwaterloo.ca/counselling-services/curve-forgetting</ref>   A related concept is the '''strength of memory''' that refers to the durability that [[memory]] traces in the [[Human brain|brain]]. The stronger the memory, the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it. A typical [[graph of a function|graph]] of the [[forgetting]] curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material.
 
The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures: transience, which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schacter|first=D. L.|title=Psychology|year=2009|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2|pages=243}}</ref>  
 
== History ==
In 1885, [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] extrapolated the hypothesis of the [[exponential decay|exponential]] nature of [[forgetting]]. The following formula can roughly describe it:
 
:<math>R=e^{-\frac{t}{S}}</math>
 
where <math>R</math> is memory retention, <math>S</math> is the relative strength of memory, and <math>t</math> is time.
 
Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited, incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as ''Über das Gedächtnis'' (later translated into English as ''Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology''). Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve".
From his discovery regarding the "forgetting curve", Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of "overlearning". Essentially,if you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it, you would have effectively achieved overlearning. Overlearning ensures that information is more impervious to being lost or forgotten, and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower.<ref>http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/Ebbinghaus.html</ref>
 
== Description ==
Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is), its representation and physiological factors such as [[stress (biology)|stress]] and [[sleep]]. He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals.  He concluded that the difference in performance (e.g. at school) can be explained by mnemonic representation skills.
 
He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part. He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are:
# better memory representation (e.g. with [[mnemonic]] techniques)
# repetition based on [[active recall]] (esp. [[spaced repetition]]).
His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed (for near-perfect retention, initial repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years). Later research suggested that, other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed, higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting.<ref>Loftus, Geoffrey R. (1985). Evaluating Forgetting Curves. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11. 2 : 397-406.</ref>
 
There is debate among supporters of the hypothesis about the shape of the curve for events and facts that are more significant to the subject.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Some supporters, for example, suggest that memories for shocking events such as the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|Kennedy Assassination]] or [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] are vividly imprinted in memory ([[flashbulb memory]]). Others have compared contemporaneous written recollections with recollections recorded years later, and found considerable variations as the subject's memory incorporates after-acquired information.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} There is considerable research in this area as it relates to [[eyewitness identification]] testimony.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} It should be noted that eye witness accounts are demonstrably unreliable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it |title=Why Science Tells Us Not to Rely on Eyewitness Accounts}}</ref>
 
It is suggested that in a typical schoolbook application (e.g. learning word pairs), most students remember only 10% after 3–6 days (depending on the material). {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Therefore, 90% of what was learned is forgotten.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
 
==See also==
*[[Atrophy]]
*[[Spaced repetition]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
* {{Cite web |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/index.htm |title=Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology -- Ebbinghaus (1885/1913) |accessdate=2007-08-23 |work=}}
* {{Cite book |author=Schacter, Daniel L |title=The seven sins of memory: how the mind forgets and remembers |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-618-21919-6 |oclc= |doi=}}
* {{Cite book |author=Baddeley, Alan D. |title=Essentials of human memory |publisher=Psychology |location=Hove |year=1999 |pages= |isbn=0-86377-544-6 |oclc= |doi=}}
*Bremer, Rod. The Manual - A guide to the Ultimate Study Method (USM) (Amazon Digital Services).
*Loftus, Geoffrey R. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition11. 2 (Apr 1985): 397-406.
 
{{memory}}
{{Spaced repetition}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Forgetting Curve}}
[[Category:Memory processes]]

Revision as of 04:44, 27 February 2014

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.



Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

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