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| '''Microfluidics''' is a multidisciplinary field intersecting engineering, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology, and biotechnology, with practical applications to the design of systems in which small volumes of fluids will be handled. Microfluidics emerged in the beginning of the 1980s and is used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, [[lab-on-a-chip]] technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies.
| | calories banana chips - [https://a6europe.zendesk.com/entries/44729629-Which-Protein-Supplement-And-When- https://a6europe.zendesk.com/entries/44729629-Which-Protein-Supplement-And-When-]. The ingredient that digests the fastest will be the ultra-filtered protein concentrate. Previously, I had purchased, eaten and reviewed the Snack Pack Banana Cream Pudding, in fact when I sought out the regular Banana Pudding, we were holding sold - out of the product.<br><br> |
| It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of [[fluids]] that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale.
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| Typically, '''micro''' means one of the following features:
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| * small volumes (µL, nL, pL, fL)
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| * small size
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| * low energy consumption
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| * effects of the micro domain
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| Typically fluids are moved, mixed, separated or otherwise processed. Numerous applications employ passive fluid control techniques like capillary forces. In some applications external actuation means are additionally used for a directed transport of the media. Examples are rotary drives applying centrifugal forces for the fluid transport on the passive chips. '''Active microfluidics''' refers to the defined manipulation of the working fluid by active (micro) components as [[micropump]]s or micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner or are used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
| | There are a handful of effective methods that may help you quickly gain natural weight. The Girl Scout Cookies Samoas flavor is my family's favorite soft ice cream of all time, and it can be a mere 140 calories per serving.<br><br>Take 2 teaspoon of mixed juice of onion and ginger to regulate vomiting. It felt great to speak, and I only accomplished it when I really felt like I banana nutrition facts usda had something crucial that you say. Please refer on the Mc - Donald's website for that latest information.<br><br>See more pregnancy nutrition articles for ideas about healthy lunches, dinners and snacks when pregnant. Ben and Jerry's Banana Split Ice Cream has a great taste for the people blue days of winter which might be coming up. Science has demonstrated that very specialized and drastic diets fail to work as effective long-term weight-loss solutions. You will recognize that these are certainly not manufactured, processed foods.<br><br>Garlic has so many health benefits which they cannot all be listed here. Weight gainers please be sure that you may gain weight should you consume 3 to 4 bananas daily with milk. A custard soft ice cream base will be the primary ingredient in most of your fruit based ice creams also as French vanilla and chocolate.<br><br>Green tea contains polyphenols which might be powerful anti-oxidants that stimulate availability dopamine (dopamine is vital for creating positive mood status). YOUR ACTION PLAN: Incorporate starbucks banana walnut bread calories interval training into the workouts 2-3 times a week and start eating five to six times a day. Pour in the Turbanado sugar and whisk until sugar is very dissolved. This is not good and intolerable especially to parents since they can't see their young ones absorbing bad nutrients to their body.<br><br>It helps improves your cardiovascular, build muscles and get a toned body. Remember this info when doing your diabetes meal planning, as well as sure, you may not go wrong. Otherwise, these dry cells will lay on your skin which makes it look dull, dry and uneven. To make these toppings healthy I suggest using a fat-free whipped topping, fresh cherries, and healthy nuts such as almonds.<br><br> |
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| ==Microscale behavior of fluids==
| | Banana leaves offer nutritional and medicinal benefits along with having other value. Another grain which is also most appropriate the heart is oats. The is forgiving and health doesn't require that we have a precise eating formula.<br><br>There are already a lot of people who find themselves able to achieve fitness goal because of weight-loss plan. I'm not sure about the science behind this, however when ever you add the ice cubes, it adds foam like you obtain at the top of the coffee from Starbucks and seems a bit more creamy.<br><br>While it can be true that genetics can play a part inside your weight, this is not the main factor influencing one's body weight. Herbicides and pesticides do an incredible job with that, but while they're killing the invaders with the plants, they can also be killing the microorganisms inside the soil.<br><br>Look for varieties with highest vitamin A and vitamin C content. Well, it originated in Japan and it can be slowly being recognized and achieving popular in the United States. It holds true that when you use-up more calories than you consume you may lose weight.<br><br>Banana also neutralizes hyper acidity and prevents the possible stomach ulcers. This breakfast cereal is considered to be the best meal compared to one other types of meals consumed for breakfast which are full of sugar and fat content.<br><br>Almonds certainly are a source of most important fiber and are low sodium. Eating oranges decreases the blood glucose levels and is good for those who how many calories in a banana bread muffin have gestational diabetes. On the Label right next door on the column that shows the fruit content, additionally, it lists The Boost Inside:. Not only does the load come back on, but you now possess a very well trained food-focused mind that values the very best calorie (and least nutritionally helpful) food. |
| [[File:Microfluidics.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Silicone rubber and glass microfluidic devices. Top: a photograph of the devices. Bottom: [[Phase contrast]] [[micrograph]]s of a serpentine channel ~15 [[μm]] wide.]]
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| The behavior of fluids at the microscale can differ from 'macrofluidic' behavior in that factors such as [[surface tension]], energy dissipation, and fluidic resistance start to dominate the system. Microfluidics studies how these behaviors change, and how they can be worked around, or exploited for new uses.<ref>S.C.Terry,J.H.Jerman and J.B.Angell:A Gas Chromatographic Air Analyzer Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer,IEEE Trans.Electron Devices,ED-26,12(1979)1880-1886.</ref><ref name=Kirby>{{cite book | author=Kirby, B.J. | title=Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices | url=http://www.kirbyresearch.com/textbook | year=2010 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref><ref name=Karniadakis>{{cite book | author=Karniadakis, G.M., Beskok, A., Aluru, N. | title=Microflows and Nanoflows | year=2005 | publisher =[[Springer Verlag]] }}</ref><ref name=Bruus>{{cite book | author=Bruus, H. | title=Theoretical Microfluidics | year=2007 | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref>
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| At small scales (channel diameters of around 100 [[nanometers]] to several hundred [[micrometers]]) some interesting and sometimes unintuitive properties appear. In particular, the [[Reynolds number]] (which compares the effect of momentum of a fluid to the effect of [[viscosity]]) can become very low. A key consequence of this is that fluids, when side-by-side, do not necessarily mix in the traditional sense; molecular transport between them must often be through [[diffusion]].<ref name=Tabeling>{{cite book | author=Tabeling, P. | title=Introduction to Microfluidics | year=2005 | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref>
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| High specificity of chemical and physical properties (concentration, pH, temperature, shear force, etc.) can also be ensured resulting in more uniform reaction conditions and higher grade products in single and multi-step reactions.<ref name="microreactors">V. Chokkalingam, B. Weidenhof, M. Kraemer, W. F. Maier, S. Herminghaus, and R. Seemann,"[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/LC/article.asp?doi=b926976b Optimized droplet-based microfluidics scheme for sol–gel reactions]" Lab Chip, 2010, {{doi|10.1039/b926976b}}.</ref><ref name="microfluidic reactions">J Shestopalov, J. D. Tice and R. F. Ismagilov,"[http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/LC/article.asp?doi=b403378g Multi-step synthesis of nanoparticles performed on millisecond time scale in a microfluidic droplet-based system]" Lab Chip, 2004, 4, 316 - 321, {{doi|10.1039/b403378g}}.</ref>
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| ==Effects of micro domain==
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| * [[laminar flow]]
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| * [[surface tension]]
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| * [[electrowetting]]
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| * fast thermal relaxation
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| * electrical [[surface charges]]
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| * [[diffusion]]
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| ==Key application areas==
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| Microfluidic structures include micropneumatic systems, i.e. microsystems for the handling of off-chip fluids (liquid pumps, gas valves, etc.), and microfluidic structures for the on-chip handling of nano- and picolitre volumes.<ref name=Nguyen>{{cite book | author=Nguyen, N.T., Wereley, S. | title=Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidics | year=2006 | publisher =[[Artech House]] }}</ref> To date, the most successful commercial application of microfluidics is the [[Inkjet printer|inkjet printhead]]. Significant research has been applied to the application of microfluidics for the production of industrially relevant quantities of material.<ref name="modular microfluidics">
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| Wei Li, Jesse Greener, Dan Voicu and Eugenia Kumacheva "[http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/LC/article.asp?doi=b906626h Multiple modular microfluidic (M3) reactors for the synthesis of polymer particles]" Lab Chip, 2009, 9, 2715 - 2721, {{doi|10.1039/b906626h}}.</ref>
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| Advances in microfluidics technology are revolutionizing [[molecular biology]] procedures
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| for enzymatic analysis (e.g., [[glucose]] and [[lactic acid|lactate]] [[assays]]), [[DNA]] analysis
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| (e.g., [[polymerase chain reaction]] and high-throughput [[sequencing]]), and [[proteomics]].
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| The basic idea of microfluidic biochips is to integrate [[assay]] operations such as detection, | |
| as well as sample pre-treatment and sample preparation on one chip.<ref name= Herold1>{{cite book |author= Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor)| year=2009 |title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics | publisher=Caister Academic Press | isbn= 978-1-904455-46-2}}</ref><ref name= Herold2>{{cite book |author= Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor)| year=2009 |title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis | publisher=Caister Academic Press | isbn= 978-1-904455-47-9}}</ref>
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| An emerging application area for biochips is [[clinical pathology]],
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| especially the immediate point-of-care diagnosis of [[diseases]].
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| In addition, microfluidics-based devices, capable of continuous sampling and real-time
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| testing of air/water samples for biochemical [[toxins]] and other dangerous
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| [[pathogens]], can serve as an always-on [[smoke alarm|"bio-smoke alarm"]] for early warning.
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| ===Continuous-flow microfluidics===
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| These technologies are based on the manipulation of continuous
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| [[steady flow|liquid flow]] through microfabricated channels.
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| Actuation of [[steady flow|liquid flow]] is implemented either by external [[pressure]] sources, external mechanical [[pump]]s,
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| integrated mechanical [[micropump]]s, or by combinations of capillary forces and [[electrokinetic]] mechanisms.<ref name=Chang>{{cite book | author=Chang, H.C., Yeo, Leslie | title=Electrokinetically Driven Microfluidics and Nanofluidics | year=2009 | publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref><ref>http://www.cytonix.com/fluid%20transistor.html</ref> Continuous-flow microfluidic operation is the mainstream approach because it is easy to implement and less sensitive to protein fouling problems. Continuous-flow devices
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| are adequate for many well-defined and simple biochemical applications, and for certain tasks such | |
| as chemical separation, but they are less suitable for tasks requiring a high
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| degree of flexibility or ineffect fluid manipulations. These closed-channel
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| systems are inherently difficult to integrate and scale because the parameters
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| that govern flow field vary along the flow path making the fluid flow at any
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| one location dependent on the properties of the entire system. Permanently etched microstructures also lead to limited reconfigurability and poor fault tolerance capability.
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| Process monitoring capabilities in continuous-flow systems can be achieved with highly sensitive microfluidic flow sensors based on [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] technology which offer resolutions down to the nanoliter range.
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| ===Droplet-based microfluidics===
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| Droplet-based microfluidics as a subcategory of microfluidics in contrast with continuous microfluidics has the distinction of manipulating discrete volumes of fluids in immiscible phases with low Reynolds number and laminar flow regimes. Interest in droplet-based microfluidics systems has been growing substantially in past decades. Microdroplets offer the feasibility of handling miniature volumes of fluids conveniently, provide better mixing and are suitable for high throughput experiments.<ref> Venkat Chokkalingam, Jurjen Tel, Florian Wimmers, Xin Liu, Sergey Semenov, Julian Thiele, Carl G. Figdor, Wilhelm T.S. Huck, Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics, Lab on a Chip, 13, 4740-4744, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3LC50945A, http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/lc/c3lc50945a#!divAbstract </ref> Exploiting the benefits of droplet based microfluidics efficiently requires a deep understanding of droplet generation,<ref name="droplet microfluidics" /> droplet motion, droplet merging, and droplet breakup<ref>{{cite journal|last=Samie|first=Milad|coauthors=Salari, Shafii|title=Breakup of microdroplets in asymmetric T junctions|journal=Physical Review E|date=May 2013|volume=87|issue=05|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.87.053003|url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.87.053003|bibcode = 2013PhRvE..87e3003S }}</ref>
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| ===Digital microfluidics===
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| Alternatives to the above closed-channel continuous-flow systems include novel open structures, where discrete, independently controllable droplets
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| are manipulated on a substrate using [[electrowetting]]. Following the analogy of digital microelectronics, this approach is referred to as [[digital microfluidics]]. Le Pesant et al. pioneered the use of electrocapillary forces to move droplets on a digital track.<ref>Le Pesant et al., Electrodes for a device operating by electrically controlled fluid displacement, U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,575, Feb. 11, 1986.</ref> The "fluid transistor" pioneered by [[Cytonix]]<ref>http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/piSearch.do;jsessionid=D05E82394F781CBA17DB0C5AC8E3C0B8?SearchType=piSearch&page=1&QueryText=&PIFirstName=james&PILastName=brown&PIInstitution=cytonix&PIState=MD&PIZip=&PICountry=US&RestrictExpired=on&Search=Search#results</ref> also played a role. The technology was subsequently commercialized by Duke University. By using discrete unit-volume droplets,<ref name="droplet microfluidics">V. Chokkalingam, S. Herminghaus, and R. Seemann,"[http://apl.aip.org/applab/v93/i25/p254101_s1 Self-synchronizing Pairwise Production of Monodisperse Droplets by Microfluidic Step Emulsification]" Applied Physics Letters 93, 254101, 2008.</ref> a microfluidic function can be reduced to a set of repeated basic operations, i.e., moving one unit of fluid over one unit of
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| distance. This "digitization" method facilitates the use of a hierarchical
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| and cell-based approach for microfluidic biochip design. Therefore, digital
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| microfluidics offers a flexible and scalable system architecture as well as
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| high [[fault-tolerance]] capability. Moreover, because each droplet can be
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| controlled independently, these systems also have dynamic reconfigurability,
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| whereby groups of unit cells in a microfluidic array can be reconfigured to
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| change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of
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| bioassays. Although droplets are manipulated in confined microfluidic channels, since the control on droplets is not independent, it should not be confused as "digital microfluidics". One common actuation method for digital microfluidics is [[electrowetting]]-on-dielectric (EWOD). Many lab-on-a-chip applications have been demonstrated within the digital microfluidics paradigm using electrowetting. However, recently other techniques for droplet manipulation have also been demonstrated using [[Surface Acoustic Wave]]s, optoelectrowetting, mechanical actuation,<ref name="microfluidics piezo">J. Shemesh, A. Bransky, M. Khoury, S. Levenberg,"[http://www.springerlink.com/content/e845tl2176r57117/ Advanced microfluidic droplet manipulation based on piezoelectric actuation]" Biomedical Microdevices {{doi|10.1007/s10544-010-9445-y}}, 2010. {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> etc.
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| ===DNA chips (microarrays)===
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| Early biochips were based on the idea of a [[DNA microarray]],
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| e.g., the GeneChip DNAarray from [[Affymetrix]], which is a piece of glass,
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| plastic or silicon substrate on which pieces of DNA (probes) are affixed in a microscopic
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| array. Similar to a [[DNA microarray]], a [[protein array]] is a miniature array
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| where a multitude of different capture agents, most frequently monoclonal
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| [[antibodies]], are deposited on a chip surface; they are used to determine the
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| presence and/or amount of [[protein]]s in biological samples, e.g., [[blood]]. A
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| drawback of [[DNA]] and [[protein array]]s is that they are neither
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| reconfigurable nor [[scalable]] after manufacture. [[Digital microfluidics]] has been described as a means for carrying out [[Digital PCR]].
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| ===Molecular biology===
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| In addition to microarrays biochips have been designed for two-dimensional [[electrophoresis]],<ref name= Fan>{{cite book |author= Fan et al.|year=2009|chapter=Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in a Chip|title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-47-9}}</ref> [[transcriptome]] analysis,<ref name= BontouxN>{{cite book |author= Bontoux et al.|year=2009|chapter=Elaborating Lab-on-a-Chips for Single-cell Transcriptome Analysis|title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-47-9}}</ref> and [[PCR]] amplification.<ref name= Cadync>{{cite book |author= Cady, NC|year=2009|chapter=Microchip-based PCR Amplification Systems|title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-47-9}}</ref> Other applications include various electrophoresis and [[liquid chromatography]] applications for proteins and [[DNA]], cell separation, in particular blood cell separation, protein analysis, cell manipulation and analysis including cell viability analysis <ref> Venkat Chokkalingam, Jurjen Tel, Florian Wimmers, Xin Liu, Sergey Semenov, Julian Thiele, Carl G. Figdor, Wilhelm T.S. Huck, Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics, Lab on a Chip, 13, 4740-4744, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3LC50945A, http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/lc/c3lc50945a#!divAbstract </ref> and [[microorganism]] capturing.<ref name="Herold2"/>
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| ===Evolutionary biology===
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| [[File:MHPs.jpg|thumb|Three Micro Habitat Patches [[Metapopulation#Micro Habitat Patches (MHPs) and bacterial metapopulations|MHPs]] connected by dispersal corridors (indicated here as <math>J_{i,j}</math>) into a 1D lattice. The [[ecosystem service]] (of habitat renewal) to each MHP represented here as <math>\lambda_i</math> (red arrows). Each MHP can also hold different [[carrying capacity]] <math>K_i</math> for its supporting local population of bacterial cells (depicted in green).]]
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| By combining microfluidics with [[landscape ecology]] and [[nanofluidics]], a nano/micro fabricated fluidic landscape can be constructed by building local patches of [[bacterial]] [[habitat]] and connecting them by dispersal corridors. The resulting landscapes can be used as physical implementations of an [[adaptive landscape]],<ref>{{cite journal|author= Keymer J.E., P. Galajda, C. Muldoon R., and R. Austin|date=November 2006 |title=Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes|journal=PNAS |volume=103 |issue=46 |pages= 17290–295 |pmc= 1635019|doi=10.1073/pnas.0607971103 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10317290K |pmid=17090676}}</ref> by generating a spatial mosaic of patches of opportunity distributed in space and time. The patchy nature of these fluidic landscapes allows for the study of adapting bacterial cells in a [[metapopulation]] system. The [[evolutionary ecology]] of these bacterial systems in these synthetic ecosystems allows for using [[biophysics]] to address questions in [[evolutionary biology]].
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| ===Microbial behavior===
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| The ability to create precise and carefully controlled [[chemoattractant]] gradients makes microfluidics the ideal tool to study motility, [[chemotaxis]] and the ability to evolve / develop resistance to antibiotics in small populations of microorganisms and in a short period of time. These microorganisms including [[bacteria]] <ref>Ahmed T., T.S. Shimizu, R. Stocker "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/ib/c0ib00049c Microfluidics for bacterial chemotaxis]" Integrative Biology, 2010, 2, 604-629, {{doi|10.1039/C0IB00049C}}.</ref> and the broad range of organisms that form the marine [[microbial loop]],<ref>Seymour J.R., R. Simo', T. Ahmed, R. Stocker "[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/329/5989/342.abstract?sid=b60ccea5-d8be-412f-a9c9-fcd5cdd77ea9 Chemoattraction to dimethylsulfoniopropionate throughout the marine microbial food web]" ''Science'', 2010, 329, 342–345, {{doi|10.1126/science.1188418}}</ref> responsible for regulating much of the oceans' biogeochemistry.
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| ===Cellular biophysics===
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| By rectifying the motion of individual swimming bacteria,<ref>{{cite journal|author= Galajda P, J.E. Keymer, P Chaikin, R. Austin|date=December 2007 |title=A Wall of Funnels Concentrates Swimming Bacteria|journal= Journal of Bacteriology |volume=189 |issue=23 |pages= 8704–8707 |pmc= |doi=10.1128/JB.01033-07 }}</ref> microfluidic structures can be used to extract mechanical motion from a population of motile bacterial cells.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Angelani L., R. Di Leonardo, G. Ruocco|year=2009 |month=|title=Self-Starting Micromotors in a Bacterial Bath|journal= Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=102 |issue= |pages= 048104 |pmc= |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.048104 |bibcode=2009PhRvL.102d8104A|arxiv = 0812.2375 }}</ref> This way, bacteria-powered rotors can be built.<ref>{{cite journal | title = A bacterial ratchet motor | first1 = R. | last1 = Di Leonardo | first2 = L. | last2 = Angelani | first3 = G. | last3 = Ruocco | first4 = V. | last4 = Iebba | first5 = M.P. | last5 = Conte | first6 = S. | last6 = Schippa | first7 = F. | last7 = De Angelis | first8 = F. | last8 = Mecarini | first9 = E. | last9 = Di Fabrizio | displayauthors = 9 | journal =PNAS | volume = 107 | issue = 21 | pages = 9541–9545 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0910426107}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Sokolova A., M.M. Apodacac, B.A. Grzybowskic, I.S. Aransona |date=December 2009 |title=Swimming bacteria power microscopic gears |journal= PNAS |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=969–974 |pmc= |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913015107|bibcode = 2010PNAS..107..969S }}</ref>
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| ===Optics===
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| The merger of microfluidics and optics is typical known as [[optofluidics]]. Examples of optofluidic devices : <br />
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| Tuneable Microlens Array<ref>Liquid micro-lens array activated by selective electrowetting on lithium niobate substrates
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| S. Grilli, L. Miccio, V. Vespini, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, and P. Ferraro
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| Optics Express 16, 8084-8093 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.008084</ref><ref>P. Ferraro, L. Miccio, S. Grilli, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, and V. Vespini, "Manipulating Thin Liquid Films for Tunable Microlens Arrays," Optics & Photonics News 19, 34-34 (2008)
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| http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPN-19-12-34</ref><br />
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| Optofluidic Microscopes <ref>Microfluidic Flow-Scanning Optical Tomography N. C. Pégard and J. W. Fleischer, Frontiers in Optics, (2013)[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=FiO-2013-FTh2D.2]</ref><ref>N. C. Pégard and J. W. Fleischer, Journal of Biomedical Optics 18 040503 (2013)[http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=BIOMED-2012-BM4B.4]</ref><ref>C-H. Lu, N. C. Pégard and J. W. Fleischer, 2013, Applied Physics Letters, 102 161115 (2013)[http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/102/161115/1]</ref>
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| ===Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE)===
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| [[Acoustic droplet ejection]] uses a pulse of [[ultrasound]] to move low volumes of [[fluids]] (typically nanoliters or picoliters) without any physical contact. This technology focuses acoustic energy into a fluid sample in order to eject droplets as small as a millionth of a millionth of a liter (picoliter = 10<sup>−12</sup> liter). ADE technology is a very gentle process, and it can be used to transfer proteins, high molecular weight DNA and live cells without damage or loss of viability. This feature makes the technology suitable for a wide variety of applications including [[proteomics]] and cell-based assays.
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| ===Fuel cells===
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| {{Details|Electroosmotic pump}}
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| Microfluidic [[fuel cells]] can use laminar flow to separate the fuel and its oxidant to control the interaction of the two fluids without a physical barrier as would be required in conventional fuel cells.<ref>[http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/fuel_cells.htm Water Management in PEM Fuel Cells] {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200505/fuel.cfm Building a Better Fuel Cell Using Microfluidics]</ref><ref>[http://www.me.mtu.edu/mnit/ Fuel Cell Initiative at MnIT Microfluidics Laboratory]</ref>
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| === A tool for cell biological research ===
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| Microfluidic technology is creating powerful tools for cell biologists to control the complete cellular environment, leading to new questions and new discoveries.<ref>Examples in each list of paper in item Team in:"[http://www.elvesys.com/]"</ref> Many diverse advantages of this technology for microbiology are listed below:
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| * Single cell studies <ref> Venkat Chokkalingam, Jurjen Tel, Florian Wimmers, Xin Liu, Sergey Semenov, Julian Thiele, Carl G. Figdor, Wilhelm T.S. Huck, Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics, Lab on a Chip, 13, 4740-4744, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3LC50945A, http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/lc/c3lc50945a#!divAbstract </ref>
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| * Microenvironmental control: ranging from mechanical environment <ref>{{cite journal |author= Amir Manbachi, Shamit Shrivastava, Margherita Cioffi, Bong Geun Chung, Matteo Moretti, Utkan Demirci, Marjo Yliperttula and Ali Khademhosseini |title=Microcirculation within grooved substrates regulates cell positioning and cell docking inside microfluidic channels |journal= Lab Chip |volume=8 |issue= |pages= 747–754 |year=2008 |month= |pmid=18432345 |doi= 10.1039/B718212K |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2008/LC/b718212k}}</ref> to chemical environment <ref>{{cite journal |author= Marjo Yliperttulaa, Bong Geun Chunga, Akshay Navaladia, Amir Manbachi, Arto Urtt|title=High-throughput screening of cell responses to biomaterials |journal= European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages= 151–160 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18586092 |doi= 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.04.012 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928098708002558}}</ref>
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| * Precise spatiotemporal concentration gradients <ref>{{cite journal |author= Chung BG, Manbachi A, Saadi W, Lin F, Jeon NL, Khademhosseini A. |title=A gradient-generating microfluidic device for cell biology. |journal= J Vis Exp. |volume=7 |issue= 7|pages= 271 |year=2007 |month= |pmid=18989442 |doi= 10.3791/271|pmc=2565846}}</ref>
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| * Mechanical deformation
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| * Force measurements of adherent cells
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| * Confining cells <ref name="jw">Choi, J.W., Rosset, S., Niklaus, M., Adleman, J.R., Shea, H., Psaltis, D. "3-dimensional electrode patterning within a microfluidic channel using a metal ion implantation", Lab on a Chip 10, 738-788, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B917719A</ref>
| |
| * Exerting a controlled force <ref name="jw" /><ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B82X8-4Y34G8D-1/2/ea1d82f514b29565b6802589be564c8c "Nano today 2010"]</ref>
| |
| * Fast and precise temperature control <ref>[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/lc/c0lc00222d "Lab on chip 2011"]</ref><ref>[http://www.elvebio.com/ "elvebio temperature control system on chip"]</ref>
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| * Electric field integration <ref name="jw" />
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| * Cell culture <ref> Venkat Chokkalingam, Jurjen Tel, Florian Wimmers, Xin Liu, Sergey Semenov, Julian Thiele, Carl G. Figdor, Wilhelm T.S. Huck, Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics, Lab on a Chip, 13, 4740-4744, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3LC50945A, http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/lc/c3lc50945a#!divAbstract </ref>
| |
| * Plant on a chip and plant tissue culture <ref>{{cite journal |author= AK Yetisen, L Jiang, J R Cooper, Y Qin, R Palanivelu and Y Zohar |title=A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction. |journal= J. Micromech. Microeng. |volume=25 |issue= |pages= |date=May 2011 |pmid= |doi= |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0960-1317/21/5/054018}}</ref>
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| * Antibiotic resistance: microfluidic devices can be used as heterogeneous environments for microorganisms. In an heterogeneous environment is easier for a microorganism to evolve. This can be useful for testing the acceleration of evolution of a microorganism / for testing the development of antibiotic resistance.
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| | |
| ===Future Directions===
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| * On-chip characterization:<ref name="Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes">Jesse Greener*, Ethan Tumarkin*, Michael Debono, Chi-Hang Kwan, Milad Abolhasani, Axel Guenther and Eugenia Kumacheva "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/an/c1an15940b Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes]" Analyst, 2012, 137, 444-450, {{doi|10.1039/C1AN15940B}}.</ref>
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| * Microfluidics in the classroom: On-chip acid-base titrations <ref name="Education: a microfluidic platform for university-level analytical chemistry laboratories">Jesse Greener, Ethan Tumarkin, Michael Debono, Eugenia Kumacheva "[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/lc/c2lc20951a Education: a microfluidic platform for university-level analytical chemistry laboratories]" Lab Chip, 2012, 12, 696-701, {{doi|10.1039/C2LC20951A}}.</ref>
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| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Fluidics]]
| |
| * [[Nanofluidics]]
| |
| * [[List of microfluidics research groups]]
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| * [[List of microfluidics related companies]]
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| * [[Lab on a chip]]
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| * [[Digital microfluidics]]
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| * [[μFluids@Home]]
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| * [[Micropump]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| | |
| ===Review Papers===
| |
| * {{cite journal | author = Whitesides G. M. | year = 2006 | title = The origins and the future of microfluidics | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7101/abs/nature05058.html | journal = Nature | volume = 442 | issue = 7101| pages = 368–373 | doi=10.1038/nature05058 | pmid=16871203|bibcode = 2006Natur.442..368W }}
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| * {{cite journal | author = Yetisen A. K. | year = 2013 | title = Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices | url = http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/lc/c3lc50169h | journal = Lab on a Chip | doi=10.1039/C3LC50169H}}
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| * {{cite journal | author = Seemann Ralf, Brinkmann Martin, Pfohl Thomas, Herminghaus Stephan | year = 2012 | title = Droplet based microfluidics | url = | journal = Reports on Progress in Physics | volume = 75 | issue = | page = 016601 | doi = 10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601 |bibcode = 2012RPPh...75a6601S }}
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| * {{cite journal | author = Squires T. M., Quake S. R. | year = 2005 | title = Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale | url = http://thebigone.stanford.edu/quake/publications/RevModPhysJul05.pdf | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 77 | issue = | pages = 977–1026 |bibcode = 2005RvMP...77..977S |doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.77.977 }}
| |
| * {{cite journal | author = Chen, K. | year = 2011 | title = Microfluidics and the future of drug research | url = http://juls.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/juls/article/view/14551/12241 | journal = The University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–69 }}
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| *
| |
| | |
| ===Books===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Bruus
| |
| | first = Henrik
| |
| | year = 2008
| |
| | title = Theoretical Microfluidics
| |
| | publisher = Oxford University Press
| |
| | location =
| |
| | isbn = 0199235090
| |
| | isbn = ISBN 978-0199235094
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book |author= Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor)| year=2009 |title=Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics | publisher=Caister Academic Press | isbn= 978-1-904455-46-2}}
| |
| * Title: Advances in Microfluidics, Editor: Dr. Ryan kelly, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA. ISBN 978-953-510-106-2, 2012. (http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-microfluidics)
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Tabeling
| |
| | first = P
| |
| | year = 2006
| |
| | title = Introduction to Microfluidics
| |
| | publisher = Oxford University Press
| |
| | location =
| |
| | isbn = 0-19-856864-9
| |
| }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | author = Jenkins, G; Mansfield, CD (editors)
| |
| | year = 2012
| |
| | title = Microfluidic Diagnostics
| |
| | publisher = Humana Press
| |
| | isbn = 978-1-62703-133-2
| |
| | url = http://www.springer.com/chemistry/biotechnology/book/978-1-62703-133-2
| |
| }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | author = Li, Xiujun (James); Zhou, Yu (editors)
| |
| | year = 2013
| |
| | title = Microfluidic devices for biomedical applications
| |
| | publisher = Woodhead Publishing
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-85709-697-5
| |
| | url = http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=2775
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{wikibooks|Microfluidics}}
| |
| * [http://bmf.aip.org/ Biomicrofluidics], an [[Open access (publishing)|open access]], [[Peer-reviewed|peer reviewed]] journal published by the [[American Institute of Physics]]
| |
| * [http://www.memsuniverse.com MEMSuniverse], a Videos and animations of Microfluidic devices and their applications
| |
| * [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2009/07/supercool_microfluidics.asp Supercool microfluidics] - Our understanding of life and technology at extreme temperatures could become clearer thanks to a microfluidic device that studies ice formation – reported in [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/index.asp Chemical Technology] from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
| |
| * [http://www.fluigent.com/section/microfluidic-flow-control-products/microfluidic-flow-control-range-of-products/] - The MFCS (Microfluidic Flow Control Systems)
| |
| * [http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-flow-control-products/pressure-controller] - The Elveflow OB1 Flow Controller
| |
| * [http://www.ceas.uc.edu/ocmi.html] - The Ohio Center for Microfluidic Innovation
| |
| * [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/Article.asp?Type=Issue&JournalCode=CS&Issue=3&Volume=39&SubYear=2010 From microfluidic applications to nanofluidic phenomena] - a [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CS/Index.asp ''Chem Soc Rev''] themed issue showcasing the latest advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic research, guest edited by Albert van den Berg, Harold Craighead and Peidong Yang. Published by the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
| |
| Latest articles on [http://www.fluidics.eu Fluidics]: http://www.fluidics.eu
| |
| * [http://www.comsol.com/press/news/article/759/ COMSOL Multiphysics introduces the Microfluidics Module]
| |
| * [http://www.microfluidicsinfo.com] - Public domain sources provided by the Microfluidics Consortium
| |
| * http://www.mining.com/australians-87864/
| |
| | |
| ===Tutorials and summaries===
| |
| * [http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~kuncova/MIFLUS/microfluidics_terminology.php MIFLUS - Microfluidics Terminology tree]
| |
| * [http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=621 Living La Vida LOC(a): A Brief Insight into the World of "Lab on a Chip" and Microfluidics]
| |
| * [http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic/67-microfluidics Microfluidic tutorials : Start with microfluidic]
| |
| * [http://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic/69-pdms-and-microfluidic Microfluidic tutorials : PDMS and microfluidic{{Microtechnology}}]
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| | |
| [[Category:Fluid dynamics]]
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| [[Category:Nanotechnology]]
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| [[Category:Microfluidics| ]]
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| [[Category:Biotechnology]]
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| [[Category:Gas technologies]]
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