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{{distinguish|Paul Cohn}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Paul J. Cohen
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1934|4|2|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Long Branch, New Jersey]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|2007|3|23|1934|4|2|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Stanford, California]], near [[Palo Alto, CA|Palo Alto]]
| field = [[Mathematics]]
| work_institutions = [[Stanford University]]
| alma_mater = [[Stuyvesant High School]]<br> [[Brooklyn College]]<br> [[University of Chicago]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Antoni Zygmund]]
| doctoral_students = [[Peter Sarnak]]
| known_for = [[List of forcing notions#Cohen forcing|Cohen forcing]]<br>[[Continuum hypothesis]]
| prizes = [[Bôcher Memorial Prize|Bôcher Prize]] (1964)<br>[[Fields Medal]] (1966)<br />[[National Medal of Science]] (1967)
| footnotes =
| influences      = [[Georg Cantor]], [[Kurt Gödel]]
| influenced      = [[Alain Badiou]]
}}


'''Paul Joseph Cohen''' (April 2, 1934 – March 23, 2007)<ref name="Stanford_obit">{{cite news |url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2007/april4/cohen-040407.html |publisher=Stanford Report |date=2007-03-28 | title=Paul Cohen, winner of world’s top mathematics prize, dies at 72 |first=Dawn |last=Levy |accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> was an [[United States|American]] [[mathematician]] best known for his proof of the [[independence (mathematical logic)|independence]] of the [[continuum hypothesis]] and the [[axiom of choice]] from [[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory]], the most widely accepted axiomatization of [[set theory]].
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==Early years==
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Cohen was born in [[Long Branch, New Jersey]], into a [[Jewish]] family that had immigrated to the United States from what is now [[Poland]]; he grew up in [[Brooklyn]].<ref>Macintyre, A.J. [http://old.lms.ac.uk/newsletter/360/360_09.html "Paul Joseph Cohen"], [[London Mathematical Society]]. Accessed March 3, 2011. "Cohen's origins were humble. He was born in Long Branch, New Jersey on 2 April 1934, into a Polish immigrant family."</ref><ref name="mmp">{{citation|contribution=Paul Cohen|title=More Mathematical People|editor1-first=Donald J.|editor1-last=Albers|editor2-first=Gerald L.|editor2-last=Alexanderson|editor3-first=Constance|editor3-last=Reid|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1990|pages=42–58}}.</ref> He graduated in 1950, at age 16, from [[Stuyvesant High School]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="Stanford_obit"/><ref name="mmp"/>


Cohen next studied at the [[Brooklyn College]] from 1950 to 1953, but he left before earning his [[bachelor's degree]] when he learned that he could start his graduate studies at the [[University of Chicago]] with just two years of college. At [[Chicago]], Cohen completed his [[master's degree]] in [[mathematics]] in 1954 and his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree in 1958, under supervision of the Professor of Mathematics, [[Antoni Zygmund]]. The subject of his doctoral thesis was ''Topics in the Theory of Uniqueness of Trigonometric Series''.<ref>Paul J. Cohen (1958), ''Topics in the theory of uniqueness of trigonometrical series '', http://www.chronomaitre.org/cohen.pdf</ref>
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==Contributions to mathematics==
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Cohen is noted for developing a mathematical technique called '''[[forcing (mathematics)|forcing]]''', which he used to prove that neither the [[continuum hypothesis]] (CH), nor the [[axiom of choice]], can be proved from the standard [[Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms]] (ZF) of [[set theory]]. In conjunction with the earlier work of [[Kurt Gödel|Gödel]], this showed that both of these statements are [[logical independence|logically independent]] of the ZF axioms: these statements can be neither proved nor disproved from these axioms. In this sense, the continuum hypothesis is undecidable, and it is the most widely known example of a natural statement that is independent from the standard ZF axioms of set theory.


For his result on the continuum hypothesis, Cohen won the [[Fields Medal]] in mathematics in 1966, and also the [[National Medal of Science]] in 1967.<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=80 National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science]</ref> The Fields Medal that Cohen won continues to be the only Fields Medal to be awarded for a work in mathematical logic, as of 2012.
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Apart from his work in set theory, Cohen also made many valuable contributions to analysis. He was awarded the [[Bôcher Memorial Prize]] in [[mathematical analysis]] in 1964 for his paper "On a conjecture by [[John Edensor Littlewood|Littlewood]] and [[idempotent measure]]s", and lends his name to the [[Cohen-Hewitt factorization theorem]].
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Cohen was a full professor of mathematics at [[Stanford University]], where he supervised [[Peter Sarnak]]'s graduate research, among those of other students.
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Angus MacIntyre of the [[University of London]] stated about Cohen: "He was dauntingly clever, and one would have had to be naive or exceptionally altruistic to put one's 'hardest problem' to the Paul I knew in the '60s." He went on to compare Cohen to [[Kurt Gödel]], saying: "Nothing more dramatic than their work has happened in the history of the subject."<ref name="chronicle">{{cite news |publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/30/BAG8DOUKEG1.DTL |title=Paul Cohen -- Stanford professor, acclaimed mathematician |first=Keay |last=Davidson |date=2007-03-30 |accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> Gödel himself wrote a letter to Cohen in 1963, a draft of which stated, "Let me repeat that it is really a delight to read your proof of the ind[ependence] of the cont[inuum] hyp[othesis]. I think that in all essential respects you have given the best possible proof & this does not happen frequently. Reading your proof had a similarly pleasant effect on me as seeing a really good play."<ref>[[Solomon Feferman]], The Gödel Editorial Project: A synopsis [http://math.stanford.edu/~feferman/papers/Goedel-Project-Synopsis.pdf] p. 11.</ref>
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While studying the continuum hypothesis, Cohen is quoted as saying in 1985 that he "had the feeling that people thought the problem was hopeless, since there was no new way of constructing models of set theory. Indeed, they thought you had to be slightly crazy even to think about the problem."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |publisher=[[New York Times]] |title=Paul J. Cohen, Mathematics Trailblazer, Dies at 72 |first=Jeremy |last=Pearce |date=2007-04-02 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/02/us/02cohen.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>
 
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"A point of view which the author [Cohen] feels may eventually come to be accepted is that CH is obviously false. The main reason one accepts the [[axiom of infinity]] is probably that we feel it absurd to think that the process of adding only one set at a time can exhaust the entire universe. Similarly with the higher axioms of infinity. Now <math>\aleph_1</math> is the cardinality of the set of countable ordinals, and this is merely a special and the simplest way of generating a higher cardinal. The set <math>C</math> [the continuum] is, in contrast, generated by a totally new and more powerful principle, namely the [[axiom of power set|power set axiom]]. It is unreasonable to expect that any description of a larger cardinal which attempts to build up that cardinal from ideas deriving from the [[axiom schema of replacement|replacement axiom]] can ever reach <math>C</math>.
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Thus <math>C</math> is greater than <math>\aleph_n, \aleph_\omega, \aleph_a</math>, where <math>a = \aleph_\omega</math>, etc. This point of view regards <math>C</math> as an incredibly rich set given to us by one bold new axiom, which can never be approached by any piecemeal process of construction. Perhaps later generations will see the problem more clearly and express themselves more eloquently."<ref>{{cite book | author=Cohen, P. |title=Set Theory and the continuum hypothesis |pages=151}}</ref>
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An "enduring and powerful product" of Cohen's work on the continuum hypothesis, and one that has been used by "countless mathematicians"<ref name="nytimes"/> is known as [[forcing (mathematics)|"forcing"]], and it is used to construct mathematical models to test a given hypothesis for truth or falsehood.
  <li>[http://viewofield.egloos.com/4847064/ http://viewofield.egloos.com/4847064/]</li>
 
 
Shortly before his death, Cohen gave a lecture describing his solution to the problem of the continuum hypothesis at the Gödel centennial conference, in Vienna in 2006. A video of this lecture is now available online.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBFLWk7k1Zo Paul Cohen lecture video, six parts, Gödel Centennial, Vienna 2006]</ref>
  <li>[http://caiyunhotel.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=51787&fromuid=28852 http://caiyunhotel.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=51787&fromuid=28852]</li>
 
 
==References==
  <li>[http://www.cssaus.net/fashionsask/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=96892&extra= http://www.cssaus.net/fashionsask/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=96892&extra=]</li>
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
 
  <li>[http://verdamilio.info/org/spip.php?article573/ http://verdamilio.info/org/spip.php?article573/]</li>
==Further reading==
 
*[[Akihiro Kanamori]], "[http://math.bu.edu/people/aki/14.pdf Cohen and Set Theory]", ''The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic'', Volume 14, Number 3, Sept. 2008.
  <li>[http://matchsouls.com/tweet/?module=s58d6fds http://matchsouls.com/tweet/?module=s58d6fds]</li>
* {{cite journal |last=Sarnak |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Sarnak |date=December 2007 |title=Remembering Paul Cohen |journal=MAA FOCUS |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=21–22 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |location=Washington, DC |issn=0731-2040 |url=http://www.math.princeton.edu/sarnak/RememberingPaulCohen.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-05-31}}
 
 
</ul>
==External links==
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Cohen|title=Paul Joseph Cohen}}
* {{MathGenealogy |id=6479|title=Paul Joseph Cohen}}
* [http://paulcohen.org paulcohen.org] - a commemorative website celebrating the life of Paul Cohen
* [http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2007/april4/cohen-040407.html Stanford obituary]
 
{{Set theory}}
{{Fields medalists}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}
 
{{Authority control|PND=117709115|LCCN=n/88/635824|VIAF=108477514|SELIBR=181974}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
|NAME= Cohen, Paul J.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= American mathematician
|DATE OF BIRTH= April 2, 1934
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Long Branch, New Jersey]]
|DATE OF DEATH= March 23, 2007
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Stanford, California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cohen, Paul}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:American mathematicians]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College alumni]]
[[Category:Fields Medalists]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:People from Long Branch, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Set theorists]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

Latest revision as of 00:05, 14 July 2014

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