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{{distinguish2|[[Newton scale]], a rarely used non-SI temperature scale}}
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{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}


{{Infobox Unit
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| bgcolour =
| name = Newton
| image =
| caption =
| standard = [[SI derived unit]]
| quantity = [[Force]]
| symbol = N
| dimension = M&sdot;L&sdot;T<sup>&minus;2</sup>
| namedafter = [[Sir Isaac Newton]]
| extralabel = In [[SI base unit]]s:
| extradata = 1 N = 1 [[kilogram|kg]]·[[metre|m]]/[[second|s]]<sup>2</sup>
}}
The '''newton''' (symbol: '''N''') is the [[International System of Units]] (SI) [[SI derived unit|derived unit]] of [[force]]. It is named after [[Isaac Newton]] in recognition of his work on [[classical mechanics]], specifically [[Newton's laws of motion#Newton's second law|Newton's second law of motion]].
 
==Definition==
In 1946, [[Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures]] (CGPM) resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the [[MKS system of units]] to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 [[kilogram]] of mass at the rate of 1 [[metre per second squared]]. The 9th CGPM, held in 1948, then adopted the name "newton" for this unit in resolution 7.<ref name="ISU1977"/> This name honors the English physicist and mathematician [[Isaac Newton]], who laid the foundations for most of [[classical mechanics]]. The newton thus became the standard unit of force in [[le Système International d'Unités]] (SI), or [[International System of Units]].
 
[[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's second law of motion]] states that {{math|1=''F'' = ''ma''}}, where ''F'' is the force applied, ''m'' is the mass of the object receiving the force, and ''a'' is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore:<ref>{{cite web|title = Table 3. Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols | work = The International System of Units (SI) | publisher = [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html}}</ref>
 
:<math>{1~{\rm N} = 1~{\rm kg} \frac{{\rm m}} {{\rm s}^2}}</math>
 
where the following symbols are used for the units:
: N: newton
: kg: [[kilogram]]
: m: [[metre]]
: s: [[second]].
 
In [[dimensional analysis]]:
:<math>{\mathsf F} = \frac{\mathsf {ML}} {{\mathsf T}^2}</math>
where
: '''M''': mass
: '''L''': length
: '''T''': time.
 
{{SI unit lowercase|Isaac Newton|newton|N}}
 
==Examples==
*1&nbsp;N is the force of [[Earth's gravity]] on a mass of about 102&nbsp;g = ({{frac|1|[[Standard gravity|9.81]]}}&nbsp;kg).
*On Earth's surface, a mass of 1&nbsp;kg exerts a force of approximately 9.81&nbsp;N [down] (or 1.0&nbsp;[[kilogram-force]]; 1&nbsp;kgf = 9.80665&nbsp;N by definition). The approximation of 1&nbsp;kgf corresponding to 10&nbsp;N (1 [[deca-|decanewton]] or daN) is sometimes used as a rule of thumb in everyday life and in engineering.
*The force of Earth's gravity on (= the [[weight]] of) a human being with a mass of 70&nbsp;kg is approximately 686&nbsp;N.
*The [[dot product]] of force and distance is [[mechanical work]]. Thus, in SI units, a force of 1&nbsp;N exerted over a distance of 1&nbsp;m is 1&nbsp;N·m of work.  The [[Mechanical work|Work-Energy Theorem]] states that the work done on a body is equal to the change in energy of the body. 1&nbsp;N·m = 1&nbsp;J ([[joule]]), the SI unit of energy.
*It is common to see forces expressed in kilonewtons or kN, where 1&nbsp;kN&nbsp;= 1,000&nbsp;N. See [[SI prefix]].
 
==Common use of kilonewtons in construction==
Kilonewtons are often used for stating safety holding values of [[fasteners]], [[Earth anchor|anchors]], and more in the [[Construction|building]] industry. They are also often used in the specifications for [[rock climbing]] equipment. The safe working loads in both [[Tension (physics)|tension]] and [[Shear stress|shear]] measurements can be stated in kilonewtons. Injection moulding machines, used to manufacture plastic parts, are classed by kilonewton (i.e., the amount of clamping force they apply to the mould).
 
On the Earth's surface, 1&nbsp;kN is about 101.97162 kilogram-force of load, so multiplying the kilonewton value by 100 (i.e. using a slightly conservative and easier to calculate value) is a good rule of thumb.<ref>http://www.convertunits.com/from/kilonewtons/to/kilograms-force</ref>
 
==Conversion factors==
{{Units of force}}
 
{{GravEngAbs}}
 
==See also==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Force gauge]]
* [[International System of Units]] (SI)
* [[Joule]], SI unit of [[energy]], 1 newton exerted over a distance of 1 metre
* [[Kilogram-force]], force exerted by Earth's gravity at sea level on one kilogram of mass
* [[Kip (unit)]]
* [[Pascal (unit)|Pascal]], SI unit of [[pressure]], 1 newton acting on an area of 1 [[square metre]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (force)]]
* [[Pound (force)]]
* [[Sthène]]
{{div col end}}
 
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="ISU1977">{{Citation
| author    = International Bureau of Weights and Measures
| title    = The international system of units
| issue    = 330–331
| edition  = 3rd
| publisher = U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards
| page      = 17
| year      = 1977
| isbn      = 0745649742
| url      = http://books.google.com/books?id=YvZNdSdeCnEC&pg=PA17
| postscript= .
}}</ref>
}}
 
{{SI units}}
 
[[Category:Units of force]]
[[Category:SI derived units]]

Revision as of 14:47, 6 February 2014

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