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| [[File:Codes Vaticanus 354.JPG|thumb|right|200px|'''[[Codex Vaticanus 354]]''' S (028), an uncial codex with a Byzantine text, assigned to the Family K<sup>1</sup>]]
| | Each day application of a moisturizer will keep psoriasis at bay. However, Shark Cartilage has been used successfully for treating Psoriasis, in particular AE 941 a shark cartilage extract. • Tropical treatments: Shampoos, skin lotions, creams and ointments. Before applying it on the affected part it should be warmed. If you think that you might be experiencing the symptoms of psoriasis, then you should schedule an appointment with your health care provider. <br><br>Given that topical remedies can be of little help, and that systemic treatments may exchange this skin condition for another disease like said before, that's why natural remedies should be given a try. Today, she is a spokesperson for the National Psoriasis Foundation and hopes to go national with her message after being crowned Miss USA next month in Las Vegas. This herb helps in making the body relax while reducing the psoriatic inflammation. Rubella, roseola and chicken pox are examples of these viral infections. Until today, there is no known cure, but you can get booster shots to relieve the itching and cleaning of the skin lesions can be obtained. <br><br>As with all natural remedies please patch test first. It is definitely a very dreadful ailment that is observed as reddish spots and whitish flakes in the epidermis. There are many kinds of this condition: oral plaque buildup, pustular, guttate and also inverse. This can be olive oil, mineral oil or vegetable oil. It is characterized by skin cells that multiply up to 10 times faster than normal. <br><br>Dandruff as most of us know is the process of continual shedding of skin cells on our scalps. Light, hypoallergenic moisturisers, especially natural ones, seem to be effective in soothing both the symptoms of psoriasis and acne, without causing further complications. The active constituents are created to help remove the excess of scales on the scalp. Despite approximately 6 million Americans suffering from psoriasis, people generally don't have a clue about the red, scaly, dry patches on the skin, called plaques, caused by this autoimmune disease. Lebwohl revealed in an interview that the condition can impact anyone and at any age; however, it often affects individuals with European decent. <br><br>Castile soap is a type of natural soap made exclusively from vegetable oils, such as olive, coconut and jojoba oil. And while doctors will prescribe different medications and creams to help men and women deal with this issue most doctors will tell you that there's no cure for this condition. Applying these creams is most effective when used during nighttime, so the body can absorb it more easily, and your feet are resting and does not experience any other harmful movements. Recent years have also seen psoriasis being referred to as a form of leprosy. As was discussed at the start of this article, educated decisions concerning your skin care are usually the very best ones.<br><br>Here is more on [http://www.dominionradio.info/ inverse psoriasis treatment] take a look at the site. |
| The '''Byzantine text-type''' (also called '''Majority Text''', '''Traditional Text''', '''Ecclesiastical Text''', '''Constantinopolitan Text''', '''Antiocheian Text''', or '''Syrian Text''') is one of several [[Textual_criticism#New_Testament|text-types]] used in [[textual criticism]] to describe the textual character of [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[New Testament]] [[biblical manuscript|manuscripts]]. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving [[manuscript]]s, though not in the oldest. The New Testament text of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]], the Constantinople Patriarchate edition of 1904, is based on this text-type. While considerably varying, it also underlies the [[Textus Receptus]] Greek text used for most Reformation-era translations of the New Testament into vernacular languages. Modern translations mainly use [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism|Eclectic]] editions that conform more often to the [[Alexandrian text-type]].
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| The Byzantine text is also found in a few modern [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] editions, as the Byzantine textual tradition has continued in the Eastern Orthodox Church into the present time. The text used by the Greek Orthodox Church is supported by late minuscule manuscripts. It is commonly accepted as standard Byzantine text.
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| The Byzantine textform is often marked with the abbreviations 𝔐 or '''Byz'''.
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| == Manuscripts of the Byzantine text ==
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| [[File:Codex alexandrinus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Codex Alexandrinus''', the oldest Greek witness of the Byzantine text in the Gospels, close to the Family Π (''Luke 12:54-13:4'')]]
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| For some time following the fourth century different types of text were current in the East, but at the end the Byzantine text "almost wholly displaced the rest."<ref>Brooke Foss Westcott, Fenton John Anthony Hort. ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'', 1925. p. 552</ref> The Byzantine text-type has by far the largest number of surviving manuscripts, many of them written in the newer [[Lower case|minuscule]] (lower case) style and in [[Polytonic orthography]] handwriting, which had been invented in the 3rd century BC by [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] but which took many centuries to catch on outside scholarly circles. For example, of 522 complete or nearly complete manuscripts of the [[General epistles|General Epistles]] collated by the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research]] in [[Münster]], [[Germany]], 372 of them attest the Byzantine reading in at least 90% of 98 test places. Amongst the earliest surviving manuscripts, the position is reversed. There are six manuscripts earlier than the 9th century which conform to the Byzantine text-type; of which the 5th century [[Codex Alexandrinus]], (the oldest), is Byzantine only in the Gospels with the rest of the New Testament being Alexandrian. By comparison, the [[Alexandrian text-type]] is witnessed by nine surviving [[uncials]] earlier than the ninth century (including the Codex Alexandrinus outside the Gospels); and is also usually considered to be demonstrated in three earlier [[papyrus|papyri]]. Modern critical editions of the New Testament tend to conform most often to Alexandrian witnesses — especially [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus]].
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| The earliest [[Church Fathers|Church Father]] to witness to a Byzantine text-type in substantial New Testament quotations is [[John Chrysostom]] (c. 349 — 407); although the fragmentary surviving works of [[Asterius the Sophist]] († 341) have also been considered to conform to the Byzantine text,<ref>Gordon D. Fee, "The Use of Greek Patristic Citations in New Testament Textual Criticism: The State of the Question," pp. 344-359 in ''Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism'' (ed. Eldon J. Epp and Gordon D. Fee; Studies & Documents 45; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 358.</ref> and the incomplete surviving translation of [[Ulfilas|Wulfila]] (d. 383) into [[Gothic language|Gothic]] is often thought to derive from the Byzantine text type or an intermediary between the Byzantine and Western text types.<ref>Bennett, William, 1980, ''An Introduction to the Gothic Language'', pp. 24-25.</ref> Chrysostom and Asterius used text only in 75% agreed with the standard Byzantine text. The second earliest translation to witness to a Greek base conforming generally to the Byzantine text in the Gospels is the Syriac [[Peshitta]] (though it has many Alexandrian and Western readings);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metzger |first=Bruce M. |authorlink=Bruce M. Metzger |title=The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations |year=1977 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=New York – Oxford|url= |isbn=0-19-826170-5 |pages= 61}}</ref> usually dated to the beginning of the 5th century;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metzger |first1=Bruce M. |authorlink1=Bruce M. Metzger |last2=Ehrman |first2=Bart D. |authorlink2=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York – Oxford|url= |isbn=978-0-19-516122-9 |pages= 86–87}}</ref> although in respect of several much contested readings, such as Mark 1:2 and John 1:18, the Peshitta rather supports the Alexandrian witnesses.
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| The form of the Byzantine text found in the earliest witnesses is not a monolithic whole, and sometimes differs from a Byzantine sub-group of manuscripts that proliferated after the 11th century. Amongst the bulk of later manuscripts however, it is generally possible to demonstrate a clear Byzantine majority reading for each variant; and a Greek New Testament text based on these majority readings — "The Majority Text" — has been produced by [[Zane C. Hodges]] and Arthur L. Farstad, although this text does not correspond to any one particular manuscript.
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| === Notable Byzantine manuscripts ===
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| [[File:Codex Boreelianus F+ (09), Mk 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Codex Boreelianus, Byzantine manuscript, member of the Family E]]
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| {|"wikitable"
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| |style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Sign'''
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| |style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Name'''
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| |style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Date'''
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| |style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Content'''
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| A (02)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Alexandrinus]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| C (04)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| W (032)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Washingtonianus]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Matt 1-28; Luke 8:13–24:53
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Q (026)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Guelferbytanus B]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Luke–John
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 061
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Uncial 061]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 1 Tim 3:15-16; 4:1-3; 6:2-8
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| E<sup>e</sup> (07)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|Codex Basilensis]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 8th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| F<sup>e</sup> (09)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Boreelianus]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| G<sup>e</sup> (011)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Seidelianus I]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| H<sup>e</sup> (013)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Seidelianus II]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| L (020)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Angelicus]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Acts, CE, Pauline Epistles
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| V (031)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Mosquensis II]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Y (034)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Macedoniensis]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Θ (038)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Koridethi]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels (except Mark)
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| S (028)
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Vaticanus 354]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 949
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 1241
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Minuscule 1241]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 12th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| only Acts
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| |-
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 1424
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Minuscule 1424]]
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th/10th
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| |style="background:#EBE" align="center"| NT (except Mark)
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| |}
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| === Other manuscripts ===
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| ; Papyri
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| [[Papyrus 73|𝔓<sup>73</sup>]]
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| ; Uncials
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| [[Codex Mutinensis]], [[Codex Cyprius]], [[Codex Mosquensis I]], [[Codex Campianus|Campianus]], [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|Petropolitanus Purp.]], [[Codex Sinopensis|Sinopensis]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus A|Guelferbytanus A]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus B|Guelferbytanus B]], [[Codex Nitriensis|Nitriensis]], [[Codex Nanianus|Nanianus]], [[Codex Monacensis|Monacensis]], [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Tischendorfianus IV]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Sangallensis]] (except Mark), [[Codex Tischendorfianus III|Tischendorfianus III]], [[Codex Petropolitanus|Petropolitanus]], [[Codex Purpureus Rossanensis|Rossanensis]], [[Codex Beratinus|Beratinus]], [[Codex Athous Dionysiou|Dionysiou]], [[Codex Vaticanus 2066|Vaticanus 2066]], [[Uncial 047]], [[Uncial 049|049]], [[Uncial 052|052]], [[Uncial 053|053]], [[Uncial 054|054]], [[Uncial 056|056]], [[Uncial 061|061]], [[Uncial 063|063]], [[Uncial 064|064]], [[Uncial 065|065]], [[Uncial 069|069]] (?), [[Uncial 093|093]] (Acts), [[Uncial 0103|0103]], [[Uncial 0104|0104]], [[Uncial 0105|0105]], [[Uncial 0116|0116]], [[Uncial 0120|0120]], [[Uncial 0133|0133]], [[Uncial 0134|0134]], [[Uncial 0135|0135]], [[Uncial 0136|0136]], [[Uncial 0142|0142]], [[Uncial 0151|0151]], [[Uncial 0197|0197]], [[Uncial 0211|0211]], [[Uncial 0246|0246]], [[Uncial 0248|0248]], [[Uncial 0253|0253]], [[Uncial 0255|0255]], [[Uncial 0257|0257]], [[Uncial 0265|0265]], [[Uncial 0269|0269]] (mixed), [[Uncial 0272|0272]], [[Uncial 0273|0273]] (?).
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| ; Minuscules
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| More than 80% of minuscules represent the Byzantine text.<ref>{{Cite book
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| | last = Aland
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| | first = Kurt
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| | authorlink = Kurt Aland
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| | coauthors = M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack
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| | title = Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments
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| | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]]
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| | year = 1994
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| | location = Berlin, New York
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| | page = 128
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| | url =
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| | isbn = 3-11-011986-2}}</ref>
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| [[Minuscule 2|2]], [[Minuscule 3|3]], [[Minuscule 6|6]] (Gospels and Acts), [[Minuscule 8|8]], [[Minuscule 9|9]], [[Minuscule 11|11]], [[Minuscule 12|12]], [[Minuscule 14|14]], [[Minuscule 15|15]], [[Minuscule 18|18]], [[Minuscule 21|21]], [[Minuscule 23|23]], [[Minuscule 24|24]], [[Minuscule 25|25]], [[Minuscule 27|27]], [[Minuscule 28|28]] (except Mark), [[Minuscule 29|29]], [[Minuscule 30|30]], [[Minuscule 32|32]], [[Minuscule 34|34]], [[Minuscule 35|35]], [[Minuscule 36|36]], [[Minuscule 37|37]], [[Minuscule 39|39]], [[Minuscule 40|40]], [[Minuscule 42|42]], [[Minuscule 44|44]], [[Minuscule 45|45]], [[Minuscule 46|46]], [[Minuscule 47|47]], [[Minuscule 49|49]], [[Minuscule 50|50]], [[Minuscule 52|52]], [[Minuscule 53|53]], [[Minuscule 54|54]], [[Minuscule 55|55]], [[Minuscule 57|57]], [[Minuscule 58|58]], [[Minuscule 60|60]], [[Minuscule 61|61]] (Gospels and Acts), [[Minuscule 63|63]], [[Minuscule 65|65]], [[Minuscule 66|66]], [[Minuscule 68|68]], [[Minuscule 69|69]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 70|70]], [[Minuscule 73|73]], [[Minuscule 74|74]], [[Minuscule 75|75]], [[Minuscule 76|76]], [[Minuscule 77|77]], [[Minuscule 78|78]], [[Minuscule 80|80]], [[Minuscule 82|82]], [[Minuscule 83|83]], [[Minuscule 84|84]], [[Minuscule 89|89]], [[Minuscule 90|90]], [[Minuscule 92|92]], [[Minuscule 93|93]], [[Minuscule 95|95]], [[Minuscule 97|97]], [[Minuscule 98|98]], [[Minuscule 99|99]], [[Minuscule 100|100]], [[Minuscule 103|103]], [[Minuscule 104|104]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 105|105]], [[Minuscule 107|107]], [[Minuscule 108|108]], [[Minuscule 109|109]], [[Minuscule 110|110]], [[Minuscule 111|111]], [[Minuscule 112|112]], [[Minuscule 116|116]], [[Minuscule 119|119]], [[Minuscule 120|120]], [[Minuscule 121|121]], [[Minuscule 122|122]], [[Minuscule 123|123]], [[Minuscule 125|125]], [[Minuscule 126|126]], [[Minuscule 127|127]], [[Minuscule 128|128]], [[Minuscule 129|129]], [[Minuscule 132|132]], [[Minuscule 133|133]], [[Minuscule 134|134]], [[Minuscule 135|135]], [[Minuscule 136|136]], [[Minuscule 137|137]], [[Minuscule 138|138]], [[Minuscule 139|139]], [[Minuscule 140|140]], [[Minuscule 141|141]], [[Minuscule 142|142]], [[Minuscule 143|143]], [[Minuscule 144|144]], [[Minuscule 146|146]], [[Minuscule 147|147]], [[Minuscule 148|148]], [[Minuscule 149|149]], [[Minuscule 150|150]], [[Minuscule 151|151]], [[Minuscule 155|155]], [[Minuscule 156|156]], [[Minuscule 159|159]], [[Minuscule 162|162]], [[Minuscule 167|167]], [[Minuscule 169|169]], [[Minuscule 170|170]], [[Minuscule 171|171]], [[Minuscule 177|177]], [[Minuscule 180|180]] (except Acts), [[Minuscule 181|181]] (only Rev.), [[Minuscule 182|182]], [[Minuscule 183|183]], [[Minuscule 185|185]], [[Minuscule 186|186]], [[Minuscule 187|187]], [[Minuscule 189|189]], [[Minuscule 190|190]], [[Minuscule 192|192]], [[Minuscule 193|193]], [[Minuscule 194|194]], [[Minuscule 195|195]], [[Minuscule 196|196]], [[Minuscule 197|197]], [[Minuscule 198|198]], [[Minuscule 199|199]], [[Minuscule 200|200]], [[Minuscule 201|201]], [[Minuscule 202|202]], [[Minuscule 203|203]], [[Minuscule 204|204]], [[Minuscule 205|205]] (Epistles), [[Minuscule 206|206]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 207|207]], [[Minuscule 208|208]], [[Minuscule 209|209]] (except Gospels and Rev.), [[Minuscule 210|210]], [[Minuscule 212|212]], [[Minuscule 214|214]], [[Minuscule 215|215]], [[Minuscule 217|217]], [[Minuscule 218|218]] (except Cath. and Paul), [[Minuscule 219|219]], [[Minuscule 220|220]], [[Minuscule 221|221]], [[Minuscule 223|223]], [[Minuscule 224|224]], [[Minuscule 226|226]], [[Minuscule 227|227]], [[Minuscule 231|231]], [[Minuscule 232|232]], [[Minuscule 235|235]], [[Minuscule 236|236]], [[Minuscule 237|237]], [[Minuscule 240|240]], [[Minuscule 243|243]], [[Minuscule 244|244]], [[Minuscule 245|245]], [[Minuscule 246|246]], [[Minuscule 247|247]], [[Minuscule 248|248]], [[Minuscule 250|250]], [[Minuscule 254|254]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 256|256]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 259|259]], [[Minuscule 260|260]], [[Minuscule 261|261]], [[Minuscule 262|262]], [[Minuscule 263|263]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 264|264]], [[Minuscule 266|266]], [[Minuscule 267|267]], [[Minuscule 268|268]], [[Minuscule 269|269]], [[Minuscule 270|270]], [[Minuscule 272|272]], [[Minuscule 275|275]], [[Minuscule 276|276]], [[Minuscule 277|277]], [[Minuscule 278a|278a]], [[Minuscule 278b|278b]], [[Minuscule 280|280]], [[Minuscule 281|281]], [[Minuscule 282|282]], [[Minuscule 283|283]], [[Minuscule 284|284]], [[Minuscule 285|285]], [[Minuscule 286|286]], [[Minuscule 287|287]], [[Minuscule 288|288]], [[Minuscule 289|289]], [[Minuscule 290|290]], [[Minuscule 291|291]], [[Minuscule 292|292]], [[Minuscule 293|293]], [[Minuscule 297|297]], [[Minuscule 300|300]], [[Minuscule 301|301]], [[Minuscule 302|302]], [[Minuscule 303|303]], [[Minuscule 304|304]], [[Minuscule 305|305]], [[Minuscule 306|306]], [[Minuscule 308|308]], [[Minuscule 309|309]], [[Minuscule 313|313]], [[Minuscule 314|314]], [[Minuscule 316|316]], [[Minuscule 319|319]], [[Minuscule 320|320]], [[Minuscule 324|324]], [[Minuscule 325|325]], [[Minuscule 327|327]], [[Minuscule 328|328]], [[Minuscule 329|329]], [[Minuscule 330|330]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 331|331]], [[Minuscule 334|334]], [[Minuscule 335|335]], [[Minuscule 337|337]], [[Minuscule 342|342]], [[Minuscule 343|343]], [[Minuscule 344|344]], [[Minuscule 347|347]], [[Minuscule 350|350]], [[Minuscule 351|351]], [[Minuscule 352|352]], [[Minuscule 353|353]], [[Minuscule 354|354]], [[Minuscule 355|355]], [[Minuscule 356|356]], [[Minuscule 357|357]], [[Minuscule 358|358]], [[Minuscule 359|359]], [[Minuscule 360|360]], [[Minuscule 361|361]], [[Minuscule 362|362]], [[Minuscule 364|364]], [[Minuscule 365|365]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 366|366]], [[Minuscule 367|367]], [[Minuscule 368|368]], [[Minuscule 369|369]], [[Minuscule 371|371]], [[Minuscule 373|373]], [[Minuscule 374|374]], [[Minuscule 375|375]], [[Minuscule 376|376]], [[Minuscule 378|378]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 379|379]], [[Minuscule 380|380]], [[Minuscule 381|381]], [[Minuscule 384|384]], [[Minuscule 385|385]], [[Minuscule 386|386]], [[Minuscule 387|387]], [[Minuscule 388|388]], [[Minuscule 390|390]], [[Minuscule 392|392]], [[Minuscule 393|393]], [[Minuscule 394|394]], [[Minuscule 395|395]], [[Minuscule 396|396]], [[Minuscule 398|398]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 399|399]], [[Minuscule 401|401]], [[Minuscule 402|402]], [[Minuscule 404|404]], [[Minuscule 405|405]], [[Minuscule 407|407]], [[Minuscule 408|408]], [[Minuscule 409|409]], [[Minuscule 410|410]], [[Minuscule 411|411]], [[Minuscule 412|412]], [[Minuscule 413|413]], [[Minuscule 414|414]], [[Minuscule 415|415]], [[Minuscule 417|417]], [[Minuscule 418|418]], [[Minuscule 419|419]], [[Minuscule 422|422]], [[Minuscule 425|425]], [[Minuscule 426|426]], [[Minuscule 429|429]] (Paul and Rev.), [[Minuscule 431|431]] (except Acts and Cath.), [[Minuscule 432|432]], [[Minuscule 438|438]], [[Minuscule 439|439]], [[Minuscule 443|443]], [[Minuscule 445|445]], [[Minuscule 446|446]], [[Minuscule 448|448]], [[Minuscule 449|449]], [[Minuscule 450|450]], [[Minuscule 451|451]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 452|452]], [[Minuscule 454|454]], [[Minuscule 457|457]], [[Minuscule 458|458]], [[Minuscule 459|459]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 461|461]], [[Minuscule 465|465]], [[Minuscule 466|466]], [[Minuscule 469|469]], [[Minuscule 470|470]], [[Minuscule 471|471]], [[Minuscule 473|473]], [[Minuscule 474|474]], [[Minuscule 475|475]], [[Minuscule 476|476]], [[Minuscule 477|477]], [[Minuscule 478|478]], [[Minuscule 479|479]], [[Minuscule 480|480]], [[Minuscule 481|481]], [[Minuscule 482|482]], [[Minuscule 483|483]], [[Minuscule 484|484]], [[Minuscule 485|485]], [[Minuscule 490|490]], [[Minuscule 491|491]], [[Minuscule 492|492]], [[Minuscule 493|493]], [[Minuscule 494|494]], [[Minuscule 496|496]], [[Minuscule 497|497]], [[Minuscule 498|498]], [[Minuscule 499|499]], [[Minuscule 500|500]], [[Minuscule 501|501]], [[Minuscule 502|502]], [[Minuscule 504|504]], [[Minuscule 505|505]], [[Minuscule 506|506]], [[Minuscule 507|507]], [[Minuscule 509|509]], [[Minuscule 510|510]], [[Minuscule 511|511]], [[Minuscule 512|512]], [[Minuscule 514|514]], [[Minuscule 516|516]], [[Minuscule 518|518]], [[Minuscule 519|519]], [[Minuscule 520|520]], [[Minuscule 521|521]], [[Minuscule 522|522]] (except Acts and Cath.), [[Minuscule 523|523]], [[Minuscule 524|524]], [[Minuscule 525|525]], [[Minuscule 526|526]], [[Minuscule 527|527]], [[Minuscule 528|528]], [[Minuscule 529|529]], [[Minuscule 530|530]], [[Minuscule 531|531]], [[Minuscule 532|532]], [[Minuscule 533|533]], [[Minuscule 534|534]], [[Minuscule 535|535]], [[Minuscule 538|538]], [[Minuscule 540|540]], [[Minuscule 541|541]], [[Minuscule 546|546]], [[Minuscule 547|547]], [[Minuscule 548|548]], [[Minuscule 549|549]], [[Minuscule 550|550]], [[Minuscule 551|551]], [[Minuscule 553|553]], [[Minuscule 554|554]], [[Minuscule 556|556]], [[Minuscule 558|558]], [[Minuscule 559|559]], [[Minuscule 560|560]], [[Minuscule 564|564]], [[Minuscule 568|568]], [[Minuscule 570|570]], [[Minuscule 571|571]], [[Minuscule 573|573]], [[Minuscule 574|574]], [[Minuscule 575|575]], [[Minuscule 577|577]], [[Minuscule 578|578]], [[Minuscule 580|580]], [[Minuscule 583|583]], [[Minuscule 584|584]], [[Minuscule 585|585]], [[Minuscule 586|586]], [[Minuscule 587|587]], [[Minuscule 588|588]], [[Minuscule 592|592]], [[Minuscule 593|593]], [[Minuscule 594|594]], [[Minuscule 596|596]], [[Minuscule 597|597]], [[Minuscule 600|600]], [[Minuscule 601|601]], [[Minuscule 602|602]], [[Minuscule 603|603]], [[Minuscule 604|604]], [[Minuscule 605|605]], [[Minuscule 607|607]], [[Minuscule 610|610]] (in Cath.), [[Minuscule 614|614]] (in Cath.), [[Minuscule 616|616]], [[Minuscule 618|618]], [[Minuscule 620|620]], [[Minuscule 622|622]], [[Minuscule 624|624]], [[Minuscule 625|625]], [[Minuscule 626|626]], [[Minuscule 627|627]], [[Minuscule 628|628]], [[Minuscule 632|632]], [[Minuscule 633|633]], [[Minuscule 634|634]], [[Minuscule 637|637]], [[Minuscule 638|638]], [[Minuscule 639|639]], [[Minuscule 640|640]], [[Minuscule 642|642]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 644|644]], [[Minuscule 645|645]], [[Minuscule 648|648]], [[Minuscule 649|649]], [[Minuscule 650|650]], [[Minuscule 651|651]], [[Minuscule 655|655]], [[Minuscule 656|656]], [[Minuscule 657|657]], [[Minuscule 660|660]], [[Minuscule 662|662]], [[Minuscule 663|663]], [[Minuscule 664|664]], [[Minuscule 666|666]], [[Minuscule 668|668]], [[Minuscule 669|669]], [[Minuscule 672|672]], [[Minuscule 673|673]], [[Minuscule 674|674]], [[Minuscule 677|677]], [[Minuscule 680|680]], [[Minuscule 684|684]], [[Minuscule 685|685]], [[Minuscule 686|686]], [[Minuscule 688|688]], [[Minuscule 689|689]], [[Minuscule 690|690]], [[Minuscule 691|691]], [[Minuscule 692|692]], [[Minuscule 694|694]], [[Minuscule 696|696]], [[Minuscule 698|698]], [[Minuscule 699|699]], [[Minuscule 705|705]], [[Minuscule 707|707]], [[Minuscule 708|708]], [[Minuscule 711|711]], [[Minuscule 714|714]], [[Minuscule 715|715]], [[Minuscule 717|717]], [[Minuscule 718|718]], [[Minuscule 721|721]], [[Minuscule 724|724]], [[Minuscule 725|725]], [[Minuscule 727|727]], [[Minuscule 729|729]], [[Minuscule 730|730]], [[Minuscule 731|731]], [[Minuscule 734|734]], [[Minuscule 736|736]], [[Minuscule 737|737]], [[Minuscule 739 (Gregory-Aland)|739]], [[Minuscule 741 (Gregory-Aland)|741]], [[Minuscule 745 (Gregory-Aland)|745]], [[Minuscule 746 (Gregory-Aland)|746]], [[Minuscule 748 (Gregory-Aland)|748]], [[Minuscule 750 (Gregory-Aland)|750]], [[Minuscule 754 (Gregory-Aland)|754]], [[Minuscule 755 (Gregory-Aland)|755]], [[Minuscule 756 (Gregory-Aland)|756]], [[Minuscule 757 (Gregory-Aland)|757]], [[Minuscule 758 (Gregory-Aland)|758]], [[Minuscule 759 (Gregory-Aland)|759]], [[Minuscule 760 (Gregory-Aland)|760]], [[Minuscule 761 (Gregory-Aland)|761]], [[Minuscule 762 (Gregory-Aland)|762]], [[Minuscule 763 (Gregory-Aland)|763]], [[Minuscule 764 (Gregory-Aland)|764]], [[Minuscule 765 (Gregory-Aland)|765]], [[Minuscule 768 (Gregory-Aland)|768]], [[Minuscule 769 (Gregory-Aland)|769]], [[Minuscule 770 (Gregory-Aland)|770]], [[Minuscule 773 (Gregory-Aland)|773]], [[Minuscule 774 (Gregory-Aland)|774]], [[Minuscule 775 (Gregory-Aland)|775]], [[Minuscule 777 (Gregory-Aland)|777]], [[Minuscule 778 (Gregory-Aland)|778]], [[Minuscule 779 (Gregory-Aland)|779]], [[Minuscule 781 (Gregory-Aland)|781]], [[Minuscule 782 (Gregory-Aland)|782]], [[Minuscule 783 (Gregory-Aland)|783]], [[Minuscule 784 (Gregory-Aland)|784]], [[Minuscule 785 (Gregory-Aland)|785]], [[Minuscule 786 (Gregory-Aland)|786]], [[Minuscule 787 (Gregory-Aland)|787]], [[Minuscule 789 (Gregory-Aland)|789]], [[Minuscule 790 (Gregory-Aland)|790]], [[Minuscule 793 (Gregory-Aland)|793]], [[Minuscule 794 (Gregory-Aland)|794]], [[Minuscule 797 (Gregory-Aland)|797]], [[Minuscule 798|798]], [[Minuscule 799 (Gregory-Aland)|799]], [[Minuscule 801 (Gregory-Aland)|801]], [[Minuscule 802 (Gregory-Aland)|802]], [[Minuscule 806 (Gregory-Aland)|806]], [[Minuscule 808 (Gregory-Aland)|808]], [[Minuscule 809 (Gregory-Aland)|809]], [[Minuscule 811 (Gregory-Aland)|811]], [[Minuscule 818 (Gregory-Aland)|818]], [[Minuscule 819 (Gregory-Aland)|819]], [[Minuscule 820 (Gregory-Aland)|820]], [[Minuscule 824 (Gregory-Aland)|824]], [[Minuscule 825 (Gregory-Aland)|825]], [[Minuscule 830 (Gregory-Aland)|830]], [[Minuscule 831 (Gregory-Aland)|831]], [[Minuscule 833 (Gregory-Aland)|833]], [[Minuscule 834 (Gregory-Aland)|834]], [[Minuscule 835 (Gregory-Aland)|835]], [[Minuscule 836 (Gregory-Aland)|836]], [[Minuscule 839 (Gregory-Aland)|839]], [[Minuscule 840 (Gregory-Aland)|840]], [[Minuscule 841 (Gregory-Aland)|841]], [[Minuscule 843 (Gregory-Aland)|843]], [[Minuscule 844 (Gregory-Aland)|844]], [[Minuscule 845 (Gregory-Aland)|845]], [[Minuscule 846 (Gregory-Aland)|846]], [[Minuscule 848 (Gregory-Aland)|848]], [[Minuscule 852 (Gregory-Aland)|852]], [[Minuscule 853 (Gregory-Aland)|853]], [[Minuscule 857 (Gregory-Aland)|857]], [[Minuscule 858 (Gregory-Aland)|858]], [[Minuscule 860 (Gregory-Aland)|860]], [[Minuscule 861 (Gregory-Aland)|861]], [[Minuscule 862 (Gregory-Aland)|862]], [[Minuscule 864 (Gregory-Aland)|864]], [[Minuscule 866 (Gregory-Aland)|866]], [[Minuscule 867 (Gregory-Aland)|867]], [[Minuscule 868 (Gregory-Aland)|868]], [[Minuscule 870 (Gregory-Aland)|870]], [[Minuscule 877 (Gregory-Aland)|877]], [[Minuscule 880 (Gregory-Aland)|880]], [[Minuscule 884 (Gregory-Aland)|884]], [[Minuscule 886 (Gregory-Aland)|886]], [[Minuscule 887 (Gregory-Aland)|887]], [[Minuscule 889 (Gregory-Aland)|889]], [[Minuscule 890 (Gregory-Aland)|890]], [[Minuscule 893 (Gregory-Aland)|893]], [[Minuscule 894 (Gregory-Aland)|894]], [[Minuscule 896 (Gregory-Aland)|896]], [[Minuscule 897 (Gregory-Aland)|897]], [[Minuscule 898 (Gregory-Aland)|898]], [[Minuscule 900 (Gregory-Aland)|900]], [[Minuscule 901 (Gregory-Aland)|901]], [[Minuscule 902 (Gregory-Aland)|902]], [[Minuscule 904 (Gregory-Aland)|904]], [[Minuscule 905 (Gregory-Aland)|905]], [[Minuscule 906 (Gregory-Aland)|906]], [[Minuscule 910 (Gregory-Aland)|910]], [[Minuscule 911 (Gregory-Aland)|911]], [[Minuscule 912 (Gregory-Aland)|912]], [[Minuscule 914 (Gregory-Aland)|914]], [[Minuscule 916 (Gregory-Aland)|916]], [[Minuscule 917 (Gregory-Aland)|917]] (Paul), [[Minuscule 918 (Gregory-Aland)|918]] (Paul), [[Minuscule 919 (Gregory-Aland)|919]], [[Minuscule 920 (Gregory-Aland)|920]], [[Minuscule 921 (Gregory-Aland)|921]], [[Minuscule 922 (Gregory-Aland)|922]], [[Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland)|924]], [[Minuscule 928 (Gregory-Aland)|928]], [[Minuscule 936 (Gregory-Aland)|936]], 937, 938, 942, 943, 944, 945 (Acts and Cath.), 950, 951, 952, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 969, 970, 971, 973, 975, 977, 978, 980, 981, 987, 988, 991, 993, [[Minuscule 994 (Gregory-Aland)|994]], 995, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1003, 1004, 1006 (Gospels), 1007, 1008, 1010 (?), 1011, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1028, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1067 (except Cath.), 1068, 1069, 1070, 1072, [[Minuscule 1073 (Gregory-Aland)|1073]], [[Minuscule 1074 (Gregory-Aland)|1074]], 1075, [[Minuscule 1076 (Gregory-Aland)|1076]], 1077, [[Minuscule 1078 (Gregory-Aland)|1078]], [[Minuscule 1080 (Gregory-Aland)|1080]], 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1094, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1110, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1123, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1168, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1185, 1186, [[Minuscule 1187 (Gregory-Aland)|1187]], 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1218, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1241 (only Acts), 1251 (?), 1252, 1254, 1255, 1260, 1264, 1277, 1283, 1285, 1292 (except Cath.), 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1303, 1305, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319 (except Paul), 1320, 1323, 1324, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1334, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1350a, 1350b, 1351, 1352a, 1354, 1355, [[Minuscule 1356 (Gregory-Aland)|1356]], 1357, 1358, 1359 (except Cath.), 1360, 1362, 1364, 1367, 1370, 1373, 1374, 1377, 1384, 1385, 1392, 1395, 1398 (except Paul), 1400, 1409 (Gospels and Paul), 1417, 1437, 1438, 1444, 1445, 1447, 1448 (except Cath.), 1449, 1452, 1470, 1476, 1482, 1483, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1506 (Gospels), 1508, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1523 (Paul), 1539, 1540, 1542b (only Luke), 1543, 1545, 1547, 1548, 1556, 1566, 1570, 1572, 1573 (except Paul?), 1577, 1583, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1605, 1607, 1613, 1614, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1622, 1628, 1636, 1637, 1649, 1656, 1662, 1668, 1672, 1673, 1683, 1693, 1701, 1704 (except Acts), 1714, 1717, 1720, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1767, 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1835, 1841 (except Rev.), 1846 (only Acts), 1847, 1849, 1851, 1852 (only in Rev.), 1854 (except Rev.), 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1874 (except Paul), 1876, 1877 (except Paul), 1878, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1888, 1889, 1891 (except Acts), 1897, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936,1937, 1938, 1941, 1946, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2048, 2096, 2098, 2111, 2119, 2125, 2126, 2127 (except Paul), 2132, 2133, 2135, 2138 (only in Rev.), 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2144, 2160, 2172, 2173, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2181, 2183, 2187, 2189, 2191, 2199, 2218, 2221, 2236, 2261, 2266, 2267, 2273, 2275, [[Minuscule 2277|2277]], 2281, 2289, 2295, 2300, 2303, 2306, 2307, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2352, 2355, 2356, 2373, 2376, 2378, 2381, 2382, 2386, 2389, 2390, 2406, 2407, 2409, 2414, 2415, 2418, 2420, 2422, [[Minuscule 2423|2423]], 2424, 2425, 2426, 2430, 2431, [[Minuscule 2437|2437]], 2441, 2442, [[Minuscule 2445|2445]], 2447, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2454, 2455, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2466, 2468, 2475, 2479, 2483, 2484, 2490, [[Minuscule 2491|2491]], 2496, 2497, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2507, 2532, 2534, 2536, 2539, 2540, 2545, 2547, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2554, 2555, 2558, 2559, 2562, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2578, 2579, 2581, 2584, 2587, 2593, 2600, 2619, 2624, 2626, 2627, 2629, 2631, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2639, 2645, 2646, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2653, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2660, 2661, 2665, 2666, 2671, 2673, 2675, 2679, 2690, 2691, 2696, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2704, 2711, 2712, 2716, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2727, 2729, 2746, 2760, 2761, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2787, 2790, 2791, 2794, 2815, [[Minuscule 2817|2817]], 2829.<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Aland
| |
| | first = Kurt
| |
| | authorlink = Kurt Aland
| |
| | coauthors = M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack
| |
| | title = Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments
| |
| | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]]
| |
| | year = 1994
| |
| | location = Berlin, New York
| |
| | page = 129-140
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = 3-11-011986-2}}</ref><ref>Kurt Aland, "Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. Locis parallelis evangeliorum apocryphorum et patrum adhibitis edidit", Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1996, p. XXXII.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nestle|first=Eberhard et Erwin|last2= communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger |title=Novum Testamentum Graece|edition=27|publisher= [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] |location=Stuttgart |year=2001 |page=714}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Distribution of Byzantine type minuscule manuscripts by century ===
| |
| ; 9th century
| |
| 461, 1080, 1862, 2142, 2500
| |
| | |
| ; 9th/10th
| |
| 399
| |
| | |
| ; 10th
| |
| 14, 27, 29, 34, 36e, 63, 82, 92, 100, 135, 144, 151, 221, 237, 262, 278b, 344, 364, 371, 405, 411, 450, 454, 457, 478, 481, 564, 568, 584, 602, 605, 626, 627, 669, 920, 1055, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1203, 1220, 1223, 1225, 1347, 1351, 1357, 1392, 1417, 1452, 1661, 1720, 1756, 1829, 1851, 1880, 1905, 1920, 1927, 1954, 1997, 1998, 2125, 2373, 2414, 2545, 2722, 2790
| |
| | |
| ; 10th/11th
| |
| 994, 1073, 1701
| |
| | |
| ; 11th
| |
| 7p, 8, 12, 20, 23, 24, 25, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 75, 77, 83, 89, 98, 108, 112, 123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 137, 142, 143, 148, 150, 177, 186, 194, 195, 197, 200, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 236, 250, 259, 272, 276, 277, 278a, 300, 301, 302, 314, 325, 331, 343, 350, 352, 354, 357, 360, 375, 376, 422, 458, 465, 466, 470, 474, 475, 476, 490, 491, 497, 504, 506, 507, 516, 526, 527, 528, 530, 532, 547, 548, 549, 560, 583, 585, 596, 607, 624, 625, 638, 639, 640, 651, 672, 699, 707, 708, 711, 717, 746, 754, 756, 773, 785, 809, 831, 870, 884, 887, 894, 901, 910, 919, 937, 942, 943, 944, 964, 965, 991, 1014, 1028, 1045, 1054, 1056, 1074, 1110, 1123, 1168, 1174, 1187, 1207, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1214, 1221, 1222, 1244, 1277, 1300, 1312, 1314, 1317, 1320, 1324, 1340, 1343, 1373, 1384, 1438, 1444, 1449, 1470, 1483, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1545, 1556, 1570, 1607, 1668, 1672, 1693, 1730, 1734, 1738, 1770, 1828, 1835, 1847, 1849, 1870, 1878, 1879, 1888, 1906, 1907, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1946, 1955, 1980, 1981, 1982, 2001, 2007, 2098, 2132, 2133, 2144, 2172, 2176, 2181, 2183, 2199, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2386, 2295, 2307, 2381, 2386, 2430, 2442, 2447, 2451, 2458, 2468, 2475, 2539, 2547, 2559, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2587, 2637, 2649, 2661, 2723, 2746, 2760, 2782, 2787 <br>
| |
| 2306 (composite of parts from the 11th to the 14th centuries)
| |
| | |
| ; 11th/12th
| |
| 665, 657, 660, 1013, 1188, 1191, 1309, 1358, 1340, 1566, 2389, 2415, 2784
| |
| | |
| ; 12th
| |
| 2e, 2ap, 3, 9, 11, 15, 21, 32, 44, 46, 49, 57, 73, 76, 78, 80, 84, 95, 97, 105, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 156, 159, 162, 183, 187, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203, 217, 224, 226, 231, 240, 244, 245, 247, 261, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 280, 281, 282, 297, 304, 306, 319, 320, 329, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 355, 356, 366, 374, 387, 392, 395, 396, 401, 407, 408, 419, 438, 439, 443, 452, 471, 485, 499, 502, 505, 509, 510, 514, 518, 520, 524, 529, 531, 535, 538, 550, 551, 556, 570, 571, 580, 587, 618, 620, 622, 637, 650, 662, 673, 674, 688, 692, 721, 736, 748, 750, 760, 765, 768, 770, 774, 777, 778, 779, 782, 787, 793, 799, 808, 843, 857, 860, 862, 877, 893, 896, 902, 911, 916, 922, 924, 936, 950, 967, 971, 973, 975, 980, 987, 993, 998, 1007, 1046, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1112, 1169, 1176, 1186, 1190, 1193, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1217, 1218, 1224, 1231, 1240, 1301, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1323, 1350a, 1355, 1360, 1364, 1375, 1385, 1437, 1539, 1583, 1673, 1683, 1714, 1737, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1872, 1889, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1926, 1951, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1986, 1988, 2013, 2096, 2126, 2135, 2139, 2173, 2177, 2189, 2191, 2289, 2282, 2426, 2437, 2445, 2459, 2490, 2491, 2507, 2536, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2562, 2639, 2650, 2657, 2671, 2700, 2712, 2725, 2727, 2781, 2785, 2791, 2794 <br>
| |
| 632 and 1227 (composites of parts from the 12th to the 14th centuries)
| |
| | |
| ; 12th/13th
| |
| 905, 906, 1310, 1341, 1897, 2311
| |
| | |
| ; 13th
| |
| 52, 55, 60, 74, 107, 121, 128, 136, 141, 147, 167, 170, 192, 198, 204, 219, 220, 227, 248, 260, 284, 291, 292, 293, 303, 305, 309, 327, 328, 342, 359, 361, 362, 384, 388, 390, 410, 449, 469, 473, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 496, 500, 501, 511, 519, 533, 534, 546, 553, 554, 558, 573, 574, 592, 593, 597, 601, 663, 666, 677, 684, 685, 689, 691, 696, 705, 714, 715, 725, 729, 737, 757, 759, 775, 811, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 897, 898, 900, 912, 914, 966, 969, 970, 981, 995, 997, 999, 1000, 1004, 1008, 1011, 1015, 1016, 1031, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1087, 1089, 1094, 1103, 1107, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1177, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1213, 1215, 1226, 1238, 1255, 1285, 1339, 1352a, 1400, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1622, 1717, 1717, 1728, 1731, 1736, 1740, 1742, 1772, 1855, 1858, 1922, 1938, 1941, 1956, 1972, 1992, 2111, 2119, 2140, 2141, 2236, 2353, 2376, 2380, 2390, 2409, 2420, 2423, 2425, 2457, 2479, 2483, 2502, 2534, 2540, 2558, 2568, 2584, 2600, 2624, 2627, 2631, 2633, 2645, 2646, 2658, 2660, 2665, 2670, 2696, 2699, 2724, 2761
| |
| | |
| ; 13th/14th
| |
| 266, 656, 668, 1334, 2499, 2578
| |
| | |
| ; 14th
| |
| 18, 45, 53, 54, 66, 109, 155, 171, 182, 185, 190, 201, 214, 223, 232, 235, 243, 246, 290, 308, 316, 324, 358, 367, 369, 381, 386, 393, 394, 402, 404, 409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 425, 426, 480, 492, 494, 498, 512, 521, 523, 540, 577, 578, 586, 588, 594, 600, 603, 604, 628, 633, 634, 644, 645, 648, 649, 680, 686, 690, 698, 718, 727, 730, 731, 734, 741, 758, 761, 762, 763, 764, 769, 781, 783, 784, 786, 789, 790, 794, 797, 798, 802, 806, 818, 819, 824, 833, 834, 836, 839, 845, 846, 848, 858, 864, 866a, 867, 889, 890, 904, 921, 928, 938, 951, 952, 953, 959, 960, 977, 978, 1020, 1023, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1061, 1062, 1075, 1099, 1100, 1119, 1121, 1185, 1189, 1196, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1248, 1249, 1252, 1254, 1283, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1345, 1350b, 1356, 1377, 1395, 1445, 1447, 1476, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1548, 1572, 1577, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1619, 1637, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1732, 1733, 1741, 1746, 1747, 1761, 1762, 1771, 1856, 1859, 1899, 1902, 1918, 1928, 1929, 1952, 1975, 2085, 2160, 2261, 2266, 2273, 2303, 2309, 2310, 2355, 2356, 2406, 2407, 2431, 2441, 2454, 2466, 2484, 2503, 2593, 2626, 2629, 2634, 2651, 2653, 2666, 2668, 2679, 2698, 2716, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2780, 2783
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| ; 15th
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| 30, 47, 58, 70, 149, 285, 286, 287, 288, 313, 368, 373, 379, 380, 385, 418, 432, 446, 448, 493, 525, 541, 575, 616, 664, 694, 739, 801, 841, 844, 853, 880, 955, 958, 961, 962, 1003, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1026, 1059, 1060, 1105, 1202, 1232, 1233, 1247, 1250, 1260, 1264, 1482, 1508, 1617, 1626, 1628, 1636, 1649, 1656, 1745, 1750, 1757, 1763, 1767, 1876, 1882, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1978, 2003, 2175, 2178, 2221, 2352, 2418, 2452, 2455, 2554, 2673, 2675, 2691, 2704, 2729
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| ; 15th/16th
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| 99, 1367
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| ; 16th
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| 90, 335, 445, 724, 745, 755, 867, 957, 1019, 1030, 1065, 1068, 1088, 1239, 1362, 1370, 1374, 1618, 1749, 1768, 1861, 1883, 1911, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1937, 1979, 2009, 2218, 2378, 2422, 2496, 2501, 2532, 2555, 2572, 2573, 2579, 2635, 2636, 2690, 2711, 2721, 2779
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| ; 16th/17th
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| 1371
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| ; 17th and later
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| 289, 868, 956, 963, 988, 1044, 1063, 1101, 1104, 1303, 1748, 1869, 2267, 2450, 2497, 2581, 2619, 2656.<ref>Kurt Aland, and Barbara Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", trans. Erroll F. Rhodes, ''[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]'', Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, pp. 140-142.</ref>
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| == Characteristics of the Byzantine text ==
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| {{see also|List of major textual variants in the New Testament}}
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| Compared to [[Alexandrian text-type]] manuscripts, the distinct Byzantine readings tend to show a greater tendency toward smooth and well-formed Greek, they display fewer instances of textual variation between parallel [[Synoptic Gospel]] passages, and they are less likely to present contradictory or "[[Lectio difficilior potior|difficult]]" issues of [[exegesis]].<ref>"The Syrian text has all the appearance of being a careful attempt to supersede the chaos of rival texts by a judicious selection from them all." [[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]]. ''The New Testament In The Original Greek'', 1925. p. 551</ref> For example, [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 1:2 reads "As it is written in the prophets.." in the Byzantine text; whereas the same verse reads, "As it is written in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] the prophet.." in all other early textual witnesses. Since the quotation introduced is partly from [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]], the Byzantine form of the verse avoids the difficulty that might be adduced were it to be concluded that Mark was presenting a factual inaccuracy.
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| Another characteristic is the grammar (f.e. οι δε ειπον, in Alexandrian text: οι δε ειπαν) and the different order of words. For example:
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| John 6:49
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| :εν τη ερημω το μαννα – codices [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]], [[Codex Ephraemi|C]], [[Codex Bezae|D]], T, [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]]
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| :το μαννα εν τη ερημω – codices [[Codex Sinaiticus|ﬡ]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Athous Lavrentis|Ψ]], [[Family 1|''f''<sup>1</sup>]], [[Family 13|''f''<sup>13</sup>]], mss. of the Byzantine text-type
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| Mark 1:9
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| :εις τον Ιορδανην υπο Ιωανου – codices ﬡ, B, D
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| :υπο Ιωανου εις τον Ιορδανην – codices A, W, and manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type
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| Also, the Byzantine text does not contain verses included by Textus Receptus: Luke 17:36; Acts 8:37; 15:34.
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| There are no consistent Byzantine witnesses amongst the early New Testament [[papyri (chronology)|papyri]]. Nevertheless, instances of distinctive Byzantine readings are not unusual in the earliest texts — even though they otherwise conform more to other text-types or none. Hence, many (and possibly most) distinctive Byzantine readings are likely to be early in date. Two broad explanations have been offered for this observation:
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| * that the Byzantine text-type transmits a text closest to the primary form of the New Testament books; whose early manuscript witnesses have not survived, as this text-type predominated in regions where the climate did not favour the preservation of papyrus;
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| * that the Byzantine text represents a consistent exercise in textual compilation and correction from around the 4th century, the editors having eclectically selected those readings from a range of early manuscripts, that best conformed to their presupposed standards of the characteristics to be expected in the New Testament text.
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| == Relationship to other text-types ==
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| Gospel of Matthew 2:18
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| * κλαυθμος — Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, [[Codex Climaci Rescriptus|0250]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, it<sup>(q),aur,b,c,f,ff<sup>1</sup>,g<sup>1</sup>, k, l, 1</sup>, vg, syr<sup>p, pal</sup>, cop<sup>sa,bo</sup>, eth
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| * θρηνος και κλαυθμος — C, D, K, L, W, Δ, Π, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 565|565]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1241, 1253, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz
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| Matthew 5:25
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| * ὁ κριτής — Αlexandrian mss ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup>
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| * δώσει — D
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| * ὁ κριτής σε παραδῷ — K L W Δ Θ Π 28 33 565 700 Byzantine mss
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| Matthew 10:4
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| * Θαδδαιος — Alexandrian mss ''f''<sup>13</sup> [[Lectionary 185]] vg
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| * Λεββαιος — D, d, ([[Codex Bobiensis|k]])
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| * Λεββαιος ο επικληθεις Θαδδαιος — Byzantine
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| * Θαδδαιος ο επικληθεις Λεββαιος — 13 346 543 [[Minuscule 826 (Gregory-Aland)|826]] [[Minuscule 828 (Gregory-Aland)|828]]
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| Matthew 14:12
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| * σωμα — W 0106 0136 Byz lat syr<sup>h</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup>
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| * πτωμα — א B C D L Θ ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup> 33 565 700 892 1010 1241 1424 e k syr<sup>s, c, p</sup> cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| Matthew 15:6
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| * η την μητερα αυτου — C L W Θ 0106 ''f''<sup>1</sup> Byz it vg<sup>cl</sup> syr<sup>p, h</sup>
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| * και την μητερα αυτου — Φ 565 1241 cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| * η την μητερα — 084 ''f''<sup>13</sup> 33 70 892
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| * omitted — א B D ''pc'' a e syr<sup>c</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup> geo<sup>1</sup>
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| Matthew 15:6
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| * τον λογον (see Mark 7:13) — Alexandrian mss, Θ, 700, 1230
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| * τον νομον — א<sup>*</sup>, C, [[Uncial 084|084]], [[Family 13|''f''<sup>13</sup>]], 1010
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| * την εντολην — K, L, W, X, [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]], Π, [[Uncial 0106|0106]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, 33, 565, 1009, Byz
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| Matthew 15:8
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| * εγγιζει μοι ο λαος ουτος τω στοματι αυτων και (''These people draw near to Me with their mouth and'') — C W 0106 (''f''<sup>1</sup>) Byz
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| * ο λαος ουτος (''These people'') — א B D L Θ 084 ''f''<sup>13</sup> 33 700 892 1424
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| Gospel of Mark 1:13
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| * και ην εν τη ερημω — א, A, B, D, L, Θ, 33, [[Minuscule 579|579]], 892, 1342, [[Minuscule 2427|2427]]
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| * και ην εκει εν τη ερημω — W, Δ, [[Minuscule 157|157]], 1241, Byz, TR
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| * και ην εκει — 28, [[Minuscule 517|517]], 565, 700, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, [[Family Π]], syr<sup>s</sup>
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| * Omit — ''f''<sup>13</sup>
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| * Hiatus — C, Ψ, syr<sup>c</sup>
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| Gospel of Mark 4:24
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| * και προστεθησεται υμιν — Alexandrian mss
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| * και προστεθησεται υμιν τοις ακουουσιν — mss of the Byzantine text-type
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| * omit — D, W, 565
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| Gospel of Mark 6:33
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| * εκει και προηλθον αυτους — Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, [[Uncial 0187|0187]] (omit εκει), 892, [[Lectionary 49|'''ℓ''' ''49'']], [[Lectionary 69|'''ℓ''' ''69'']], [[Lectionary 70|'''ℓ''' ''70'']], [[Lectionary 299|'''ℓ''' ''299'']], [[Lectionary 303|'''ℓ''' ''303'']], '''ℓ''' ''333'', '''ℓ''' ''1579'', ('''ℓ''' ''950'' αυτους), it<sup>aur</sup>, vg, ([[Coptic versions of the Bible|cop<sup>sa,bo</sup>]])
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| * εκει και προσηλθον αυτοις — Codex Regius, [[Minuscule 1241|1241]], (Δ, Θ, [[Lectionary 10|'''ℓ''' ''10'']] αυτοις), [[Lectionary 12|'''ℓ''' ''12'']], [[Lectionary 80|'''ℓ''' ''80'']], [[Lectionary 184|'''ℓ''' ''184'']], [[Lectionary 211|'''ℓ''' ''211'']], '''ℓ''' ''1127'', arm, geo
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| * εκει και συνηλθον αυτου — Codex Bezae (gr), 28, 700
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| * εκει και ηλθον αυτου — 565, it<sup>(a),d,ff,i,r</sup>, [[Diatessaron]]
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| * και ηλθον εκει — ''f''<sup>1</sup>
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| * προηλθον αυτον εκει — [[Peshitta]]
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| * προς αυτους και συνηλθον προς αυτον — 33
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| * εκει και προηλθον αυτοις και συνηλθον προς αυτον — K, Π, (''f''<sup>13</sup> συνεισηλθον προς αυτους), 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz
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| * εκει και προηλθον αυτοις και συνεδραμον προς αυτον — A
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| * εκει — codex W, [[Lectionary 150|'''ℓ''' ''150'']], it<sup>c</sup>
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| Mark 6:51
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| * εξισταντο — Alexandrian mss, 28, vg, syr<sup>s</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup> geo
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| * εξεπλησσοντο — ''f''<sup>1</sup>
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| * εξισταντο και αθαυμαζον — A D K W X Θ Π ''f''<sup>13</sup> 33 565 700 Byzantine mss
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| * αθαυμαζον και εξισταντο — [[Minuscule 517|517]] [[Minuscule 1424|1424]] Peshitta
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| Mark 7:8
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| * βαπτισμους ξεστων και ποτηριων και αλλα παρομοια τοιαυτα πολλα ποιειτε (''the washing of pitchers and cups, and many other such things you do'') – (Α) ''f''<sup>13</sup> Byz vg (syr<sup>p</sup>) syr<sup>h</sup>
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| Mark 9:49
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| * πας γαρ πυρι αλισθησεται – Alexandrian and Caesarean mss
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| * πασα γαρ θυσια αλι αλισθησεται – Western mss
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| * πας γαρ πυρι αλισθησεται και πασα θυσια αλι αλισθησεται – Byzantine mss
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| Luke 2:38
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| * καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (''and that hour'') — Alexandrian
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| * καὶ αὕτη αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ (''and she in that hour'') — Caesarean and Byzantine
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| Luke 7:10
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| * δουλον — p<sup>45</sup> א B L W ''f''<sup>1</sup> 700 892 1241 it syr<sup>s, pal</sup> cop<sup>sa, bo</sup> ath? geo
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| * ασθενουντα — D d
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| * ασθενουντα δουλον — A C K X Δ Θ Π ''f''<sup>13</sup> 28 33 565 892 1009 1010 1071 1079 1195 1216 1230 1242 1253 1344 1365 1546 1646 2148 2174 Byz Lect it<sup>f</sup> vg syr<sup>p, h</sup> goth arm eth? Diatessaron
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| Luke 12:14
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| * κριτην η μεριστην — Alexandrian mss, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 700, 1241
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| * δικαστην η μεριστην — A, K, W, X, Δ, Θ, Π, [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], 565, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz
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| * μεριστην η δικαστην — 472, '''ℓ''' ''1642'', eth
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| * κριτην η δικαστην — [[Minuscule 69|69]]
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| * αρχοντα και δικαστην — [[Minuscule 157|157]]
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| * κριτην — D, it<sup>(a), c, d</sup>
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| * δικαστην — 28
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| * μεριστην — cop<sup>sa</sup><sup><sup>mss</sup></sup>
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| Last verse in Gospel of Luke (24:53)
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| * ευλογουντες τον θεον ("blessing God") — Alexandrian
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| * αινουντες τον θεον ("praising God") — Western
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| * αινουντες και ευλογουντες τον θεον ("praising and blessing God") — Byzantine
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| John 1:18
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| * ο μονογενης υιος — A, C<sup>3</sup>, K, X, Δ, Θ, Π, [[Uncial 063|063]], [[Uncial 0234|0234]], ''f''<sup>1</sup>, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 28, 565, 700, 892, 1009, 1010, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1546, 1646, 2148, Byz
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| * ο μονογενης θεος — p<sup>75</sup>, א<sup>c</sup>, 33, cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| * μονογενης θεος — Alexandrian mss
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| Acts 20:28
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| * του Θεου (''of the God'') — א B 614 1175 2495 al vg sy bo<sup>ms</sup>
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| * του κυριου (''of the Lord'') — [[Papyrus 74]] [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] C* D [[Codex Laudianus|E]] Ψ 33 [[Minuscule 36|36]] [[Minuscule 453|453]] [[Minuscule 945|945]] [[Minuscule 1739|1739]] [[Minuscule 1891|1891]]
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| * του κυριου και του Θεου (''of the Lord and God'') — C<sup>3</sup> Byz
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| Acts 27:41
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| : υπο της βιας των κυματων — <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>74</sup>, C, P, 049, 056, 0142, (א<sup>c</sup>, [[Minuscule 104|104]] απο), 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, ([[Minuscule 629|629]] των ανεμων), 630, 945, 1241, 1505, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr<sup>p, h</sup>, cop, eth<sup>pp</sup>
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| : υπο της βιας — א, A, B, arm, geo
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| : υπο των κυματων — Ψ ('''ℓ''' ''1441'' των κυματων with obeli and omitted υπο)
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| In Romans 8:1
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| : Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it<sup>d, g</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, eth
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| : Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, [[Codex Claromontanus|D<sup>b</sup>]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], [[Minuscule 81|81]], 629, 2127, vg
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| : Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – א<sup>c</sup>, D<sup>c</sup>, [[Codex Mosquensis I|K]], [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], 33, [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], ([[Minuscule 436|436]] omit μη), [[Minuscule 456|456]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], [[Minuscule 1241|1241]], 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect<ref>UBS3, p. 548. </ref>
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| 1 Corinthians 2:1
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| : μυστηριον – <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א, Α, C, 88, 436, it<sup>a,r</sup>, syr<sup>p</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| : μαρτυριον – B D G P Ψ 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr<sup>h</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup> arm eth
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| : ευαγγελιον – Theodoret
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| : σωτηριον – 489, '''ℓ''' ''598''<sup>pt</sup>, '''ℓ''' ''599''<ref>UBS3, p. 581. </ref>
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| 1 Corinthians 7:5
| |
| : τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth
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| : τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') – א<sup>c</sup>, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr<sup>p,h</sup>, goth; there is also reading τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'') – 330, 451, John of Damascus.<ref>UBS3, p. 591. </ref>
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| 1 Corinthians 11:24
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| : υμων — <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א*, A, B, C*, 33, 1739, arm
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| : υμων κλωμενον — א<sup>c</sup>, C<sup>3</sup>, D<sup>b,c</sup>, G, K, Ψ, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739<sup>mg</sup>, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
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| : υμων θρυπτομενον — D<sup>gr</sup>
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| : υμων διδομενον — c, dem, f, t, x, z<sup>c</sup>, vg (''tradetur''), cop, eth
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| In Mark 6:33 and Luke 24:53 the Byzantine text-type looks like a combination of the Alexandrian and the Western text. In other cases the situation is more complicated. Mark 1:13 looks like a combination of the Alexandrian and the Caesarean text.
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| == Origin of the Byzantine text ==
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| Among those who believe that the Byzantine text is only a secondary witness to the autograph, there is some debate concerning the origin of the Byzantine text and the reason for its widespread use. The suggestions that have been put forward are:
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| * That [[Lucian of Antioch]] used his [[Textual criticism|text critical]] skills to produce a [[recension]]. ([[Jerome]] makes reference to Lucian's recension of the old testament only).
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| * That [[Constantine I]] paid for the wide distribution of manuscripts which came from a common source. (There are several references by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to Constantine paying for [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|manuscript production]]).
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| * That after the [[Western Roman Empire]] stopped using Greek, and because of [[Barbarian]] and [[Muslim]] invasions, eliminating the possibility for either [[Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] or [[Early centers of Christianity#Caesarea|Caesarea]] to exercise any further influence on the text of the Greek New Testament.<ref>{{Cite book
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| | last = Aland
| |
| | first = Kurt
| |
| | authorlink = Kurt Aland
| |
| | coauthors = and Barbara Aland; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
| |
| | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
| |
| | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
| |
| | year = 1995
| |
| | location = Grand Rapids
| |
| | page = 67
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn = 0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> The only church to actively preserve the Greek text was the [[Byzantine church]], which exercised central control from the [[Apostolic See]] of [[Early centers of Christianity#Antioch|Antioch]] and withstood the Muslims until the 15th century, see also [[State church of the Roman Empire]].
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| The standard Byzantine text used by the Eastern, Greek-speaking Greek Orthodox Church is supported by late minuscule manuscripts dating after the 4th century. However, some are earlier and a few papyri are also classified here. The early Byzantine text is near to the Alexandrian text in that it differs from the late Byzantine text in roughly 3000 places. Kurt Aland did not consider early Byzantine families such as E and Π to be classified as Byzantine manuscripts. He placed some of them into Category III of the Greek New Testament manuscripts. Aland placed all manuscripts with standard Byzantine text into Category V.
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| == The Textus Receptus ==
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| The first printed edition of the Greek New Testament was completed by [[Erasmus]] and published by [[Johann Froben]] of Basel on March 1, 1516 ([[Novum Instrumentum omne]]). Due to the pressure of his publisher to bring their edition to market before the competing [[Complutensian Polyglot Bible|Complutensian Polyglot]], Erasmus based his work on around a half-dozen manuscripts, all of which dated from the twelfth century or later; and all but one were of the Byzantine text-type. Six verses that were not witnessed in any of these sources, he back-translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]], and Erasmus also introduced many readings from the Vulgate and [[Church Fathers]]. This text came to be known as the ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' or ''received text'' after being thus termed by [[Bonaventura Elzevir]], an enterprising publisher from the Netherlands, in his 1633 edition of Erasmus' text. The New Testament of the [[King James Version]] of the Bible was translated from editions of what was to become the ''Textus Receptus''. The different Byzantine "Majority Text" of Hodges & Farstad as well as Robinson & Pierpont is called "Majority" because it is considered to be the Greek text established on the basis of the reading found in the vast majority of the Greek manuscripts. The Textus Receptus differs from the Majority Text in 1,838 Greek readings, of which 1,005 represent "translatable" differences.<ref>Michael D. Marlowe states:[http://www.bible-researcher.com/majority.html] ''yet it differs from the Received Text in about a thousand places, most of them being trivial.'' while [[Daniel B. Wallace]] [http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673] ''has counted 1,838 differences between it and the Textus Receptus''.</ref>
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| == Modern critical texts ==
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| [[Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann|Karl Lachmann]] (1850) was the first New Testament textual critic to produce an edition that broke with the ''Textus Receptus'', relying mainly instead on manuscripts from the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. Although the majority of New Testament textual critics now favor a text that is [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] in complexion, especially after the publication of [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]]'s edition, there remain some proponents of the Byzantine text-type as the type of text most similar to the autographs. These critics include the editors of the Hodges and Farstad text (cited below), and the Robinson and Pierpont text. Depending on which modern critical text is taken as an exemplar of the Alexandrian text-type, then this will differ from the Hodges and Farstad text in around 6,500 readings (Wallace 1989).
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| To give a feel for the difference between the Byzantine form of text and the [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism|Eclectic]] text, which is mainly Alexandrian in character, of 800 variation units in the [[Epistle of James]] collected by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, the Byzantine and Eclectic texts are in agreement in 731 of the places (a rate of 92.3%). Many of the 69 disagreements involve differences in word order and other variants that do not appear as translatable differences in English versions. According to the preface to the [[New King James Version]] of the Bible, the [[Textus Receptus]], the [[Alexandrian text-type]] and the Byzantine text-type are 85% identical (that is, of the variations that occur in any manuscript, only 15% actually differ between these three).
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| The Byzantine type is also found in modern [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] editions. A new scholarly edition of the Byzantine Text of John's gospel, (funded by the [[United Bible Societies]] in response to a request from Eastern Orthodox Scholars), was begun in [[Birmingham]], UK. and in 2007, as a result of these efforts, ''The Gospel According to John'' in the Byzantine Tradition was issued.
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| Von Soden divided manuscripts of the Byzantine text into five groups:
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| * K<sup>x</sup> — no uncials, hundreds of minuscules, among them codex [[Minuscule 2|2]], [[Minuscule 3|3]], [[Minuscule 8|8]], 14, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76, 78, etc.
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| * K<sup>r</sup> — no uncials, no early minuscules, hundreds of minuscules: 18, 35, 55, 66, 83, 128, 141, 147, 155, 167, 170, 189, 201
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| * K<sup>1</sup> (subfamily of K<sup>x</sup>) — S V Ω 461
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| * K<sup>i</sup> (Family E) — [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|E]] [[Codex Boreelianus|F]] [[Codex Seidelianus I|G]] [[Codex Seidelianus II|H]]
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| * I<sup>k</sup> (also K<sup>a</sup>), now Family Π — (A) K Y Π; this subgroup is the oldest, but only 5% of manuscripts belong to it. Majority of them have text mixed with other Byzantine subfamilies.
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| Since the discovery of the [[Papyrus 45]], [[Papyrus 46]], and [[Papyrus 66]], proof is available that occasionally the Byzantine text preserves a reading that dates from early witness. Examples:
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| Luke 10:39
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| : Ιησου — p<sup>45</sup> p<sup>75</sup> A W Byz b
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| : κυριου — א B D L Ξ 579 892 cop<sup>bo</sup> syr<sup>c</sup>
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| Luke 10:42
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| : ενος δε εστιν χρεια — p<sup>45</sup> p<sup>75</sup> A C W Byz
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| : ολιγων δε χρεια εστιν η ενος — B
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| : ολιγων δε εστιν η ενος — א
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| : ολιγων δε εστιν χρεια — 38 syr<sup>pal</sup><ref>[[Gordon D. Fee]], ''P75, P66, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria'', p. 253.</ref>
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| Luke 11:33
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| : φῶς — א B F Θ ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup>
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| : φέγγος — p<sup>45</sup> 33 Byz
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| John 10:29
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| : ὃ ... μεῖζον — B it
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| : ὃς ... μείζων — p<sup>66</sup> ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup> Byz
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| John 11:32
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| : πρός — א B C* D L X
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| : εἰς — p<sup>66</sup> Θ Byz
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| John 13:26
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| : βάψας — א B C L X 33
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| : καὶ ἐμβάψας — p<sup>66<sup>c</sup></sup> A Θ
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| Acts 17:13
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| : ταράσσοντες —
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| : omitted — p<sup>45</sup> E Byz
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| 1 Corinthians 9:7
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| : τὸν καρπόν — א* A B D* G P
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| : ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ — p<sup>46</sup> Byz
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| Ephesians 5:9
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| : φωτός — א* A B D* G P
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| : πνεύματος — p<sup>46</sup> Byz
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| Philippians 1:14
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| : του θεου – א A B (D*) P Ψ 33 81 104 326 365 629 1175 1241 2464
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| : omitted – p<sup>46</sup> D<sup>2</sup> Byz
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| Other examples of Byzantine readings were found in p<sup>66</sup> in John 1:32; 3:24; 4:14.51; 5:8; 6:10.57; 7:3.39; 8:41.51.55; 9:23; 10:38; 12:36; 14:17. This supports the views of scholars such as Harry Sturz and Maurice Robinson that the roots of the Byzantine text may go back to a very early date; although Bruce Metzger points out that this cannot be taken to demonstrate that these readings were in the original text.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism'', Wm. B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids 1963, p. 38</ref> Some authors have interpreted this as a rehabilitation of Textus Receptus.<ref>[[Edward F. Hills]], ''Dean Burgon in the Light of Recent Research''; [[D. A. Waite]], ''Defending the King James Bible'', Bible For Today, Collingswood, New Jersey 2004.</ref> Many of these readings have substantial support from other text-types and they are not distinctively Byzantine. Daniel Wallace found only two agreements distinctively between papyrus and Byzantine readings.<ref>D. Wallace, ''The Majority Text Theory: History, Methods, and Critique'', in Studies & Documents 1995, p. 303</ref> Sturz's strongest point is the omission in Philippians 1:14, the reading adopted in NA26/UBS.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
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| == See also ==
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| === Families of the Byzantine text-type ===
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| * [[Family Π]]
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| * [[Family E]]
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| * [[Family K1|Family K<sup>1</sup>]]
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| * [[Family Kr|Family K<sup>r</sup>]]
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| * [[Family Kx|Family K<sup>x</sup>]]
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| ; Families associated with the Byzantine text
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| * [[Family 1424]]
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| * [[Family 1739]]
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| === Other text-types ===
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| * [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts]]
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| * [[Alexandrian text-type]]
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| * [[Caesarean text-type]]
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| * [[Western text-type]]
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| * [[Textus Receptus]]
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| === Critical text ===
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| * [[Novum Testamentum Graece]]
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| * [[Textual Criticism]]
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| * [[Conflation of Readings]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * [http://www.amazon.com/Greek-New-Testament-Beginning-Readers/dp/3941750240/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1281911821&sr=8-2 ''The Greek New Testament for Beginning Readers - Byzantine Textform'', The Greek Text & Verb Parsing as Compiled by Maurice A. Robinson & William G. Pierpont, Lexical Information & Layout by John Jeffrey Dodson, VTR Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-3-941750-24-1.]
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| * Harry A. Sturz, The Byzantine Text-Type & New Testament Textual Criticism (1984).
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| * ''The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text'', Second Edition, Edited by Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, 1985. ISBN 0-8407-4963-5.
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| * ''The New Testament in the Original Greek - Byzantine Textform 2005'', Edited by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, Chilton Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7598-0077-4.
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| * ''The King James Only Controversy 2009'', James R White, Bethany House. ISBN 0-7642-0605-2.
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| * "[http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673 Some Second Thoughts on the Majority Text]", Daniel B. Wallace, ''[[Bibliotheca Sacra]]'', vol. 146, 1989. 270-290.
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| * ''The Identity of the New Testament Text II'', Wilbur N. Pickering, http://www.revisedstandard.net/text/WNP/
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| * [http://www.bible-researcher.com/majority.html ''What about the Majority Text?'', Michael D. Marlowe] www.bible-researcher.com
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| * [[Bruce Metzger|Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', 1968 etc., Oxford University Press.
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| * B. M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary On The Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume To The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament'', 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 7*-9*, 15*-16*.
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| * M. A. Robinson, "The Case for Byzantine Priority", in: "Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism", ed. D. A. Black, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids: 2002, pp. 125–139
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| * Klaus Wachtel, ''Der Byzantinische Text Der Katholischen Briefe'' (Universität Münster, 1994).
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://byztxt.com/ Online version of ''The New Testament in the Original Greek – Byzantine Textform 2005'', Edited by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont]
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| * [http://openscriptures.org/prototypes/manuscript-comparator/ Comparison of the Byzantine/Majority Text with other manuscript editions] on the Manuscript Comparator
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| * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ByzPrior.html The Byzantine Priority Hypothesis] At the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
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| * [http://itsee.bham.ac.uk/iohannes/byzantine/transcriptions.htm The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition]
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| * Paulo José Benício, [http://www.mackenzie.br/fileadmin/Mantenedora/CPAJ/revista/VOLUME_VIII__2003__2/paulo_benicio.pdf ''O Texto Bizantino na Tradição Manuscrita do Novo Testamento Grego''] PDF {{pt icon}}
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| * [http://cspmt.org/ Center for Study and Preservation of the Majority Text]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Byzantine Text-Type}}
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| [[Category:New Testament text-types]]
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| [[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
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| [[Category:Christian terms]]
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| [[Category:Textual scholarship]]
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