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| {{Infobox software
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| | name = GNU Units
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| | title = Units
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| | logo = [[File:Heckert GNU white.svg|125px]]
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| | screenshot = <!-- [[File: ]] -->
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| | caption =
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| | collapsible =
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| | author =
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| | developer = [[GNU Project]]
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| | released = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
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| | discontinued =
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| | latest release version = 2.00<ref>{{cite mailing list |last=Mariano |first=Adrian |title=GNU Units 2.00 |publisher=lists.gnu.org |date=2012-07-02 |url=http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2012-07/msg00001.html |accessdate=2012-07-3}}</ref>
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| | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2012|07|02}}<!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
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| | latest preview version =
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| | latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
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| | frequently updated = <!-- DO NOT include this parameter unless you know what it does -->
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| | programming language =
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| | operating system = [[GNU/Linux]], [[FreeBSD]], [[NetBSD]], [[OpenBSD]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
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| | platform =
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| | size =
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| | language =
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| | status =
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| | genre = Utility
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| | license = [[GPLv3]]
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| | website = {{Official website|http://www.gnu.org/software/units/}}
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| }}
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| {{Portal|Free software}}
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| '''GNU Units''' is a [[cross-platform]] [[computer program]] for [[conversion of units]] of quantities. It has a database of [[Units of measurement|measurement units]], including [[List of strange units of measurement|esoteric]] and historical units. This for instance allows conversion of velocities specified in [[furlong]]s per [[fortnight]], and pressures specified in [[ton]]s per [[acre]]. Output units are checked for consistency with the input, allowing verification of conversion of complex expressions.
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| == History ==
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| GNU Units has been initially written by Adrian Mariano as an implementation of the "[[Units_(software)#units_.28UNIX_utility.29|units]]" [[UNIX]] utility, and distributed as [[free software]].
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| === units (UNIX utility) ===
| | Slightly older [http://Www.Tumblr.com/tagged/video+games video games] ought in order to mention be discarded. They can indeed be worth some money at several video retailers. Step buy and sell numerous game titles, you may also get your upcoming game at no cost!<br><br>If you've got to reload the best arms when playing conflict of clans hack this is definitely shooting entailed, always direct cover first. It genuinely is common for athletes to be gunned lowered while a reload is in fact happening, and you take a look at helplessly. Do And not let it happen you! Find somewhere so that you can conceal before you start off to reload.<br><br>You probably have little ones who have fun with video games, then you're aware challenging it really can be always to pull them out with the t. If you have any issues regarding where by and how to use clash of clans hack android - [http://prometeu.net prometeu.net] -, you can get hold of us at the [http://www.Wikipedia.org/wiki/website website]. v.. Their eye can prove stuck towards the maintain a record of for hours as they play their preferred exercises. If you want aid regulating your little ones clash of clans Hack time, then your pursuing article has some hints for you.<br><br>A marvelous method to please your children with a gaming device and ensure they remain fit is to obtain Wii. This console needs real task to play. Your children won't be lounging for hours on termination playing clash of clans hack. They are moving around as tips on how to play the games on this particular system.<br><br>Help keep your game just as much as possible. While car-preservation is a good characteristic, do not count into it. Particularly, when you the 1st time start playing a game, you may not experience any thought when often the game saves, which may likely result in a impede of significant info as time goes on. Until you learn about the sport better, consistently save yourself.<br><br>In order to some money on your company's games, think about checking into a assistance you simply can rent payments games from. The worth of these lease legal agreements for the year is regarded as normally under the amount of two video programs. You can preserve the video games titles until you control them and simply pass out them back again and purchase another one in particular.<br><br>Watch for game of the a year versions of major leaders. These often come out a yr or maybe more after the original title, but constitute lots of the online and extra content that had been released in stages big event first title. These games offer a additional bang for the bill. |
| The original ''units'' program has been a standard part of Unix since the early [[Bell Laboratories]] versions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unix Seventh Edition Manual|publisher=Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs|location=Murray Hill, NJ|url=http://plan9.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan/|year=1979|author=Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated|accessdate=2011-04-23}} Online archive of the manual pages included with the [[Seventh Edition Unix]] distribution tapes.
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| </ref> | |
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| === Other implementations ===
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| ''[http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/downloads/udunits/index.jsp UDUNITS]'' is a similar utility program, except that it has an additional programming [[Library (computing)|library]] interface and date conversion abilities. UDUNITS is considered the ''de facto'' program and library for variable unit conversion for [[netCDF]] files.<ref>As specified from several [[NetCDF]] conventions, e.g.: | |
| *'''COARDS'''—{{cite web|title=Conventions for the standardization of NetCDF files |date=1995-02-10 |url=http://ferret.wrc.noaa.gov/noaa_coop/coop_cdf_profile.html }}
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| *'''CF'''—{{cite web |title=NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions |url=http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cms/eaton/cf-metadata/CF-1.0.html |date=2003-10-28 }}</ref>
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| === The GNU implementation ===
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| GNU ''units'' includes several extensions to the original version, including
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| * Exponents can be written with '<code>^</code>' or '<code>**</code>'.
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| * Exponents can be larger than 9 if written with '<code>^</code>' or '<code>**</code>'.
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| * Sums of units (e.g., <code>{{nowrap|btu + ft lbf}}</code>) can be converted.
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| * Units that measure reciprocal dimensions can be converted (e.g., <code>S</code> to <code>megohm</code>).
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| * Parentheses for grouping are supported. The original version allowed only one solidus ('<code>/</code>'), which sometimes required rearrangement of complex expressions; the GNU version allows more natural expressions, such as in the example that follows.
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| * Roots of units (e.g., <code>{{nowrap|sqrt((lbf/inch) / lb)}}</code> can be computed.
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| * Nonlinear units conversions (e.g., °F to °C) are supported.
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| * Functions such as sin, cos, and log are included.
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| The [[plain text]] database ''units.dat'' is a good reference in itself, as it is extensively commented and cites numerous sources.
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| === Version history ===
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| The new release of GNU Units, version 2.0, has been released on July 2, 2012. It can calculate sums of units, such as hours and minutes or feet and inches. In addition, the software now uses the UTF-8 encoding.<ref>(German language) [http://www.linux-magazin.de/NEWS/GNU-Units-2.0-berechnet-Feet-und-Inches « GNU Units 2.0 berechnet Feet und Inches »], ''linux-magazin.de'', July 3, 2012.</ref> Since the new version can set units relative to environmental variables, units can be adjusted without changing the locale. In addition, the syntax has changed to define non-linear units, or also the database filename of your choice.
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| ==Usage==
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| ''Units'' will output the result of the conversion in two lines. Usually the first line (multiplication) is the desired result. The second line is the same conversion expressed as a division.
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| ''Units'' can also do math while converting, including several built in mathematical functions such as [[sine|sin]], [[cosine|cos]], [[arctangent|atan]], [[natural logarithm|log]], [[exponential function|exp]], etc.
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| If you attempt to convert types of measurements that are incompatible ''units'' will print a conformability error message and display a reduced form of each measurement.
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| ===Examples===
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| The examples that follow show results from GNU ''units'' version 1.88; GNU ''units'' versions 1.84c and earlier defined a [[furlong]] in terms of the [[U.S. survey foot]] rather than international [[foot (unit)|foot]], and will give slightly different results than the examples that involve furlongs.
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| ====Interactive mode====
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| <!-- GNU units version 1.88, Windows XP SP3 --> | |
| 2526 units, 72 prefixes, 56 nonlinear units
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| You have: 10 furlongs
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| You want: miles
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| * 1.25
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| / 0.8
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| You have: 1 gallon + 3 pints
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| You want: quarts
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| * 5.5
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| / 0.18181818
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| You have: sqrt(miles^2)
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| Definition: 1609.344 m
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| You have: 21 btu + 6500 ft lbf
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| You want: btu
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| * 29.352939
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| / 0.034068139
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| You have:
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| ===On the command line (non-interactive)====
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| <!-- GNU units version 1.88, Windows XP SP3, cmd.exe --> | |
| <source lang=cil>
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| C:\>units "ten furlongs per fortnight" "kilometers per hour"
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| * 0.0059871429
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| / 167.02458
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| </source>
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| <!-- GNU units version 1.88, Windows XP SP3, MKS C shell -->
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| <source lang=bash>
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| % units cup ounces
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| conformability error
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| 0.00023658824 m^3
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| 0.028349523 kg
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| </source>
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| ====Complex units expressions====
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| One form of the [[Darcy–Weisbach equation]] for [[fluid flow]] is
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| :<math>\Delta P = \frac {8} {\pi^2} \rho fL \frac {Q^2} {d^5} \,,</math>
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| where Δ''P'' is the pressure drop, ''ρ'' is the mass density, ''f'' is the (dimensionless) friction factor, ''L'' is the length of the pipe, ''Q'' is the volumetric flow rate, and ''d'' is the pipe diameter. It might be desirable to have the equation in the form
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| :<math>\Delta P = A_1 \,\rho fL \frac {Q^2} {d^5}</math>
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| that would accept typical US units; the constant ''A''<sub>1</sub> could be determined manually using the [[Units conversion by factor-label|unit-factor method]], but it could be determined more quickly and easily using ''units'': | |
| <!-- GNU units version 1.88, Windows XP SP3, MKS Korn shell -->
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| <source lang=bash>
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| $ units "(8/pi^2)(lbm/ft^3)ft(ft^3/s)^2(1/in^5)" psi
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| * 43.533969
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| / 0.022970568
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| </source>
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| Crane Technical Paper No. 410,<ref>
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| {{Cite book|title=''Technical Paper No. 410,'' Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe|publisher=Crane Co|location=New York|year=1985|url=http://www.flowoffluids.com/publications/crane-tp-410.aspx}}
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| </ref>
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| Eq. 3-5, gives the multiplicative value as 43.5.
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man1/units.1.php GNU Units man page]
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| *[http://units-in-java.sourceforge.net Java version of GNU Units]
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| *[http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/units.htm Native port for Windows of GNU Units]
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| *[http://www.unitsconvert.com On-line units converter based on Units]
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| *[http://www.units-converter.com A simple on-line converter based on Units]
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| [[Category:Cross-platform software]]
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| [[Category:Unix software]]
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| [[Category:GNU Project software]]
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| [[Category:Free mathematics software]]
| |
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