|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{correct title|ſ}}
| | For the offense, you might contain Gunboats which can extremely easily shoot at enemy defenses coming from a range and Landing Special creations which you must seal when you train types for example Rifleman, Heavy, Zooka, Warrior and Dive bombs. To your village defenses, you might offer structures like Mortar, Hardware Gun, Sniper Tower, Cannon, Flamethrower, Mine, Tank Mine, Boom Cannon and Catapult Launcher to assist your entire family eradicate enemies.<br><br>Video games are fun to compete against your kids. This can help you learn much more details your kid's interests. Sharing interests with children like this can likewise create great conversations. It also gives you an opportunity to monitor developing on their skills.<br><br>The particular clash of clans hack equipment and as a result tricks could be unbelievably handy in the position that you are an enthusiastic player of the diversion from unwanted feelings. The finest hack apparatuses tackle just around any doing work platform - Android and Apple iOS. You have the ability to exploit the obtain which can be used on your apple iphone 3gs or Android telephones.<br><br>It's possible, but the bulk of absence one daily schedule would abatement by sixty miles per hour one. 5% everything from 260 treasures to thousand gems. Or, in the you capital to generate up the 1 big day bulk at 260 gems, the band would take to acceleration added considerably and also 1 house warming would turn into put on expensive.<br><br>You should definitely may not let on-line computer games take over your daily life. If you liked this post and you would like to obtain much more facts regarding [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack tool no survey download] kindly go to our own web site. Game titles can be quite additive, this means you have to make sure you moderate the free time that you investing trying to play such games. Merchandise in your articles invest an excessive amount of time playing video game, your actual life could begin to falter.<br><br>It's tough to select the most advisable xbox game gaming multilevel. In the beginning, you should think of your standard requirements to be a video game player, as well as check out the specs made available from each unit you are deciding on. Consider investigating on-line. Check credentials to ascertain if more gamers have discovered difficulties with the unit. In order to buying a game process, you should know possibly you are able to help regarding it.<br><br>Now that you have read this composition, you need to a good easier time locating as well as , loving video games on your life. Notwithstanding your [http://pinterest.com/search/pins/?q=favored favored] platform, from your cellphone for the own computer, playing and enjoying video gaming enable you to take the advantage of the worries of the particular busy week get details. |
| {{Distinguish2 | the letter "ʃ" ([[Esh (letter)|Esh]])}}
| |
| [[File:Long-s-US-Bill-of-Rights.jpg|thumb|250px|An italicized long ''s'' used in the word "Congress" in the [[United States Bill of Rights]] ]]
| |
| The '''long''', '''medial''', or '''descending''' '''s''' ('''ſ''') is a form of the [[Lower case|minuscule]] letter ''[[s]]'', which was formerly used where ''s'' occurred in the middle or at the beginning of a word (e.g "ſinfulneſs" "sinfulness"). The modern [[letterform]] was called the ''terminal'', ''round'', or ''short'' s.
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| [[File:Old Roman Cursive S.png|thumb|100px|left|The medial 's' in Old Roman cursive]]
| |
| [[File:Milton paradise.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Title page]] of [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', featuring an "ſt" [[ligature (typography)|ligature]]]]
| |
| [[File:5th6thEdition.jpeg|thumb|5th edition of ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 1817, top, compared to the 6th edition of 1823; the only change was the removal of the long s from the font]]
| |
| The long ''s'' was derived from the old [[Roman cursive]] medial ''s''. When the distinction between [[majuscule]] (uppercase) and [[Letter case|minuscule]] (lowercase) letter forms became established, [[Carolingian miniscule|toward the end of the eighth century]], it developed a more vertical form.<ref name = "A Ox">{{Citation | first = Lyn | last = Davies | title = A is for Ox | place = London | year = 2006 | publisher = Folio Society}}.</ref> During this period, it was occasionally used at the end of a word, a practice that quickly died but that was occasionally revived in [[Italy|Italian]] [[printing]] between about 1465 and 1480. Thus, the general rule that the long 's' "''never'' occurred at the end of a word" is not strictly correct, although the exceptions are rare and archaic. The double s in the middle of a word was often written with a long s and a short s, as in Miſsiſsippi.<ref>Look at this map from 1800. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/LowsUSAmap_1.jpeg</ref> In German [[Blackletter|blackletter]], the rules are more complicated: short ''s'' also appears at the end of each component within a compound word.
| |
| | |
| The long ''s'' is often confused with the minuscule ''[[F|f]]'', sometimes even having an ''f''-like nub at its middle, but on the left side only, in various [[Roman type|Roman]] [[typeface]]s and in blackletter. There was no nub in its [[Italics|italic]] typeform, which gave the stroke a [[descender]] that curled to the left and which is not possible without [[kerning]] in the other typeforms mentioned. For this reason, the short ''s'' was also normally used in combination with ''f'': for example, in "ſatisfaction".
| |
| | |
| The nub acquired its form in the blackletter style of writing. What looks like one stroke was actually a wedge pointing downward. The wedge's widest part was at that height ([[x-height]]), and capped by a second stroke that formed an [[Ascender (typography)|ascender]] that curled to the right. Those styles of writing and their derivatives in type design had a cross-bar at the height of the nub for letters ''f'' and ''t'', as well as for ''k''. In Roman type, except for the cross bar on medial ''s'', all other cross bars disappeared. | |
| | |
| The long ''s'' was used in [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]] in various languages. Three examples were for ''si'', ''ss'', and ''st'', besides the [[German alphabet|German]] letter ''[[ß]]''. | |
| | |
| The long ''s'' fell out of use in Roman and italic typefaces well before the middle of the 19th century. In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766; in France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793; in Britain and in the United States, between 1795 and 1810. For example, in Spain, the multi-volume work, ''España Sagrada'', made the switch with volume 16 (1762); [[The Times]] of London made the switch with its issue of September 10, 1803; and in the United States, [[Act of Congress|acts of Congress]] were published with the long ''s'' throughout 1803, switching to the short ''s'' in 1804. But the statutes of Britain's colony, Nova Scotia, used the long ''s'' as late as 1816, and [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'s 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long s.<ref>{{Citation | title = Encyclopedia Britannica | edition = 5h | year = 1817}}.</ref> (Britannica's 6th edition, of 1823, used the modern s). In the U.S., another late use of the long ''s'' was in [[Low's Encyclopaedia]] which was published between 1805 and 1811. Its reprint in 1816 was one of the last such uses in America.
| |
| | |
| This change may have been spurred by the fact that long ''s'' looks somewhat like an ''f'' (in both its Roman and italic forms), whereas short ''s'' did not have this disadvantage, making it easier to identify, especially for people with visual problems.
| |
| | |
| Despite its disappearance from printed works, the long ''s'' in England survived in handwriting into the 1860s. The long ''s'' survives in [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]] typefaces.
| |
| | |
| When a font containing the long ''s'' is used, German typographic rules require the common ''s'' to be used when it occurs singly at the end of a syllable, while the long ''s'' is used at the beginning of a syllable (more detailed rules are given for other cases).
| |
| | |
| Greek [[Sigma (letter)|sigma]] also features an initial/medial σ and a final ς, which may have supported the idea of such specialized ''s'' forms. In Renaissance Europe a significant fraction of the literate class was familiar with Ancient Greek.
| |
| | |
| The present-day German letter ''[[ß]]'' (''das Eszett'' "''the ess-zed''", or ''scharfes-ess'' "the sharp S"; also used in [[Low German]] and historical [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] orthographies) is considered to have originated in a [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of ''ſz'' (which is supported by the fact that the second part of the ''ß'' [[glyph]] usually resembles a [[Fraktur]] ''z''), or ''ſs'' (see [[ß]] for more), or some [[Tironian note]]s.<ref>{{Citation | first = Max | last = Bollwage | language = German | contribution = Ist das Eszett ein lateinischer Gastarbeiter? | title = Gutenberg-Jahrbuch | trans_title = Gutenberg yearbook | year = 1999 | place = Mainz, [[Germany | DE]] | ISBN = 3-7755-1999-8 | pages = 35–41}}. Cited and discussed in {{Citation | language = German | first = Uta | last = Stötzner | title = Die Geschichte des versalen Eszetts | journal = Signa | volume = 9 | pages = 21–22 | publisher = Grimma | place = DE | year = 2006 | ISBN = 3-933629-17-9}}.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Some old orthographic systems of Slavonic and Baltic languages used ''ſ'' and ''s'' as two separate letters with different phonetic values. For example, the [[Bohorič alphabet]] of the [[Slovene Language|Slovene language]] included ſ /s/, s /z/, ſh /ʃ/, sh /ʒ/. In the original version of the alphabet, magiscule ''S'' was shared by both letters; later a modified character ''Ş'' became counterpart of ''ſ''.
| |
| | |
| Also, some Latin alphabets devised in the 1920s for some [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] used the ''ſ'' for some specific sounds.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4162.pdf | title = Proposal to encode Latin letters used in the Former Soviet Union (in Unicode) | publisher = DK UUG | format = [[PDF]] | place = [[Denmark |DK]]}}.</ref> These orthographies were in actual use until 1938.<ref>{{Citation | first = Andreas | last = Frings | title = Sowjetische Schriftpolitik zwischen 1917 und 1941 – eine handlungstheoretische Analyse | trans_title = Soviet scripts politics between 1917 and 1941 — an action‐theoretical analysis | place = Stuttgart, DE | language = Germany | year = 2007 | ISBN = 978-3-515-08887-9}}.</ref> Some of these had developed a capital form which roughly resembles a smoothed variant of the letter {{unichar|0295|LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE}}.
| |
| [[File:Udin latin alphabet-1934.jpeg|thumb|250px|[[Udi language |Udi]] alphabet table from a 1934 book, showing a capital long s near the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> column]]
| |
| | |
| ==Modern usage==
| |
| [[File:CycleDesign Kopie.jpg|thumb|250px|Long ''s'' in [[Berlin]], 2002]]
| |
| | |
| In Unicode:
| |
| {{charmap|17f|name1=Latin small letter long s}}
| |
| | |
| The long ''s'' survives in elongated form, with an italic-styled curled descender, as the [[integral]] symbol {{unicode |∫}} used in [[calculus]]; [[Gottfried Leibniz | Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz]] based the character on the Latin ''summa'' "sum", which he wrote ''ſumma''. This use first appeared publicly in his paper ''De Geometria'', published in ''[[Acta Eruditorum]]'' of June 1686,<ref>{{Citation | title = Mathematics and its History | first = John | last = Stillwell | publisher = Springer | year = 1989 | page = 110}}.</ref> but he had been using it in private manuscripts at least since 1675.<ref>{{Citation | title = Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz | first = JM | last = Child | publisher = Open Court | year = 1920 | pages = 73–74, 80}}.</ref> The following represents the integral of a function of ''x'' over the interval [''a'',''b'']:
| |
| :<math>\int\limits_a^b f(x)\;\mathrm{d}x</math>
| |
| | |
| In linguistics, similar character ({{IPA|ʃ}}, called "[[Esh (letter)|esh]]"), is used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], in which it represents the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]], the first sound in the English word ''shun''. | |
| | |
| In Scandinavian and German-speaking countries, relics of the long ''s'' continue to be seen in signs and logos that use various forms of [[Fraktur (script)|fraktur]] typefaces. Examples include the logos of the Norwegian newspapers ''[[Aftenposten|Aftenpoſten]]'' and ''[[Adresseavisen|Adresſeaviſen]]''; the packaging logo for Finnish ''[[Sisu (candy)|Siſu]]'' pastilles; and the [[Jägermeister|Jägermeiſter]] logo.
| |
| | |
| ==Shilling mark==
| |
| Another survival of the long ''s'' was the abbreviation used in British English for ''[[Shilling|shilling]]'', as in "5∕–", where the shilling mark "∕" stood in for the long ''s'', which had been long forgotten by all but antiquarians.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fowler | first= Francis George| title= The concise Oxford dictionary of current English| page = 829 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=p35JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA829&dq="long+s"+shilling}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Humor==
| |
| The similarity between the printed long ''s'' (''ſ'') and ''f'' and modern-day unfamiliarity with the former letter-form has been the subject of much humour based on the intentional misreading of ''s'' as ''f'', e.g. pronouncing ''[[Greensleeves]]'' as ''Greenfleeves'' and ''song'' as ''fong'' in a [[Flanders and Swann]] monologue<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beachmedia.com/gorbuduc.html| publisher = Beach media | title= The Greensleeves Monologue Annotated}}</ref> or mispronouncing "pursuit of happiness" as "purfuit of happinefs", as Benjamin Franklin did in [[Stan Freberg]]'s skit, "The Declaration of Independence, or, A Man Can't Be Too Careful What He Signs These Days" from ''[[Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America Volume One: The Early Years|Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America, Volume One]]''.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[ß]] (Eszett)
| |
| *[[Esh (letter)]]
| |
| *[[Integral sign]]
| |
| *[[R rotunda]]
| |
| | |
| ==Notes==
| |
| {{Reflist |64em}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{Wiktionary}}
| |
| {{Commons|Langes s}}
| |
| *{{Citation | url = http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/long-s.html | first = James | last = Mosley | contribution = Long s | title = Type foundry | type = blog | format = Blogspot | publisher = Google |date=Jan 2008}}.
| |
| *{{Citation | url = http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_110.html | title = Classics | publisher = The Straight Dope | contribution = Long ''s''}}.
| |
| *{{Citation | first = Andrew | last = West | author-link = Andrew West |date=Jun 2006 | title = Babelstone | publisher = Google | type = blog | url = http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/06/rules-for-long-s.html | contribution = The Rules for Long S}}.
| |
| *{{Citation | first = Andrew | last = West | author-link = Andrew West |date=Jun 2006 | title = Babelstone | publisher = Google | type = blog | url = http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/07/long-and-short-of-letter-s.html | contribution = The Long and the Short of the Letter S | author-mask = 3}}.
| |
| *{{Citation | url = http://www.unknown.nu/misc/declaration | title = The American Declaration of Independence with long s | publisher = Unknown | place = NU}}.
| |
| | |
| {{Latin alphabet}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:S - Long}}
| |
| [[Category:History of the English language]]
| |
| [[Category:Typography]]
| |
| [[Category:Palaeographic letter variants]]
| |
| [[Category:Uncommon Latin letters]]
| |
| | |
| {{Link GA|de}}
| |
For the offense, you might contain Gunboats which can extremely easily shoot at enemy defenses coming from a range and Landing Special creations which you must seal when you train types for example Rifleman, Heavy, Zooka, Warrior and Dive bombs. To your village defenses, you might offer structures like Mortar, Hardware Gun, Sniper Tower, Cannon, Flamethrower, Mine, Tank Mine, Boom Cannon and Catapult Launcher to assist your entire family eradicate enemies.
Video games are fun to compete against your kids. This can help you learn much more details your kid's interests. Sharing interests with children like this can likewise create great conversations. It also gives you an opportunity to monitor developing on their skills.
The particular clash of clans hack equipment and as a result tricks could be unbelievably handy in the position that you are an enthusiastic player of the diversion from unwanted feelings. The finest hack apparatuses tackle just around any doing work platform - Android and Apple iOS. You have the ability to exploit the obtain which can be used on your apple iphone 3gs or Android telephones.
It's possible, but the bulk of absence one daily schedule would abatement by sixty miles per hour one. 5% everything from 260 treasures to thousand gems. Or, in the you capital to generate up the 1 big day bulk at 260 gems, the band would take to acceleration added considerably and also 1 house warming would turn into put on expensive.
You should definitely may not let on-line computer games take over your daily life. If you liked this post and you would like to obtain much more facts regarding clash of clans hack tool no survey download kindly go to our own web site. Game titles can be quite additive, this means you have to make sure you moderate the free time that you investing trying to play such games. Merchandise in your articles invest an excessive amount of time playing video game, your actual life could begin to falter.
It's tough to select the most advisable xbox game gaming multilevel. In the beginning, you should think of your standard requirements to be a video game player, as well as check out the specs made available from each unit you are deciding on. Consider investigating on-line. Check credentials to ascertain if more gamers have discovered difficulties with the unit. In order to buying a game process, you should know possibly you are able to help regarding it.
Now that you have read this composition, you need to a good easier time locating as well as , loving video games on your life. Notwithstanding your favored platform, from your cellphone for the own computer, playing and enjoying video gaming enable you to take the advantage of the worries of the particular busy week get details.