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{{About|a unit of plane angle|the grade of an inclined surface, i.e. gradient, slope, or pitch|grade (slope)|the gradient in vector calculus|gradient|the radian unit|radian}}
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The '''gradian''' is a unit of plane [[angle]], equivalent to {{frac|1|400}} of a [[turn (geometry)|turn]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf|page=12|date=2005|publisher=Institut Géographique National|author=Patrick Bouron|accessdate=2011-07-07|title=Cartographie: Lecture de Carte}}</ref>
 
It is also known as '''gon''', '''grad''', or '''grade'''. One grad equals {{frac|9|10}} of a [[degree (angle)|degree]] or {{frac|[[pi|π]]|200}} of a radian. In continental [[Europe]], the French term ''centigrade'' was in use for one hundredth of a grad, and the term ''myriograde'' was in use for one ten-thousandth of a grad. This was one reason for the adoption of the term [[Celsius]] to replace centigrade as the name of the temperature scale.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
 
== History ==
The unit originated in [[France]] as the ''grade'', along with the [[metric system]]. Due to confusion with existing ''grad(e)'' units of northern Europe, the name ''gon'' was later adopted, first in those regions, later as the international standard. In [[German language|German]], the unit was formerly also called ''Neugrad'' (new degree), likewise ''Nygrad'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] (also ''Gradian''), and ''Nýgráða'' in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]].
 
Although attempts at a general introduction were made, the unit was really only adopted in some countries and for specialised areas, like [[surveying]]. The French artillery has used the grad for decades. The degree, {{frac|1|360}} of a circle, or the mathematically more convenient radian, {{frac|1|(2π)}} of a circle (used in the [[SI]] system of units) are generally used instead. In the 1970s and 80s most [[scientific calculator]]s offered the grad as well as radians and degrees for their [[trigonometric functions]], but in recent years most offer degrees and radians only{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}.
 
The international standard symbol for this unit today is "gon" (see [[ISO 31-1]]). Other symbols used in the past include "gr", "grd", and "g", the last sometimes written as a superscript, similarly to a degree sign: 50<sup>g</sup> = 45°. "Grad" was commonly used on calculators with LCD displays, as "DEG", "GRAD", and "RAD" could all be represented as a subsection of a panel with the letters "DEGRAD".
 
==Benefits==
 
Each quadrant is assigned a range of 100 gon, which eases recognition of the four quadrants, as well as arithmetic involving perpendicular or opposite angles.
{|
|-
|align="right"| 0° ||align="center"| = ||align="right"| 0 gon
|-
|align="right"| 90° ||align="center"| = ||align="right"| 100 gon
|-
|align="right"| 180° ||align="center"| = ||align="right"| 200 gon
|-
|align="right"| 270° ||align="center"| = ||align="right"| 300 gon
|-
|align="right"| 360° ||align="center"| = ||align="right"| 400 gon
|-
|}
 
One advantage of this unit is that right angles are easy to add and subtract in mental arithmetic. If one is traveling on a course of 117 gon (clockwise from due North), say, then the direction from one's left is instantly convertible into 17 gon; while the direction from one's right is 217 gon; and the direction from behind one is 317 gon. A disadvantage is that the common angles of 30° and 60° in geometry must be expressed in fractions (33{{frac|1|3}} gon and 66{{frac|2|3}} gon, respectively). Similarly, in one hour ({{frac|1|24}} day), Earth rotates by 15° or 16{{frac|2|3}} gon.
 
Originally, 1 gon of arc along the Earth's surface was equal to 100 kilometers of distance at the [[equator]]; therefore 1 centigrad of arc equals 1 kilometer.<ref>[http://webdav-noauth.unit-c.fr/files/perso/pbarbier/cours_unit/Elements_de_base_de_la_cartographie.pdf Cartographie – lecture de carte – Partie H Quelques exemples à retenir]</ref>
 
Gradians are also convenient when working with vectors on the [[complex plane]]. The exponent of the [[imaginary unit]] on any given vector is equal to its angle (''argument'') in hectogradians (100 gon) from the positive x-axis: <math>i^n</math> has an argument of <math>100n</math> gradians.
 
==Use in surveying ==
In surveying, the gradian is the default unit of angles in many parts of the world. Subdivisions of gradian used in surveying are c's (1 c = 0.01 grad) and cc's (1 cc = 0.0001 grad).
 
== Conversion of some common angles ==
{|class = wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! Units !! colspan=13 | Values
|-
|style = "background:#f2f2f2; text-align:left;" | '''[[Turn (geometry)|Turns]]'''&nbsp;&nbsp;
|style = "width:3em;" | 0
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/24
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/12
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/10
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/8
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/6
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/5
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/4
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/3
|style = "width:3em;" | 2/5
|style = "width:3em;" | 1/2
|style = "width:3em;" | 3/4
|style = "width:3em;" | 1
|-
|style = "background:#f2f2f2; text-align:left;" | '''[[Radian]]s'''
| 0
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{12}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{6}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{5}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{3}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{2\pi}{5}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{\pi}{2}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{2\pi}{3}</math>
| <math>\tfrac{4\pi}{5}</math>
| <math>\pi\,</math>
| <math>\tfrac{3\pi}{2}</math>
| <math>2\pi\,</math>
|-
|style = "background:#f2f2f2; text-align:left;" | '''[[Degree (angle)|Degrees]]'''&nbsp;&nbsp;
|style = "width:3em;" | 0°
|style = "width:3em;" | 15°
|style = "width:3em;" | 30°
|style = "width:3em;" | 36°
|style = "width:3em;" | 45°
|style = "width:3em;" | 60°
|style = "width:3em;" | 72°
|style = "width:3em;" | 90°
|style = "width:3em;" | 120°
|style = "width:3em;" | 144°
|style = "width:3em;" | 180°
|style = "width:3em;" | 270°
|style = "width:3em;" | 360°
|-
|style = "background:#f2f2f2; text-align:left;" | '''Grads'''
| 0<sup>g</sup>
| 16⅔<sup>g</sup>
| 33⅓<sup>g</sup>
| 40<sup>g</sup>
| 50<sup>g</sup>
| 66⅔<sup>g</sup>
| 80<sup>g</sup>
| 100<sup>g</sup>
| 133⅓<sup>g</sup>
| 160<sup>g</sup>
| 200<sup>g</sup>
| 300<sup>g</sup>
| 400<sup>g</sup>
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Angular frequency]]
* [[Angular mil]] (military measurement)
* [[Harmonic analysis]]
* [[Steradian]] (the "square radian")
* [[Trigonometry]]
 
== References ==
<references/>
 
==External links==
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Gradian.html Gradian] at [[MathWorld]]
* [http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55451.html Ask Dr Math]
* [http://www.sizes.com/units/grade.htm grade]
* [http://www.sizes.com/units/gon.htm gon]
* [http://www.sizes.com/units/temperature_centigrade.htm centigrade]
* [http://www.cleavebooks.co.uk/dictunit/notesa.htm Dictionary of Units]
 
[[Category:Units of angle]]
[[Category:Decimalisation]]

Revision as of 19:26, 2 March 2014

When you compare registry products there are a amount of items to look out for. Because of the sheer amount of for registry products accessible on the Internet at when it may be quite effortless to be scammed. Something usually overlooked is the fact that a few of these cleaners might in actual fact end up damaging the PC. And the registry they say they have cleaned might simply lead to more issues with a computer than the ones you started with.

Document files enable the user to input data, images, tables and additional elements to improve the presentation. The only issue with this structure compared to other file kinds such as .pdf for example is its ability to be commonly editable. This means which anybody watching the file may change it by accident. Also, this file formatting is opened by different programs but it does not guarantee which what we see inside the Microsoft Word application will still become the same when we see it using another program. However, it is very still preferred by most computer users for its ease of use and qualities.

One of the many overlooked reasons a computer may slow down is because the registry has become corrupt. The registry is basically a computer's operating program. Anytime you're running your computer, entries are being made and deleted from the registry. The effect this has is it leaves false entries in the registry. So, the computer's resources should work about these false entries.

Fixing tcpip.sys blue screen is simple to do with registry repair software.Trying to fix windows blue screen error on a own may be challenging considering when you remove or damage the registry it may cause serious damage to the computer. The registry should be cleaned and all erroneous plus incomplete information removed to stop blue screen mistakes from occurring.The advantage of registry repair software is not limited to really getting rid of the blue screen on business.You may be surprised at the better plus more improved speed plus performance of the computer system following registry cleaning is completed. Registry cleaning can definitely develop a computer's functioning abilities, incredibly whenever we choose a certain registry repair software which is pretty effective.

The registry reviver could come because standard with a back up and restore facility. This ought to be an convenient to implement task.That means which in the event you encounter a problem with the PC following utilizing a registry cleaning you are able to merely restore the settings.

Active X controls are utilized across the whole spectrum of computer and web technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet plus as the glue that puts it all together. It is a standard that is selected by all programmers to create the web more beneficial and interactive. Without these control guidelines there would basically be no public web.

To speed up a computer, you merely should be capable to get rid of all these junk files, allowing your computer to locate just what it wants, whenever it wants. Luckily, there's a tool that allows us to do this conveniently plus fast. It's a tool called a 'registry cleaner'.

Thus, the best thing to do whenever the computer runs slow is to buy an authentic and legal registry repair tool which would enable you eliminate all issues related to registry plus enable you enjoy a smooth running computer.

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