Shapiro's lemma: Difference between revisions
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In [[physics]] and in the [[mathematics]] of [[plane curve]]s, '''Cotes's spiral''' (also written '''Cotes' spiral''' and '''Cotes spiral''') is a [[spiral]] that is typically written in one of three forms | |||
:<math> | |||
\frac{1}{r} = A \cos\left( k\theta + \varepsilon \right) | |||
</math> | |||
:<math> | |||
\frac{1}{r} = A \cosh\left( k\theta + \varepsilon \right) | |||
</math> | |||
:<math> | |||
\frac{1}{r} = A \theta + \varepsilon | |||
</math> | |||
where ''r'' and ''θ'' are the radius and [[azimuthal angle]] in a [[polar coordinate system]], respectively, and ''A'', ''k'' and ''ε'' are arbitrary [[real number]] constants. These spirals are named after [[Roger Cotes]]. The first form corresponds to an [[epispiral]], and the second to one of [[Poinsot's spirals]]; the third form corresponds to a ''[[hyperbolic spiral]]'', also known as a ''reciprocal spiral'', which is sometimes not counted as a Cotes's spiral.<ref> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| title = The sheer joy of celestial mechanics | |||
| author = Nathaniel Grossman | |||
| publisher = Springer | |||
| year = 1996 | |||
| isbn = 978-0-8176-3832-0 | |||
| page = 34 | |||
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=mms6MXH9CuoC&pg=PA34 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The significance of Cotes's spirals for physics is in the field of [[classical mechanics]]. These spirals are the solutions for the motion of a particle moving under a inverse-cube [[central force]], e.g., | |||
:<math> | |||
F(r) = \frac{\mu}{r^3} | |||
</math> | |||
where ''μ'' is any [[real number]] constant. A central force is one that depends only on the distance ''r'' between the moving particle and a point fixed in space, the center. In this case, the constant ''k'' of the spiral can be determined from μ and the [[areal velocity]] of the particle ''h'' by the formula | |||
:<math> | |||
k^{2} = 1 - \frac{\mu}{h^2} | |||
</math> | |||
when ''μ'' < ''h''<sup> 2</sup> ([[cosine]] form of the spiral) and | |||
:<math> | |||
k^{2} = \frac{\mu}{h^2} - 1 | |||
</math> | |||
when ''μ'' > ''h''<sup> 2</sup> ([[hyperbolic cosine]] form of the spiral). When ''μ'' = ''h''<sup> 2</sup> exactly, the particle follows the third form of the spiral | |||
:<math> | |||
\frac{1}{r} = A \theta + \varepsilon. | |||
</math> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Archimedean spiral]] | |||
* [[Hyperbolic spiral]] | |||
* [[Newton's theorem of revolving orbits]] | |||
* [[Bertrand's theorem]] | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
{{More footnotes|date=November 2011}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = [[E. T. Whittaker|Whittaker ET]] | year = 1937 | title = A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, with an Introduction to the Problem of Three Bodies | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-521-35883-5 | pages = 80–83}} | |||
* [[Roger Cotes]] (1722) ''Harmonia Mensuarum'', pp. 31, 98. | |||
* [[Isaac Newton]] (1687) ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', Book I, §2, Proposition 9. | |||
* {{cite book | author = Danby JM | year = 1988 | chapter = The Case ƒ(''r'') = ''μ''/''r''<sup> 3</sup> — Cotes' Spiral (§4.7) | title = Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics | edition = 2nd ed., rev. ed. | publisher = Willmann-Bell | location = Richmond, VA | pages = 69–71 | isbn = 978-0-943396-20-0}} | |||
* {{cite book | author = Symon KR | year = 1971 | title = Mechanics | edition = 3rd ed. | publisher = Addison-Wesley | location = Reading, MA | pages = 154 | isbn = 978-0-201-07392-8}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* {{MathWorld|id=CotesSpiral|name=Cotes' Spiral}} | |||
[[Category:Spirals]] | |||
[[Category:Classical mechanics]] |
Revision as of 09:12, 19 March 2013
In physics and in the mathematics of plane curves, Cotes's spiral (also written Cotes' spiral and Cotes spiral) is a spiral that is typically written in one of three forms
where r and θ are the radius and azimuthal angle in a polar coordinate system, respectively, and A, k and ε are arbitrary real number constants. These spirals are named after Roger Cotes. The first form corresponds to an epispiral, and the second to one of Poinsot's spirals; the third form corresponds to a hyperbolic spiral, also known as a reciprocal spiral, which is sometimes not counted as a Cotes's spiral.[1]
The significance of Cotes's spirals for physics is in the field of classical mechanics. These spirals are the solutions for the motion of a particle moving under a inverse-cube central force, e.g.,
where μ is any real number constant. A central force is one that depends only on the distance r between the moving particle and a point fixed in space, the center. In this case, the constant k of the spiral can be determined from μ and the areal velocity of the particle h by the formula
when μ < h 2 (cosine form of the spiral) and
when μ > h 2 (hyperbolic cosine form of the spiral). When μ = h 2 exactly, the particle follows the third form of the spiral
See also
References
- ↑
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Bibliography
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
- Roger Cotes (1722) Harmonia Mensuarum, pp. 31, 98.
- Isaac Newton (1687) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Book I, §2, Proposition 9.
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
External links
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